This document discusses features of Oracle Database 12c related to auditing and tracking changes over time. It summarizes that Oracle 12c includes flashback data archive, which allows viewing or restoring data to a previous state. This feature can be used for auditing and tracking changes made to database tables. The document also discusses how Oracle 12c captures additional context metadata with each change, including user, host, and program used, allowing more detailed tracking of changes than prior releases.

1. NOTE
itty bitty fonts in this
presentation
SQL> exec sample_font
Can you read this ?
1

2. Connor McDonald
OracleDBA
co.uk
2

3. 3

5. bio slide
5

6. gratuitous book plug
6

7. 7

8. gratuitous swim plug
8

9. 9

10. "why bother?"
10

11. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
12c 12.1.0.2 12.2
management
visibility
12c
desupported
"pilot"

12. 1) know what’s coming
12

13. don’t reinvent

15. 15
2) there's a lot in 12c !

16. 16
but not widely advertised

17. 17
because ...

18. 18
blah
blah
multi tenant
blah

19. 19
blah
blah
blah

20. 3) our use of the db is simpler
20

21. 21
Value
DB
mainframe client
server
web soa
Code
1209018910123456789

24. <warning>
</warning>

25. 25
@connor_mc_d
connormcdonald.wordpress.com

26. 26
first impressions

27. 27

28. 28
SQL> create user DEV_TESTING
2 identified by MYPASS;
create user DEV_TESTING identified by MYPASS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-65096: invalid common user or role name
?

29. 29
be patient

30. 30

31. 31
or let someone else do it

32. 32
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/community/developer-vm/index.html

33. 33

34. 34
"Feature:"
total recall

35. 35

36. 36
11g feature !

37. 37
why ?

38. 38
we've all done it...

39. 39
job to job to job...

40. 40
auditing row changes

41. 41
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- -------------
OWNER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
SQL> desc T_AUDIT
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- --------------
AUDIT_DATE DATE
AUDIT_ACTION VARCHAR2(1)
OWNER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

42. 42
SQL> create or replace
2 trigger AUDIT_TRG
3 after insert or update or delete on T
4 for each row
5 declare
6 v_action varchar2(1) := case when updating then 'U'
7 when deleting then 'D' else 'I' end;
8 begin
9 if updating or inserting then
10 insert into T_AUDIT
11 values (sysdate
12 ,v_action
13 ,:new.owner
14 ,:new.object_name);
15 else
16 insert into T_AUDIT
17 values (sysdate
18 ,v_action
19 ,:old.owner
20 ,:old.object_name);
21 end if;
22 end;
23 /
Trigger created.

43. 43
works but slow...

44. 44
SQL> insert into T
2 select owner, object_name
3 from all_objects
4 where rownum <= 10000;
INSERT INTO T_AUDIT
VALUES (SYSDATE ,:B3 ,:B1 ,:B2 )
10000 rows created.
call count cpu elapsed disk query current
------- ------ ------- ---------- -------- --------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
Execute 10000 0.79 0.97 2 109 10845
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
------- ------ ------- ---------- -------- --------- ----------
total 10001 0.79 0.97 2 109 10845

45. 45
if you were diligent

46. 46
bulk binding

47. 47
create or replace
package T_PKG is
type each_row is record ( action varchar2(1),
owner varchar2(30),
object_name varchar2(30)
);
type row_list is table of each_row
index by pls_integer;
g row_list;
end;
/

48. 48
create or replace
trigger AUDIT_TRG1
before insert or update or delete on T
begin
t_pkg.g.delete;
end;
/

49. 49
create or replace
trigger AUDIT_TRG2
after insert or update or delete on T
for each row
begin
if updating or inserting then
t_pkg.g(t_pkg.g.count+1).owner := :new.owner;
t_pkg.g(t_pkg.g.count).object_name := :new.object_name;
else
t_pkg.g(t_pkg.g.count).owner := :old.owner;
t_pkg.g(t_pkg.g.count).object_name := :old.object_name;
end if;
end;
/

50. 50
create or replace
trigger AUDIT_TRG3
after insert or update or delete on T
declare
v_action varchar2(1) :=
case when updating then 'U'
when deleting then 'D'
else 'I' end;
begin
forall i in 1 .. t_pkg.g.count
insert into T_AUDIT
values (
sysdate,
v_action,
t_pkg.g(i).owner,
t_pkg.g(i).object_name);
t_pkg.g.delete;
end;
/

51. 51
SQL> insert into T
2 select owner, object_name
3 from all_objects
4 where rownum <= 10000;
INSERT INTO T_AUDIT
VALUES
( SYSDATE, :B1 , :B2 , :B3 )
10000 rows created.
call count cpu elapsed disk query current
------- ------ ------- --------- -------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
Execute 1 0.04 0.03 0 90 478
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
------- ------ ------- --------- -------- ---------- ----------
total 2 0.04 0.03 0 90 478

52. 52
compound trigger
11g

53. but ...
53

54. a better, faster, robust version ...
54

55. ... total recall
11g
55

56. SQL> create tablespace SPACE_FOR_ARCHIVE
2 datafile 'C:ORACLEDB11ARCH_SPACE.DBF'
3 size 100M;
Tablespace created.
56

57. SQL> CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE longterm
2 TABLESPACE space_for_archive
3 RETENTION 1 YEAR;
Flashback archive created.
57

58. SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE LONGTERM;
Table altered.
58

59. SQL> select * from EMP;
--------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes |
--------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMP | 14 | 518 |
--------------------------------------------------
59

60. [after DML and time passing]
SQL> select * from EMP
2 AS OF TIMESTAMP SYSDATE-365;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 446 |
| 1 | VIEW | | 446 |
| 2 | UNION-ALL | | |
|* 3 | FILTER | | |
| 4 | PARTITION RANGE ITERATOR| | 445 |
|* 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | SYS_FBA_HIST_69539 | 445 |
|* 6 | FILTER | | |
|* 7 | HASH JOIN OUTER | | 1 |
|* 8 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 1 |
|* 9 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | SYS_FBA_TCRV_69539 | 14 |
------------------------------------------------------------------
60

