Presented by the students of BMC-7 at Superior university, Raiwin d Campus

1. Presented to :M. Ahmed Sheikh

2.  Naila Khalil
 Afifa Affan
 Milha John
 Hamza Jamil

3. News Bulletin is an organized collection of
latest happenings across the world and
broadcast in regular intervals.

4.  Written stories in the form of a script.
 voice reports from journalists, either recorded
or live;
 recorded sound called actuality.

5.  International news
 National News
 Local Stories
 Sports News
 Entertainment news
 Business news
 Weather news

6.  Try to avoid seeing the bulletin simply as a
collection of individual, self-contained stories. If
you put a string of economic stories at the start
of the bulletin, you risk losing your listeners'
interest.
 They expect a balance of items, some heavy and
some light, some about major political events
and some about ordinary people.

7. Pace mean the length and tone of a story as it
appears to the listeners. You must also get the
right pace of stories through your bulletin.
Some stories have a fast pace. The report of
a fire, for example, will usually be written in
short sentences, using short snappy words to
convey simple ideas. It will have a fast pace.

8. Your ideal bulletin will have a steady pace
throughout to maintain interest, with variations
in pace during certain sections; slower at times to
let your listeners catch their breath or faster at
other times to pick up their lagging interest

9.  Bulletins are the broadcasting equivalent of a
page on a newspaper, except that in radio and
television you are more limited in where you
place the different parts because, as we know,
news bulletins are linear, therefore all the
elements must be placed along the line of time
so they are used most effectively.

10.  Your listeners will use the headlines to judge
whether or not the bulletin is worth listening to.
 Remember that if you tell everything in the
headlines, listeners have no need to hear the rest
of the bulletin.

11.  When writing headlines about announcements or
humorous stories, it is best to be mysterious, to keep the
real information secret.
 For example, if you have a story about rising petrol
prices, you might write the headline "Motorists face
another shock at the petrol pumps". Never write the
headline "Petrol is to rise by 10 cents a litre" -

12.  Sometimes called tail-enders
 closing stories are almost as important as lead stories. They
are the last stories your listeners will hear and remember
from the bulletin. You need to choose them carefully.
 Light or funny stories make the best tail-enders. They add
relief and a change of pace to heavy bulletins. They should
be written in a more informal way than other stories.

13.  Each closing headline should be a summary of the
main point of the story, written in one sentence.
 Do not simply repeat the opening headline or intro of
each story as a closing headline.
 This is laziness which does not serve your listeners.
Never repeat teasers as closing headlines: give the
details.

14.  Short grabs of actuality are a useful part of news
bulletins, for a number of reasons:
 They can often tell the story more effectively than a
script.
 If your story is about a violent protest outside an
embassy, a 10-second grab of demonstrators chanting
and shouting will convey the atmosphere better than
any words.

15.  They are often a chance to let people within your
community speak on the radio. People like to hear
their own voice on radio occasionally, or the voices of
people they know.
 Actuality grabs should be kept short (between 20 and
40 seconds), clear and well-edited. A minute-long
grab of a dull voice will slow the pace of your bulletin
and may force listeners to switch off.

16. By careful timing you will be able to include all your
important stories, giving adequate details of each.
The exact time of each item depends upon:
How long the whole bulletin is;
How many items you need to include;
How many grabs of actuality you want to use.

17.  You have to balance these three considerations. If your
bulletin is 15 minutes long you can use up to 20
stories, several of them with grabs, and still treat each
story properly.
 If the bulletin is only five minutes, long you might not
manage more than seven or eight items and have time
for only one or two short pieces of actuality.

18.  News flashes
 Ranking stories
 Reading rate

19.  A news flash is when the newsreader breaks into a
program on-air to read an important, urgent news
story, such as a major disaster or the death of a
national leader.
 The news flash should only be used on extremely
important stories.

20.  Urgent news which arrives in the studio as the bulletin
is going to air should be read at the next most suitable
break in the bulletin, although it usually makes sense
to use it at the end of the bulletin, just before any
closing headlines.

21. One of the major problems in bulletin preparation is
ranking the stories in correct order. Just follow some
simple steps.
First read through all the stories available. Then go
through them again, making three lists. These categories
should be:
Important stories which you must use;
Stories which you can use, but which are not so
important;
Stories which you cannot use, for any reason.

22.  It is very useful to know your reading rate or the
reading rate of the newsreader who will read the
bulletin.
 Reading rates are calculated in words per second (wps)
and usually range from 2 wps for slower readers in
some languages to 3.5 wps for quite rapid readers in
other languages.

23.  Most newsrooms today use computers to produce news
stories and features .
 If your newsroom uses printed scripts they must be
typed neatly, with any last-minute changes clearly
crossed out. If you make more than a couple of
crossings-out, re-print that script.

24.  Start a new paragraph for each sentence and type
double-spaced. Type only one story per sheet, as this
will make it easier to find stories if you want to drop or
insert them during the bulletin. Use good quality paper
which will not rustle as you move it.
 Never turn a phrase from one line to the next and
certainly never hyphenate words from one line to the
next.

25.  Never staple the pages of your bulletin together. You
must be able to pull the sheets aside noiselessly as
you read them. Stack the stories neatly on one side
after you have read them; do not throw them on the
floor.