This document provides an overview of organizational development (OD) and organization interventions (OI). It discusses the meaning and objectives of OD, the assumptions and values, the process, and effectiveness. It also examines the meaning and assumptions of OI, factors that help change agents, and examples of interventions at different levels including individual, group, and structural. The goal of OD is to increase an organization's effectiveness and ability to change, while OI are structured activities used by change agents to facilitate improvement.

1. CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION.
 MEANING OF OD.
 OBJECTIVES OF OD.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF OD
 ASSUMPTIONS AND VALUES OF OD.
 PROCESS OF OD.
 EFFECTIVENESS OF OD.
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT(OD)

2. INTRODUCTION TO OD:
The term organizational development was coined by Richard Beckhard in the
mid-1950s.Organizational development is an acronym of two words i.e., organization and
development.
 Organization: A social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to
pursue collective goals.
 Development: The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific
objectives or requirements.
ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT:
 Organization development (OD) is a deliberately planned effort to increase an organization's
relevance and viability.
 Organizational development is the framework for change, and often times a manager helps
to lead this change.

3. MEANING OF OD:
 Organization development is known as both a field of
applied behavioral science focused on understanding and managing
organizational change and as a field of scientific study and inquiry.
 OD is a systemic learning and development strategy intended
to change the basics of beliefs, attitudes, and relevance of values and
structure of the current organization to better absorb disruptive
technologies, market opportunities, and ensuing challenges and chaos.

4.  To increase the level of inter-personal trust among employees.
 To increase employee's level of satisfaction and commitment.
 To confront problems instead of neglecting them.
 To effectively manage conflict.
 To increase cooperation among the employees.
 To increase the organization problem solving.
 To put in place process that will help improve the ongoing operation of the organization on
a continuous basis.
OBJECTIVES OF OD:

5. CHARACTERSTICS
 1. HUMANISTIC VALUES: Positive beliefs about the potential of employees
(McGregor's Theory Y).
 2. SYSTEMS ORIENTATION: All parts of the organization, to include
structure, technology, and people, must work together.
 3. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING: The learners' experiences in the training
environment should be the kind of human problems they encounter at work. The
training should NOT be all theory and lecture.
 4. PROBLEM SOLVING: Problems are identified, data is gathered, corrective
action is taken, progress is assessed, and adjustments in the problem solving
process are made as needed. This process is known as Action Research.
 5. CONTINGENCY ORIENTATION: Actions are selected and adapted to fit
the need.
 6. CHANGE AGENT: Stimulate, facilitate, and coordinate change.
 7. LEVELS OF INTERVENTIONS: Problems can occur at one or more level in
the organization so the strategy will require one or more interventions.

6.  ASSUMPTIONS AND VALUES OF OD:
ASSUMTIONS
 Individuals:
 People want to grow and mature .
 Employees have much to offer (e.g.
creativity and energy) that is not being
used at work .
 Most employees desire the opportunity to
contribute (they desire, seek and appreciate
empowerment).
 Groups:
 Groups and teams are critical to
organizational success and individual need
satisfaction.
 Groups have powerful influences on
individual behaviour .
 The complex roles to be played in groups
require skill development.
VALUES
 Individuals:
 OD aims to overcome obstacles to the
natural human tendency to grow, enabling
employees to contribute more to the
organization.
 OD stresses open communication,
Treating employees with genuine dignity
and respect is emphasized.
 Groups:
 Hiding feelings or not being accepted by
the group diminishes individual
willingness to solve problems
constructively
 Acceptance, collaboration and
involvement lead to expressions of feelings
and perceptions.

7.  Organization:
Excessive controls, policies and rules are
detrimental Conflict can be functional if
properly channeled Individual and
organizational goals can be compatible .
In most organizations, the level of
interpersonal support, trust and cooperation
is lower than desirable and necessary
 Organization:
The way groups are linked, influences
their Effectiveness, change should start at
the top and gradually be introduced
through the rest of the organization.
The group links the top and bottom of the
organization

8.  PROCESS OF OD:
Organization Development (OD) is a planned approach to improve employee and
organizational effectiveness by conscious interventions in those processes and structures that have
an immediate bearing on the human aspect of the organization.
A normal OD process can be phased in following manner:
.
Problem Identification
Data Collection
Diagnosis
Planning and Implementation
Evaluation and Feedback

9.  Problem identification:
The first step in OD process involves understanding and identification of the
existing and potential problems in the organization. The awareness of the problem includes
knowledge of the possible organizational problems of growth, human satisfaction, the
usage of human resource and organizational effectiveness.
 Data Collection:
Having understood the exact problem in this phase, the relevant data is collected
through personal interviews, observations and questionnaires.
 Diagnosis:
OD efforts begin with diagnosis of the current situation. Usually, it is not limited to
a single problem. Rather a number of factors like attitudes, assumption, available resources
and management practice are taken into account in this phase. There are four steps in
organizational diagnosis:
 Structural analysis:
Determines how the different parts of the organization are functioning in terms of
laid down goals.

10.  Process analysis:
Process implies the manner in which events take place in a sequence. It refers to
pattern of decision making, communication, group dynamics and conflict management
patterns within organization to help in the process of attainment of organizational goals.
 Function analysis:
This includes strategic variables, performance variables, results, achievements and
final outcomes.
 Domain analysis:
Domain refers to the area of the organization for organizational diagnosis.
 Planning and implementation:
After diagnosing the problem, the next phase of OD, with the OD interventions,
involves the planning and implementation part of the change process.
 Evaluation and feedback:
Any OD activity is incomplete without proper feedback. Feedback is a process of
relaying evaluations to the client group by means of specific report or interaction

11. EFFECTIVENESS OF OD:
 Providing opportunities for each organization member, as well as for the
organization itself, to develop to his full potential.
 Seeking to increase the effectiveness of the organization in terms of all of its
goals.
 Attempting to create an environment in which it is possible to find exciting and
challenging work.
 Providing opportunities for people in organizations to influence the way in which
they relate to work, the organization, and the environment.