61. SQL> select table_name
2 from user_tables
3 /
TABLE_NAME
---------------------------
SYS_FBA_HIST_71036
SYS_FBA_TCRV_71036
SYS_FBA_DDL_COLMAP_71036
EMP
61

62. "I don't need to look back in time..."
62

63. but can also be your audit !
63

64. SQL> alter table EMP add
2 CREATE_TS timestamp default systimestamp;
SQL> update EMP
2 set sal = sal*10
3 where empno = 7369;
SQL> delete from EMP
2 where empno = 7934;
SQL> update EMP
2 set job = 'SALES'
3 where ename = 'SMITH';
SQL> update EMP
2 set comm = 1000
3 where empno = 7369;
SQL> commit;
64

65. SQL> select empno, ename, job, sal, comm,
2 nvl(VERSIONS_STARTTIME,CREATE_TS) TS
3 ,nvl(VERSIONS_OPERATION,'I') OP
4 from EMP
5 versions between timestamp
6 timestamp '2014-02-11 20:12:00' and
7 systimestamp
8 order by empno;
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL COMM TS OP
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ------------ --
7369 SMITH CLERK 806 08.10.51 PM I
7369 SMITH SALES 8060 1000 08.12.10 PM U
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1606 300000000 08.10.51 PM I
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1256 500000000 08.10.51 PM I
7566 JONES MANAGER 2981 08.10.51 PM I
7900 JAMES CLERK 956 08.10.51 PM I
7902 FORD ANALYST 3006 08.10.51 PM I
7934 MILLER CLERK 1306 08.10.51 PM I
7934 MILLER CLERK 1306 08.12.10 PM D
...
65

66. so why didn't we ?
66

67. reason 1
67

69. separately licensed :-(
69

70. can 12c help ?
70

71. rebadged
71

72. flashback data archive
72

73. free !
73

74. let
74
me
repeat

75. oracle feature that is free !
75

76. basis versus advanced
76

77. compression
choose your cost
77
partitioning

78. reason 2
78

79. "yeah...but who ? where ? how ?"
79

80. SQL> alter table EMP add UPDATED_BY varchar2(10);
Table altered.
SQL> alter table EMP add UPDATED_PGM varchar2(10);
Table altered.
[etc]
[etc]
80

81. can 12c help ?
81

82. context extension
82

83. SQL> begin
2 dbms_flashback_archive.set_context_level(
3 level=> 'ALL');
4 end;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
83

84. SQL> update EMP
2 set sal = sal*10
3 where empno = 7499;
1 row updated.
SQL> commit;
84

85. SQL> select XID from SYS_FBA_HIST_510592;
XID
----------------
09000B00C7080000
85

86. SQL> set serverout on
SQL> begin
2 dbms_output.put_line(
3 dbms_flashback_archive.get_sys_context (
4 '09000B00C7080000', 'USERENV', 'SESSION_USER'));
5
6 dbms_output.put_line(
7 dbms_flashback_archive.get_sys_context (
8 '09000B00C7080000', 'USERENV', 'HOST'));
9
10 dbms_output.put_line(
11 dbms_flashback_archive.get_sys_context (
12 '09000B00C7080000', 'USERENV', 'MODULE'));
13 end;
14 /
SCOTT
WORKGROUPXPS
SQL*Plus
86

87. 87

88. SQL> desc SYS.SYS_FBA_CONTEXT_AUD
Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ------------------
XID RAW(8)
ACTION VARCHAR2(256)
AUTHENTICATED_IDENTITY VARCHAR2(256)
CLIENT_IDENTIFIER VARCHAR2(256)
CLIENT_INFO VARCHAR2(256)
CURRENT_EDITION_NAME VARCHAR2(256)
CURRENT_SCHEMA VARCHAR2(256)
CURRENT_USER VARCHAR2(256)
DATABASE_ROLE VARCHAR2(256)
DB_NAME VARCHAR2(256)
GLOBAL_UID VARCHAR2(256)
HOST VARCHAR2(256)
IDENTIFICATION_TYPE VARCHAR2(256)
INSTANCE_NAME VARCHAR2(256)
IP_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(256)
MODULE VARCHAR2(256)
OS_USER VARCHAR2(256)
SERVER_HOST VARCHAR2(256)
SERVICE_NAME VARCHAR2(256)
88

89. SQL> @pt "select * from SYS.SYS_FBA_CONTEXT_AUD
where xid = '09000B00C7080000'"
XID : 09000B00C7080000
AUTHENTICATED_IDENTITY : scott
CLIENT_IDENTIFIER :
CLIENT_INFO :
CURRENT_EDITION_NAME : ORA$BASE
CURRENT_SCHEMA : SYS
CURRENT_USER : SYS
DATABASE_ROLE : PRIMARY
DB_NAME : np12
HOST : WORKGROUPXPS
IDENTIFICATION_TYPE : LOCAL
INSTANCE_NAME : np12
MODULE : SQL*Plus
OS_USER : xpshamcdc
SERVER_HOST : xps
SERVICE_NAME : SYS$USERS
SESSION_EDITION_NAME : ORA$BASE
SESSION_USER : SCOTT
SESSION_USERID : 103
SESSIONID : 230698
TERMINAL : XPS
89

90. SQL> select empno, ename, job, sal, comm,
2 VERSIONS_XID
3 from EMP
4 versions between timestamp
5 timestamp '2014-02-11 20:12:00' and systimestamp
6 order by empno;
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL COMM VERSIONS_XID
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------------
7369 SMITH CLERK 806
7369 SMITH SALES 8060 1000 09001C00E04A0000
7499 ALLEN CLERK 16060 300000000 0A000A0024080000
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 16060 300000000 09000B00C7080000
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1606 300000000
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1256 500000000
90

