An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
The dominant general-purpose[3] personal computer operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 76.45%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (17.72%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.73%).[4] In the mobile sector (including smartphones and tablets), Android's share is up to 72% in the year 2020.[5] According to third quarter 2016 data, Android's share on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent with also a growth rate of 10.3 percent per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent with per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent.[6] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems),[3][7] such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution). Others may have higher system requirements.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
The dominant general-purpose[3] personal computer operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 76.45%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (17.72%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.73%).[4] In the mobile sector (including smartphones and tablets), Android's share is up to 72% in the year 2020.[5] According to third quarter 2016 data, Android's share on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent with also a growth rate of 10.3 percent per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent with per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent.[6] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems),[3][7] such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution). Others may have higher system requirements.
This presentation is about the introduction, history and inner supporting managing system of Operating System.
how Process Scheduling and file management works by Windows.
ITT project ON types of operating systemJiohj Etzs
ITT PROJECT ON TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
DOWNLOAD= https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxtWLhQSflmgQ2lLNzRBcFJsNnc/edit?usp=sharing
ICAI ITT OF YEAR 2014
SHARING IT FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE ONLY
TRADEMARKS AND LOGOS USED ARE PROPERTY OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS
Operating system 14 unix and kernel based osVaibhav Khanna
The kernel is further separated into a series of interfaces and device drivers, which have been added and expanded over the years as UNIX has evolved.
We can view the UNIX operating system as being layered as shown in Figure Next
To understand an OS, let’s first look at its components and then how they’re composed or organized.
We’ll come back and look at each of these in detail as the course progresses.
Realize that it’s never as simple as it looks. These basic concepts exist in some form in all systems, however each system implements them in a slightly different way.
Also, the divisions between components may not be as clean in the real world as in the model
Overview - Functions of an Operating System – Design Approaches – Types of Advanced
Operating System - Synchronization Mechanisms – Concept of a Process, Concurrent
Processes – The Critical Section Problem, Other Synchronization Problems – Language
Mechanisms for Synchronization – Axiomatic Verification of Parallel Programs - Process
Deadlocks - Preliminaries – Models of Deadlocks, Resources, System State – Necessary and
Sufficient conditions for a Deadlock – Systems with Single-Unit Requests, Consumable
Resources, Reusable Resources.
This presentation is about the introduction, history and inner supporting managing system of Operating System.
how Process Scheduling and file management works by Windows.
ITT project ON types of operating systemJiohj Etzs
ITT PROJECT ON TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
DOWNLOAD= https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxtWLhQSflmgQ2lLNzRBcFJsNnc/edit?usp=sharing
ICAI ITT OF YEAR 2014
SHARING IT FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE ONLY
TRADEMARKS AND LOGOS USED ARE PROPERTY OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS
Operating system 14 unix and kernel based osVaibhav Khanna
The kernel is further separated into a series of interfaces and device drivers, which have been added and expanded over the years as UNIX has evolved.
We can view the UNIX operating system as being layered as shown in Figure Next
To understand an OS, let’s first look at its components and then how they’re composed or organized.
We’ll come back and look at each of these in detail as the course progresses.
Realize that it’s never as simple as it looks. These basic concepts exist in some form in all systems, however each system implements them in a slightly different way.
Also, the divisions between components may not be as clean in the real world as in the model
Overview - Functions of an Operating System – Design Approaches – Types of Advanced
Operating System - Synchronization Mechanisms – Concept of a Process, Concurrent
Processes – The Critical Section Problem, Other Synchronization Problems – Language
Mechanisms for Synchronization – Axiomatic Verification of Parallel Programs - Process
Deadlocks - Preliminaries – Models of Deadlocks, Resources, System State – Necessary and
Sufficient conditions for a Deadlock – Systems with Single-Unit Requests, Consumable
Resources, Reusable Resources.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
2. To understand an OS,let’s first look at its components
and then how they’re composed or organized.
We’ll come back and look at each of these in detail as
the course progresses.
Realize that it’s never as simple as it looks.
These basic concepts exist in some form in all
systems, however each system implements them in a
slightly different way.
Also, the divisions between components may not be
as clean in the real world as in the model
4. An operating system executes many kinds of activities:
user programs
batch jobs or command scripts
system programs: print spoolers, name servers, file
servers, network listeners, etc...
Each of these “execution entities” is encapsulated in a
process.
The process includes the execution context (pc, registers,
resources, etc) and all info the activity (program) needs to
run.
The OS schedules processes to run.
5. A program is a passive thing -- just a file on the disk
with code that is potentially runnable.
A process is one instance of a program in execution;
at any instance, there may be many processes running
copies of a single program (e.g., an editor): each is a
separate, independent process.
4
Code
Stack
PC
Registers
page tables
resource counts
....
Code
Stack
PC
Registers
page tables
resource counts
....
Process BProcess A
6. Allocation/de-allocation for processes, files, I/O.
Maintenance of several processes at a time
Keep track of who's using what memory
Movement of process memory to/from secondary storage.
7. A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.
Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object
forms) and data.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities
in connections with file management:
• File creation and deletion.
• Directory creation and deletion.
• Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
• Mapping files onto secondary storage.
• File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
8. Buffer caching system
Generic device driver code
Drivers for each device - translate read/write requests into
disk position commands.
9. Disks, tapes, optical, ...
Free space management ( paging/swapping )
Storage allocation ( what data goes where on disk )
Disk scheduling
10. Obtain access to system space
Do parameter validation
System resource collection ( locks on structures )
Ask device/system for requested item
Suspend waiting for device
Interrupt makes this thread ready to run
Wrap-up
Return to user
11. In a Virtual Machine - each process "seems" to execute on its
own processor with its own memory, devices, etc.
The resources of the physical machine are shared. Virtual
devices are sliced out of the physical ones. Virtual disks are
subsets of physical ones.
Useful for running different OS simultaneously on the same
machine.
Protection is excellent, but no sharing possible.
Virtual privileged instructions are trapped.