This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including: - Organic compounds contain carbon and there are over 90% of known compounds - Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen, including alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds) - Functional groups classify organic molecules according to common reactivity patterns like alcohols (hydroxyl group), aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl group), and carboxylic acids (carbonyl and hydroxyl groups) - Isomerism results when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures

1. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 21, 22 (parts)

2. Organic Chemistry
 - is the study of compounds that contain
carbon.
There are lots of them.
90% + of known compounds are Organic
Why?
Because carbon forms chains

3. Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that contain only
hydrogen and carbon.

4. Alkanes
Hydrocarbons containing only single
covalent bonds
Ex: CH4 – methane – natural gas
Dot diagram
Dashes

5. Reminders about dot diagrams
Only show 2 D shape
Carbon likes to bond in ____ places
Hydrogen likes to bond in ____ place

6. Dot diagram for C2H6

7. Straight-chain alkanes
Contain any number of C atoms, one after
the other, in a chain.
You should know the names of these next
alkanes

8. First 10 straight-chained alkanes
Methane CH4 CH4
Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3
Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3
Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Hexane C6H14 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane C7H16 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane C8H18 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane C9H20 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane C10H22 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

9. Homologous series
A group of compounds in which there is a
constant increment of change in molecular
structure from one compound in the series
to the next.
The alkanes differ by one CH2 group each
time
CnH2n+2

10. Types of formulas
Molecular formula – C4H10
Complete structural formula
Condensed structural formula – C – H
bonds are understood.
Condensed structural formula – C-H and
C-C bonds understood
Carbon skeleton; hydrogens understood

11. Draw a complete structural formula for the
straight-chained alkane having 3 carbons

12. Branched-chain Alkanes
Substituent – an atom or group of atoms
that can take the place of a hydrogen atom
on a parent hydrocarbon molecule.
Parent chain – the longest carbon chain.
May not always be written in a straight line on
paper.

15. Alkyl group – a hydrocarbon substituent
CH3 – methyl
CH3CH2 – ethyl
CH3CH2CH2 – propyl
Alkyl group = alkane – 1 H
Name = -ane + yl
What would CH3CH2CH2 CH2be called?

16. Branched-chain alkane
An alkane with one or more alkyl groups
attached.

17. Naming a branched-chain alkane
1. Find the longest chain of carbons. This
is the parent chain
2. # the carbons on the parent chain.
Starting with the end that will give the
substituents the smallest numbers
3. Add #s to the names of the substituent
groups to identify their positions on the
chain.

18.  4. Use prefixes to indicate if a group appears
more than once.
Di – 2
Tri – 3
Tetra – 4
Penta – 5
 5. List the names of the alkyl substituents in
alphabetical order (ignore prefixes when
alphabetizing.)
 6. Use proper punctuation
Commas separate #s from #s
Hyphens separate #s from words

21. Properties of alkanes
Nonpolar – electrons are shared about
equally
Very weak van der Walls forces
(dispersion)
Have a low mass, low boiling point
Do not dissolve in water.
Flammable

22. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
 Alkenes – hydrocarbons containing carbon-
carbon double covalent bonds
 Unsaturated compounds – organic compounds
that contain double or triple C-C bonds
They have fewer than the number possible of H in their
structure.
 Saturated hydrocarbons – alkanes – all single
bonds.
Have the maximum number of hydrogens possible.

23. Naming alkenes
1. Find the longest chain in the molecule
THAT CONTAINS the double bond.
(parent)
2. Root name from alkane -ane +ene
3. # the chain so that the double bond
gets the lowest possible #. (# is listed in
the name)
Subsituents named just like alkanes.

24. Naming alkynes
Alkynes – hydrocarbons containing C-C
triple bonds
Named just like alkenes, -yne instead of
–ene

27. Hydrocarbon rings
Cyclic hydrocarbons – compounds that
contain a hydrocarbon ring.
Aliphatic compounds – do not contain
rings
Aromatic compounds – compounds in
which the bonding is like that of benzene.

28. Naming cyclic compounds
Use the prefix cyclo before the parent
name

29. Benzene
3 ways to draw
Phenyl – a benzene substituent

30. Isomerism
Structural isomers – compounds that have
the same molecular formula but different
molecular structures.

31. Isomers of C4H10

32. Isomers of C5H12

33. Isomers of C6H14

34. Mini Lab- Isomers of Heptane

35. Chapter 22 Functional Groups
 Most organic compounds contain things other
than just C and H.
 Often contain O, N, S, P
 Functional group – a specific arrangement of
atoms in an organic compound that is capable of
characteristic chemical reactions
 Organic compounds can be classified according
to their functional group
 R – represents any carbon chains or rings
attached to the functional group.

36. Organic Compounds Classified by
Functional Group
Compound type Compound structure Functional group
Halocarbon R – X (X =F,Cl,Br,I) Halogen
Alcohol R – OH Hydroxyl
Ether R – O – R’ Ether

37. Organic Compounds Classified by
Functional Group
Compound type Compound structure Functional Group
Aldehyde Carbonyl
Ketone Carbonyl
Carboxylic Acid Carbonyl, hydroxyl

38. Organic Compounds Classified by
Functional Group
Compound type Compound structure Functional Group
Ester Ester
Amine Amino
Amide Amido

39. Organic Compounds Classified by
Functional Group
Compound type Compound structure Functional Group
Amino Acid