91. SQL> select ...
2 from
3 ( select
4 empno, ename, job,
5 sal, comm, VERSIONS_XID
6 from EMP
7 versions between timestamp
8 timestamp '2014-02-11 20:12:00' and
9 systimestamp
10 ) e, SYS.SYS_FBA_CONTEXT_AUD a
11 where e.VERSIONS_XID = a.XID;
91

92. so think about “total recall”
92
free in 11.2.0.4 as well

93. secure
read only
93

94. efficient
fdba
94

95. all your history...
95

96. all your audit...
96

97. be careful...
silent errors
97

98. SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE LONGTERM;
Table altered.
Flashback Archive:
Error ORA-1950 in SQL
create table "SCOTT".SYS_FBA_DDL_COLMAP_91938
(STARTSCN NUMBER, ENDSCN NUMBER...
Flashback Archive:
Error ORA-942 in SQL
insert into "SCOTT".SYS_FBA_DDL_COLMAP_91938
(ENDSCN, COLUMN_NAME, TYPE, ...
Flashback Archive:
Error ORA-942 in SQL "select count(*)
from "SCOTT".SYS_FBA_DDL_COLMAP_91938"
98

99. data in the past ...

100. ... to data at "any" time

101. Feature
temporal validity

102. wtf

103. very common

104. "when" is a row valid

105. SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_temporal (
2 empno NUMBER,
3 name VARCHAR2(30),
4 sal NUMBER,
5 deptno NUMBER,
6 start_dt DATE,
7 end_dt DATE,
8
9 );
Table created.

106. 12c part of the definition

107. SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_temporal (
2 empno NUMBER,
3 name VARCHAR2(30),
4 sal NUMBER,
5 deptno NUMBER,
6 start_dt DATE,
7 end_dt DATE,
8 PERIOD FOR valid_range (start_dt, end_dt)
9 );
Table created.

108. examples

109. SQL> select * from emp_temporal
2 order by empno, start_dt;
EMPNO NAME SAL DEPTNO START_DT END_DT
---------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------
7369 SMITH 806 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7369 SMYTH 806 21 02-MAR-14 01-SEP-14
7369 SMYTH 950 21 02-SEP-14 01-OCT-14
7499 ALLEN 1606 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7521 WARD 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7566 JONES 2981 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7654 MARTIN 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7698 BLAKE 2856 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14

110. SQL> select * from emp_temporal
2 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14';
EMPNO NAME SAL DEPTNO START_DT END_DT
---------- --------- --------- ---------- --------- --------
7369 SMITH 806 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7499 ALLEN 1606 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7521 WARD 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7566 JONES 2981 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7654 MARTIN 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14

111. so what's happening ?

112. another new feature

113. what is the real query
113

114. 114
SQL> set autotrace traceonly stat
SQL> select * from MY_VIEW
2 where CREATED > sysdate
Statistics
------------------------------------------
651 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2243 consistent gets
24 physical reads

115. 115
SQL> variable c clob
SQL> begin
2 dbms_utility.expand_sql_text
3 ( 'select * from MY_VIEW'||
4 'where created > sysdate',:c);
5 end;
6 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> print c

116. 116
SQL> create or replace
2 view MY_VIEW as
3 select
4 o.owner,
5 o.created,
6 s.bytes,
7 s.tablespace_name
8 from
9 dba_segments s,
10 all_objects o
11 where o.owner = s.owner
12 and o.object_name = s.segment_name;
View created.

117. 117
SELECT "A1"."OWNER" "OWNER",
"A1"."NAME" "NAME",
"A1"."CREATED" "CREATED",
"A1"."BYTES" "BYTES",
"A1"."TABLESPACE_NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME"
FROM (SELECT "A2"."OWNER" "OWNER",
"A2"."OBJECT_NAME" "NAME",
"A2"."CREATED" "CREATED",
"A3"."BYTES" "BYTES",
"A3"."TABLESPACE_NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME" FROM (SELECT "A4"
."OWNER" "OWNER",
"A4"."SEGMENT_NAME" "SEGMENT_NAME",
"A4"."PARTITION_NAME" "PARTITION_NAME",
"A4"."SEGMENT_TYPE" "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A4"."SEGMENT_SUBTYPE" "SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A4"."TABLESPACE_NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME",
"A4"."HEADER_FILE" "HEADER_FILE",
"A4"."HEADER_BLOCK" "HEADER_BLOCK",
DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",131072),131072,
"A4"."BLOCKS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",1),1,
"SYS"."DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN"."SEGMENT_NUMBER_BLOCKS"("A4"."TABLESPACE_ID",
"A4"."RELATIVE_FNO",
"A4"."HEADER_BLOCK",
"A4"."SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A4"."BUFFER_POOL_ID",
"A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",
"A4"."SEGMENT_OBJD",
"A4"."BLOCKS"),
"A4"."BLOCKS"))*"A4"."BLOCKSIZE" "BYTES",
DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",131072),131072,
"A4"."BLOCKS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",1),1,
"SYS"."DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN"."SEGMENT_NUMBER_BLOCKS"("A4"."TABLESPACE_ID",
"A4"."RELATIVE_FNO",