12. ORGANIZATION INTERVENTIONS(OI)
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION TO OI.
 MEANING OF OI.
 ASSUMPTIONS OF OI.
 FACTORS THAT HELPS CHANGE AGENT.
 CASE STUDY
 EXAMPLES OF INTERVENTIONS.

13.  INTRODUCTION TO OI:
 They may be introduced by a change agent as part of an improvement program, or
they may be used by the client following a program to check on the state of the
organization's health, or to effect necessary changes in its own behavior. "Structured
activities" mean such diverse procedures as experiential exercises, questionnaires, attitude
surveys, interviews, relevant group discussions, and even lunchtime meetings between the
change agent and a member of the client organization.
 Every action that influences an organization's improvement program in a change
agent-client system relationship can be said to be an intervention.
 There are many possible intervention strategies from which to choose.

14. MEANING OF OI:
 "Interventions" are principal learning processes in the "action" stage of organization
development. Interventions are structured activities used individually or in combination by
the members of a client system to improve their social or task performance.
 Interventions range from those designed to improve the effectiveness of individuals
through those designed to deal with teams and groups, intergroup relations, and the total
organization.
 There are interventions that focus on task issues (what people do), and those that
focus on process issues (how people go about doing it). Finally, interventions may be
roughly classified according to which change mechanism they tend to emphasize: for
example, feedback, awareness of changing cultural norms, interaction and communication,
conflict, and education through either new knowledge or skill practice.

15.  ASSUMPTIONS OF OI:
Several assumptions about the nature and functioning of organizations are
made in the choice of a particular strategy. Beckhard lists six such assumptions:
 The basic building blocks of an organization are groups (teams). Therefore, the
basic units of change are groups, not individuals.
 An always relevant change goal is the reduction of inappropriate competition
between parts of the organization and the development of a more collaborative
condition.
 Decision making in a healthy organization is located where the information
sources are, rather than in a particular role or level of hierarchy.
 Organizations, subunits of organizations, and individuals continuously manage
their affairs against goals. Controls are interim measurements, not the basis of
managerial strategy.
 One goal of a healthy organization is to develop generally open communication,
mutual trust, and confidence between and across levels.

16.  FACTORS THAT HELP CHANGE AGENT:
Some of the things which will help him are:
 A real need in the client system to change.
 Genuine support from management.
 Setting a personal example: listening, supporting behavior.
 A sound background in the behavioral sciences.
 A working knowledge of systems theory.
 A belief in man as a rational, self-educating being fully capable of learning better ways to
do things.

17. CASE STUDY - COACHING FOR A NEW LEADER
An organization made an external hire for Director of a 120 person
department. The Director quickly made changes in how the work was
performed resulting in serious employee dissatisfaction. Internal customers
also complained about the changes. We were brought in to coach the
Director. After some initial sessions, we then interviewed each direct report.
We designed a workshop to address issues and suggestions for improving
communication with this team. The Myers Briggs Type Inventory was taken
by the team and results were shared in the workshop. There were many “ah
ha” moments where the Director and dept. managers gained insight about
each others preferences in making decisions, sharing info in staff meetings,
etc. The Director modified his approach and the team members began to
trust and have confidence in his willingness to listen and flex his approach.

18. OD INTERVENTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
GROUP
 Survey Feedback
 MBO
 Product & service
quality
 Team building
 Process
consultation
INDIVIDUAL
 Skill training
 Leadership training
 Succession
planning
 Role negotiation
 Health promotion
 Welfare quality of
work life
STRUCTURAL
• Organization
structure- Flat
• Job redesign

19. GROUP
SURVEY FEEDBACK- Activities that rely on questionnaire surveys to generate
information.
MBO- It is a process of defining objectives within an organization so
that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand
what they need to do.
TEAM BUILDING- It ’s philosophy of job design in which employees are
viewed as members of interdependent teams instead of as individual
workers.
PROCESS CUNSULTATION- Activities that help the client to perceive
understand and act up on process events.
PRODUCT & SERVICE QUALITY- To build systems for implementing raw
material procurement, design, development, production, logistics and sales
in a safe, high-quality manage.

20. INDIVIDUAL
 SKILL TRAINING- These activities are designed to improve skills,
abilities and knowledge. Several activities and approaches are possible,
depending on the nature of the need.
 LEADERSHIP TRAINING-Many OD professionals come from a
training background. They understand that organizations cannot succeed
long term without well-trained leaders.
 SUCCESSION PLANNING- It is a process for identifying and
developing internal people with the potential to fill key business leadership
positions in the company.
 ROLE NEGOTIATION- Making out clear the role clarity that who will
do what.
 HEALTH PROMOTION
 WELFARE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE

21. STRUCTURAL
• ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE- FLAT-Activities
designed to improve the effectiveness of organizational
structures and job designs.
• JOB REDESIGN- Job rotation, Job enrichment, involves
restructuring the elements such as tasks, duties and
responsibilities of a specific job.

22. CONCLUSION
 One of the critical aspects of making an intervention
successful is being certain the person responsible
for implementing change has a good knowledge of
intervention appropriate to the situation.

23. Thank you