118. 118
"A4"."HEADER_BLOCK",
"A4"."SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A4"."BUFFER_POOL_ID",
"A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",
"A4"."SEGMENT_OBJD",
"A4"."BLOCKS"),
"A4"."BLOCKS")) "BLOCKS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",131072),131072,
"A4"."EXTENTS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",1),1,
"SYS"."DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN"."SEGMENT_NUMBER_EXTENTS"("A4"."TABLESPACE_ID",
"A4"."RELATIVE_FNO",
"A4"."HEADER_BLOCK",
"A4"."SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A4"."BUFFER_POOL_ID",
"A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",
"A4"."SEGMENT_OBJD",
"A4"."EXTENTS"),
"A4"."EXTENTS")) "EXTENTS",
"A4"."INITIAL_EXTENT" "INITIAL_EXTENT",
"A4"."NEXT_EXTENT" "NEXT_EXTENT",
"A4"."MIN_EXTENTS" "MIN_EXTENTS",
"A4"."MAX_EXTENTS" "MAX_EXTENTS",
"A4"."MAX_SIZE" "MAX_SIZE",
"A4"."RETENTION" "RETENTION",
"A4"."MINRETENTION" "MINRETENTION",
"A4"."PCT_INCREASE" "PCT_INCREASE",
"A4"."FREELISTS" "FREELISTS",
"A4"."FREELIST_GROUPS" "FREELIST_GROUPS",
"A4"."RELATIVE_FNO" "RELATIVE_FNO",
DECODE("A4"."BUFFER_POOL_ID",1,'KEEP',2,'RECYCLE','DEFAULT') "BUFFER_POOL",
DECODE("A4"."FLASH_CACHE",1,'KEEP',2,
'NONE','DEFAULT')
"FLASH_CACHE",DECODE("A4"."CELL_FLASH_CACHE",1,'KEEP',2,'NONE','DEFAULT')
"CELL_FLASH_CACHE"
FROM ( (SELECT NVL("A199"."NAME",'SYS') "OWNER",
"A198"."NAME" "SEGMENT_NAME",

119. 119
"A198"."SUBNAME" "PARTITION_NAME",
"A196"."OBJECT_TYPE" "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A195"."TYPE#" "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",DECODE(BIT
AND("A195"."SPARE1",2097408),2097152,'SECUREFILE',256,'ASSM','MSSM')
"SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A197"."TS#" "TABLESPACE_ID",
"A197"."NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME",
"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "BLOCKSIZE",
"A194"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A195"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A195"."BLOCKS"*"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "BYTES",
"A195"."BLOCKS" "BLOCKS",
"A195"."EXTENTS" "EXTENTS",
"A195"."INIEXTS"*"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "INITIAL_EXTENT",
"A195"."EXTSIZE"*"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "NEXT_EXTENT",
"A195"."MINEXTS" "MIN_EXTENTS",
"A195"."MAXEXTS" "MAX_EXTENTS",DECODE(BITAND("A195"."SPARE1",4194304),4194304,
"A195"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",TO_CHAR(DECODE(
BITAND("A195"."SPARE1",2097152),2097152,
DECODE("A195"."LISTS",0,'NONE',1,'AUTO',2,'MIN',3,'MAX',4,'DEFAULT','INVALID'),N
ULL))
"RETENTION",DECODE(BITAND("A195"."SPARE1",2097152),2097152,
"A195"."GROUPS",NULL)
"MINRETENTION",DECODE(BITAND("A197"."FLAGS",3),1,TO_NUMBER(NULL),
"A195"."EXTPCT") "PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A197"."FLAGS",32),32,
TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A195"."LISTS",0,1,
"A195"."LISTS"))
"FREELISTS",DECODE(BITAND("A197"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A195"."G
ROUPS",0,1,
"A195"."GROUPS")) "FREELIST_GROUPS",
"A195"."FILE#" "RELATIVE_FNO",BITAND("A195"."CACHEHINT",3) "BUFFER_POOL_ID",
BITAND("A195"."CACHEHINT",12)/4 "FLASH_CACHE",BITAND("A195"."CACHEHINT",48)/16
"CELL_FLASH_CACHE",
NVL("A195"."SPARE1",0)
"SEGMENT_FLAGS",DECODE(BITAND("A195"."SPARE1",1),1,
"A195"."HWMINCR",
"A198"."DATAOBJ#") "SEGMENT_OBJD" FROM "SYS"."USER$" "A199",
"SYS"."OBJ$" "A198",
"SYS"."TS$" "A197", ( (SELECT

120. 120
DECODE(BITAND("A209"."PROPERTY",8192),8192,'NESTED TABLE','TABLE')
"OBJECT_TYPE",
2 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A209"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A209"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A209"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A209"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."TAB$" "A209" WHERE
BITAND("A209"."PROPERTY",1024)=0) UNI
ON ALL (SELECT 'TABLE PARTITION' "OBJECT_TYPE",19 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A208"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A208"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A208"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A208"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."TABPART$" "A208") UNION ALL
(SELECT 'CLUSTER' "OBJECT_TYPE",3 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A207"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A207"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A207"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A207"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."CLU$" "A207") UNION ALL
(SELECT DECODE("A206"."TYPE#",8,'LOBINDEX','INDEX') "OBJECT_TYPE",1
"OBJECT_TYPE_ID",6 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A206"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A206"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A206"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A206"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."IND$" "A206" WHERE "A206"."TYPE#"=1 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=2 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=3 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=4 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=6 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=7 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=8 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=9) UNION ALL
(SELECT 'INDEX PARTITION'
"OBJECT_TYPE",20 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",6 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A205"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A205"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A205"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",

121. 121
"A205"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."INDPART$" "A205") UNION ALL
(SELECT 'LOBSEGMENT' "OBJECT_TYPE",21 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",8 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A204"."LOBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A204"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A204"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A204"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."LOB$" "A204" WHERE
BITAND("A204"."PROPERTY",64)=0 OR
BITAND("A204"."PROPERTY",128)=128) UNION ALL
(SELECT 'TABLE SUBPARTITION' "OBJECT_TYPE",34 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A203"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A203"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A203"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A203"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."TABSUBPART$" "A203") UNION ALL
(SELECT 'INDEX SUBPARTITION' "OBJECT_TYPE",35 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",6
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A202"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A202"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A202"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A202"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."INDSUBPART$" "A202") UNION ALL
(SELECT DECODE("A201"."FRAGTYPE$",'P','LOB PARTITION','LOB SUBPARTITION')
"OBJECT_TYPE",DECODE("A201"."FRAGTYPE$",'P',40,41) "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",8
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A201"."FRAGOBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A201"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A201"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A201"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."LOBFRAG$" "A201")) "A196",
"SYS"."SEG$" "A195",
"SYS"."FILE$" "A194" WHERE "A195"."FILE#"="A196"."HEADER_FILE" AND
"A195"."BLOCK#"="A196"."HEADER_BLOCK" AND
"A195"."TS#"="A196"."TS_NUMBER" AND
"A195"."TS#"="A197"."TS#" AND
"A198"."OBJ#"="A196"."OBJECT_ID" AND
"A198"."OWNER#"="A199"."USER#"(+) AND
"A195"."TYPE#"="A196"."SEGMENT_TYPE_ID" AND
"A198"."TYPE#"="A196"."OBJECT_TYPE_ID" AND
"A195"."TS#"="A194"."TS#" AND

122. 122
"A195"."FILE#"="A194"."RELFILE#") UNION ALL
(SELECT NVL("A193"."NAME",'SYS') "OWNER",
"A191"."NAME" "SEGMENT_NAME",NULL "PARTITION_NAME",
DECODE("A190"."TYPE#",1,'ROLLBACK',10,'TYPE2 UNDO') "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A190"."TYPE#" "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",NULL "SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A192"."TS#" "TABLESPACE_ID",
"A192"."NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME",
"A192"."BLOCKSIZE" "BLOCKSIZE",
"A189"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A190"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A190"."BLOCKS"*"A192"."BLOCKSIZE" "BYTES",
"A190"."BLOCKS" "BLOCKS",
"A190"."EXTENTS" "EXTENTS",
"A190"."INIEXTS"*"A192"."BLOCKSIZE" "INITIAL_EXTENT",
"A190"."EXTSIZE"*"A192"."BLOCKSIZE" "NEXT_EXTENT",
"A190"."MINEXTS" "MIN_EXTENTS",
"A190"."MAXEXTS" "MAX_EXTENTS",DECODE(BITAND("A190"."SPARE1",4194304),4194304,
"A190"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",NULL "RETENTION",NULL "MINRETENTION",
"A190"."EXTPCT"
"PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A192"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A190"
."LISTS",0,1,
"A190"."LISTS"))
"FREELISTS",DECODE(BITAND("A192"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),
DECODE("A190"."GROUPS",0,1,"A190"."GROUPS")) "FREELIST_GROUPS",
"A190"."FILE#" "RELATIVE_FNO",BITAND("A190"."CACHEHINT",3)
"BUFFER_POOL_ID",BITAND("A190"."CACHEHINT",12)/4 "FLASH_CACHE",
BITAND("A190"."CACHEHINT",48)/16 "CELL_FLASH_CACHE",NVL("A190"."SPARE1",0)
"SEGMENT_FLAGS",
"A191"."US#" "SEGMENT_OBJD" FROM "SYS"."USER$" "A193","SYS"."TS$" "A192",
"SYS"."UNDO$" "A191",
"SYS"."SEG$" "A190",
"SYS"."FILE$" "A189" WHERE "A190"."FILE#"="A191"."FILE#" AND
"A190"."BLOCK#"="A191"."BLOCK#" AND
"A190"."TS#"="A191"."TS#" AND
"A190"."TS#"="A192"."TS#" AND
"A190"."USER#"="A193"."USER#"(+) AND
("A190"."TYPE#"=1 OR
"A190"."TYPE#"=10) AND
"A191"."STATUS$"<>1 AND

123. 123
"A191"."TS#"="A189"."TS#" AND
"A191"."FILE#"="A189"."RELFILE#") UNION ALL
(SELECT NVL("A188"."NAME",'SYS') "OWNER",
TO_CHAR("A185"."FILE#")||'.'||TO_CHAR("A186"."BLOCK#") "SEGMENT_NAME",NULL
"PARTITION_NAME",
DECODE("A186"."TYPE#",2,'DEFERRED ROLLBACK',3,
'TEMPORARY',4,'CACHE',9,'SPACE HEADER','UNDEFINED') "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A186"."TYPE#" "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",NULL "SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A187"."TS#" "TABLESPACE_ID",
"A187"."NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME",
"A187"."BLOCKSIZE" "BLOCKSIZE",
"A185"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A186"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A186"."BLOCKS"*"A187"."BLOCKSIZE" "BYTES",
"A186"."BLOCKS" "BLOCKS",
"A186"."EXTENTS" "EXTENTS",
"A186"."INIEXTS"*"A187"."BLOCKSIZE" "INITIAL_EXTENT",
"A186"."EXTSIZE"*"A187"."BLOCKSIZE" "NEXT_EXTENT",
"A186"."MINEXTS" "MIN_EXTENTS",
"A186"."MAXEXTS" "MAX_EXTENTS",DECODE(BITAND("A186"."SPARE1",4194304),4194304,
"A186"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",NULL
"RETENTION",NULL
"MINRETENTION",DECODE(BITAND("A187"."FLAGS",3),1,TO_NUMBER(NULL),
"A186"."EXTPCT")
"PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A187"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A186"
."LISTS",0,1,
"A186"."LISTS"))
"FREELISTS",DECODE(BITAND("A187"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A186"."G
ROUPS",0,1,
"A186"."GROUPS")) "FREELIST_GROUPS",
"A186"."FILE#" "RELATIVE_FNO",BITAND("A186"."CACHEHINT",3)
"BUFFER_POOL_ID",BITAND("A186"."CACHEHINT",12)/4
"FLASH_CACHE",BITAND("A186"."CACHEHINT",48)/16
"CELL_FLASH_CACHE",NVL("A186"."SPARE1",0) "SEGMENT_FLAGS",
"A186"."HWMINCR" "SEGMENT_OBJD" FROM "SYS"."USER$"
"A188",
"SYS"."TS$" "A187",
"SYS"."SEG$" "A186",
"SYS"."FILE$" "A185" WHERE "A186"."TS#"="A187"."TS#" AND
"A186"."USER#"="A188"."USER#"(+) AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>1 AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>5 AND

124. 124
"A186"."TYPE#"<>6 AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>8 AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>10 AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>11 AND
"A186"."TS#"="A185"."TS#"
AND
"A186"."FILE#"="A185"."RELFILE#") UNION ALL
(SELECT NVL("A184"."NAME",'SYS') "OWNER",'HEATMAP' "SEGMENT_NAME",
NULL "PARTITION_NAME",'SYSTEM STATISTICS' "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A182"."TYPE#" "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",NULL "SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A183"."TS#" "TABLESPACE_ID",
"A183"."NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME",
"A183"."BLO
CKSIZE" "BLOCKSIZE",
"A181"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A182"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A182"."BLOCKS"*"A183"."BLOCKSIZE" "BYTES",
"A182"."BLOCKS" "BLOCKS",
"A182"."EXTENTS" "EXTENTS",
"A182"."INIEXTS"*"A183"."BLOCKSIZE" "INITIAL_EXTENT",
"A182"."EXTSIZE"*"A183"."BLOCKSIZE" "NEXT_EXTENT",
"A182"."MINEXTS" "MIN_EXTENTS",
"A182"."MAXEXTS" "MAX_EXTENTS",DECODE(BITAND("A182"."SPARE1",4194304),4194304,
"A182"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",NULL "RETENTION",NULL
"MINRETENTION",DECODE(BITAND("A183"."FLAGS",3),1,TO_NUMBER(NULL),
"A182"."EXTPCT")
"PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A183"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DEC
ODE("A182"."LISTS",0,1,
"A182"."LISTS"))
"FREELISTS",DECODE(BITAND("A183"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A182"."G
ROUPS",0,1,
"A182"."GROUPS")) "FREELIST_GROUPS",
"A182"."FILE#" "RELATIVE_FNO",BITAND("A182"."CACHEHINT",3) "BUFFER_POOL_ID",
BITAND("A182"."CACHEHINT",12)/4 "FLASH_CACHE",BITAND("A18
2"."CACHEHINT",48)/16 "CELL_FLASH_CACHE",NVL("A182"."SPARE1",0) "SEGMENT_FLAGS",
"A182"."HWMINCR" "SEGMENT_OBJD" FROM "SYS"."USER$" "A184",

125. 125
"SYS"."TS$" "A183",
"SYS"."SEG$" "A182",
"SYS"."FILE$" "A181" WHERE "A182"."TS#"="A183"."TS#" AND
"A182"."USER#"="A184"."USER#"(+) AND
"A182"."TYPE#"=11 AND
"A182"."TS#"="A181"."TS#" AND
"A182"."FILE#"="A181"."RELFILE#")) "A4") "A3", (SELECT "A5"."NAME" "OWNER",
"A6"."NAME" "OBJECT_NAME",
"A6"."SUBNAME" "SUBOBJECT_NAME",
"A6"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A6"."DATAOBJ#" "DATA_OBJECT_ID",DECODE("A6"."TYPE#",0,'NEXT OBJECT',1,'INDEX',
2,'TABLE',3,'CLUSTER',4,'VIEW',5,'SYNONYM
',6,'SEQUENCE',7,'PROCEDURE',8,'FUNCTION',9,'PACKAGE',11,'PACKAGE BODY',12,
'TRIGGER',13,'TYPE',14,'TYPE BODY',19,'TABLE PARTITION',20,'INDEX PARTITION',
21,'LOB',22,'LIBRARY',23,'DIRECTORY',24,'QUEUE',28,'JAVA SOURCE',29,'JAVA CLASS',30,
'JAVA RESOURCE',32,'INDEXTYPE',33,'OPERATOR',34,
'TABLE SUBPARTITION',35,'INDEX SUBPARTITION',40,'LOB PARTITION',41,'LOB SUBPARTITION',42
,NVL( (SELECT 'REWRITE EQUIVALENCE' "'REWRITEEQUIVALENCE'" FROM SYS."SUM$" "A52" WHERE
"A52"."OBJ#"="A6"."OBJ#" AND
BITAND("A52"."XPFLAGS",8388608)=8388608),'MATERIALIZED VIEW'),43,'DIMENSION',
44,'CONTEXT',46,'RULE SET',47,'RESOURCE PLAN',48,'CONSUMER GROUP',55,'XML SCHEMA',56,'JAVA
DATA',57,'EDITION',59,'RULE',
60,'CAPTURE',61,'APPLY',62,'EVALUATION CONTEXT',66,'JOB',67,'PROGRAM',68,'JOB CLASS',69,
'WINDOW',72,'SCHEDULER GROUP',74,'SCHEDULE',79,'CHAIN',81,'FILE GROUP',82,'MINING
MODEL',87,'ASSEMBLY',90,'CREDENTIAL',92,'CUBE
DIMENSION',93,'CUBE',94,'MEASURE FOLDER',95,'CUBE BUILD PROCESS',100,'FILE WATCHER',
101,'DESTINATION',114,'SQL TRANSLATION PROFILE',115,'UNIFIED AUDIT POLICY','UNDEFINED')
"OBJECT_TYPE",
"A6"."CTIME" "CREATED",
"A6"."MTIME" "LAST_DDL_TIME",TO_CHAR("A6"."STIME",'YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS') "TIMESTAMP",DEC
ODE("A6"."STATUS",0,'N/A',1,'VALID','INVALID')
"STATUS",DECODE(BITAND("A6"."FLAGS",2),0,'N',2,'Y','N')
"TEMPORARY",DECODE(BITAND("A6"."FLAGS",4),0,'N',4,'Y','N')
"GENERATED",DECODE(BITAND("A6"."FLAGS",16),0,'N',16,'Y','N') "SECONDARY",
"A6"."NAMESPACE" "NAMESPACE",
"A6"."DEFINING_EDITION" "EDITION_NAM
E",DECODE(BITAND("A6"."FLAGS",196608),65536,'METADATA LINK',131072,'OBJECT LINK','NONE')
"SHARING",
CASE WHEN ("A6"."TYPE#"=4 OR
"A6"."TYPE#"=5 OR

126. 16 ...
126
more
pages

127. back to temporal validity
127

128. SQL> variable c clob
SQL> begin
2 dbms_utility.expand_sql_text(
3 q'{select * from emp_temporal
4 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'}',:c);
6 end;
7 /

129. SQL> print c
C
------------------------------------------------
SELECT
"A1"."EMPNO"
...
FROM (
SELECT "A2"."EMPNO" "EMPNO",
"A2"."NAME"
FROM "SCOTT"."EMP_TEMPORAL" "A2"
WHERE ("A2"."START_DT" IS NULL
OR "A2"."START_DT"<='01-FEB-14')
AND ("A2"."END_DT" IS NULL
OR "A2"."END_DT">'01-FEB-14')
) "A1"

130. existing tables

131. SQL> desc EMPLOYEE
Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ---------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(12,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
SQL> alter table EMPLOYEE add period for TIME_RANGE;
Table altered.

132. SQL> desc EMPLOYEE
Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ---------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(12,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
still looks the same ?

133. SQL> select column_name , hidden_column
2 from user_tab_cols
3 where table_name = 'EMPLOYEE'
4 order by column_id;
COLUMN_NAME HIDDEN_COLUMN
------------------------------ -------------
EMPNO NO
ENAME NO
JOB NO
MGR NO
HIREDATE NO
SAL NO
COMM NO
DEPTNO NO
TIME_RANGE_START YES
TIME_RANGE_END YES
TIME_RANGE YES

134. multi temporal validity

135. SQL> alter table EMP_TEMPORAL add period for CAL_RANGE;
Table altered.
SQL> alter table EMP_TEMPORAL add period for FINYR_RANGE;
Table altered.

136. maybe a 12.x feature ?

137. no temporal constraints

138. SQL> alter table EMP_TEMPORAL add primary key (empno);
Table altered.
SQL> insert into EMP_TEMPORAL
2 (empno, name, start_dt, end_dt )
3 values (20,'BROWN', '01-FEB-14','01-MAR-14');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into EMP_TEMPORAL
2 (empno, name, start_dt, end_dt )
3 values (20,'BROWN', '01-MAY-14','01-SEP-14');
insert into EMP_TEMPORAL
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C009892) violated

139. add START_DT to primary key ?

140. no temporal validation

141. SQL> insert into EMP_TEMPORAL
2 (empno, name, start_dt, end_dt )
3 values (10,'JONES', '01-JAN-14','01-MAY-14');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into EMP_TEMPORAL
2 (empno, name, start_dt, end_dt )
3 values (10,'JONES', '01-FEB-14','01-MAR-14');
1 row created.

142. no temporal DML

143. SQL> update EMP_TEMPORAL
2 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'
3 set sal = 10
4 where empno = 20;
as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-08187: snapshot expression not allowed here

144. SQL> update (
2 select * from EMP_TEMPORAL
3 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'
4 where empno = 7369
5 )
6 set sal = 10;
1 rows updated.

145. "Temporal validity is not supported
with a multitenant container
database"
(12.1.0.1)

146. Feature
invisible columns

147. have been there "forever"

148. function based indexes

149. set column unused

150. SQL> create table T
2 ( x int,
3 y int);
Table created.
SQL> create index IX on T (x+0);
Index created.
SQL> alter table T set unused column Y;
Table altered.

151. SQL> select column_name, data_default
2 from USER_TAB_COLS
3 where table_name = 'T'
4 order by column_id;
COLUMN_NAME DATA_DEFAULT
------------------------------ ----------------
X
SYS_NC00003$ "X"+0
SYS_C00002_14020720:50:28$

152. now exposed to us

153. SQL> create table T ( c1 int, c2 int, c3 int );
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
---------------------------- -------- -------
C1 NUMBER(38)
C2 NUMBER(38)
C3 NUMBER(38)
SQL> alter table T modify c1 invisible;
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
---------------------------- -------- -------
C2 NUMBER(38)
C3 NUMBER(38)

154. and an idiosyncracy...

155. SQL> alter table T modify c1 visible;
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
---------------------------- -------- -------
C2 NUMBER(38)
C3 NUMBER(38)
C1 NUMBER(38)

156. requires code discipline

157. SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
---------------------- -------- --------------------
C1 NUMBER(38)
C2 NUMBER(38)
C3 NUMBER(38)
SQL> create or replace
2 procedure P is
3 begin
4 insert into T values (1,10,100);
6 end;
SQL> exec P
SQL> select * from T;
C1 C2 C3
---------- ---------- ----------
1 10 100

158. SQL> alter table T modify c1 invisible;
Table altered.
SQL> alter table T modify c1 visible;
Table altered.
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
------------------- -------- --------------------
C2 NUMBER(38)
C3 NUMBER(38)
C1 NUMBER(38)

159. SQL> exec P
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select c1,c2,c3 from t;
C1 C2 C3
---------- ---------- ----------
1 10 100
100 1 10

160. SQL> create or replace
2 procedure FIX_COLS(p_tab varchar2, p_col_list varchar2) is
3 l_col_list varchar2(1000) := p_col_list||',';
4 type clist is table of varchar2(30)
5 index by pls_integer;
6 c clist;
7
8 l_col varchar2(30);
9 l_id int;
10 begin
11 while instr(l_col_list,',') > 1 loop
12 c(c.count+1) := substr(l_col_list,1,instr(l_col_list,',')-1);
13 l_col_list := substr(l_col_list,instr(l_col_list,',')+1);
14 dbms_output.put_line(c(c.count));
15 end loop;
16
17 for i in 1 .. c.count loop
18 loop
19 select column_name
20 into l_col
21 from user_tab_columns
22 where table_name = p_tab
23 and column_id = i;
24
25 exit when l_col = c(i);
26
27 execute immediate 'alter table '||p_tab||' modify '||l_col||' invisible';
28 execute immediate 'alter table '||p_tab||' modify '||l_col||' visible';
29 end loop;
30 end loop;
31 end;
32 /

161. SQL> exec FIX_COLS('T','C1,C2,C3');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
---------------------------- -------- -------
C1 NUMBER(38)
C2 NUMBER(38)
C3 NUMBER(38)

162. so what's the appeal ?

163. rollout new code online

164. SQL> create table T ( c1 int, c2 int ) ;
Table created.
SQL> create or replace
2 procedure BAD_APP is
3 begin
4 insert into T
5 select object_id, data_object_id
6 from all_objects
7 where rownum < 10;
8 end;
9 /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec BAD_APP;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

165. new application

166. SQL> alter table T add c3 int;
Table altered.
SQL> create or replace
2 procedure NEW_APP is
3 begin
4 for i in ( select c1,c2,c3 from T )
5 loop
6 dbms_output.put_line(i.c1);
7 dbms_output.put_line(i.c2);
8 dbms_output.put_line(i.c3);
9 end loop;
10 end;
11 /
Procedure created.

167. SQL> exec NEW_APP;
28
28
15
15
29
29
25
25
54
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

170. SQL> exec BAD_APP
BEGIN BAD_APP; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-06550: line 1, column 7:
PLS-00905: object SCOTT.BAD_APP is invalid
ORA-06550: line 1, column 7:
PL/SQL: Statement ignored

171. SQL> alter table T modify c3 invisible;
Table altered.
SQL> exec NEW_APP;
28
28
15
15
29
29
25
25
54
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec BAD_APP;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

172. tools

173. SQL> create table T ( c1 int, c2 int invisible);
Table created.
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ------------------
C1 NUMBER(38)
SQL> set colinvisible ON
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- -----------
C1 NUMBER(38)
C2 (INVISIBLE) NUMBER(38)

175. SQL> alter table T add "C3 (INVISIBLE)" int;
Table altered.
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ------------
C1 NUMBER(38)
C3 (INVISIBLE) NUMBER(38)
C2 (INVISIBLE) NUMBER(38)

176. 176
Feature:
better truncate

177. 177
SQL> create table PARENT ( p int primary key );
Table created.
SQL> create table CHILD
2 ( c int primary key,
3 p int references PARENT ( p )
4 );
Table created.
SQL> insert into PARENT values (1);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into CHILD values (1,1);
1 row created.

178. 178
SQL> truncate table PARENT;
truncate table PARENT
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02266: unique/primary keys in table
referenced by enabled foreign keys

179. 179
12c

180. 180
SQL> truncate table PARENT cascade;
Table truncated.

181. 181
SQL> alter table child modify
2 constraint CHILD_FK on delete cascade;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended
SQL> alter table child add
2 constraint NEW_FK foreign key ( p )
3 references parent ( p ) on delete cascade;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02275: such a referential constraint already
exists in the table

182. 182
full cascade

183. 183
referential partitions

184. 184
Feature
session level sequence

185. 185
SQL> create sequence SESS_SEQ session;
Sequence created.

186. 186
SQL> select sess_seq.nextval from dual;
NEXTVAL
----------
1
SQL> conn scott/tiger
Connected.
SQL> select sess_seq.nextval from dual;
NEXTVAL
----------
1

187. 187
contention

188. 188
SQL> create sequence NORMAL cache 1000;
Sequence created.
SQL> alter session set sql_trace = true;
Session altered.

189. 189
SQL> insert into GTT
2 select SESS_SEQ.NEXTVAL
3 from dual
4 connect by level < 50000;
49999 rows created.
SQL> insert into GTT
2 select NORMAL.NEXTVAL
3 from dual
4 connect by level < 50000;
49999 rows created.

190. 190
insert into GTT
select SESS_SEQ.NEXTVAL
from dual
connect by level < 50000
call count cpu elapsed disk query
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0
Execute 1 0.25 0.25 0 145
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
total 2 0.25 0.25 0 145

191. 191
insert into GTT
select NORMAL.NEXTVAL
from dual
connect by level < 50000
call count cpu elapsed disk query
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0
Execute 1 0.35 0.35 0 147
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
total 2 0.35 0.35 0 147

192. 192
update SEQ$
set increment$=:2,minvalue=:3,maxvalue=:4,
cycle#=:5,order$=:6,
cache=:7,highwater=:8,audit$=:9,
flags=:10,partcount=:11
where
obj#=:1
call count cpu elapsed disk query
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0
Execute 50 0.00 0.00 0 50
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
total 51 0.00 0.00 0 50

193. 193
but ...

195. Lyrics
"Players gonna play, play, play, play, play
Haters gonna hate, hate, hate, hate, hate
Gonna shake, shake, shake, shake, shake
Shake it off, Shake it off
Fakers gonna fake, fake, fake, fake, fake
Shake it off, I shake it off,
I, I, I shake it off, I shake it off,
I, I, I shake it off, I shake it off,
I, I, I shake it off, I shake it off
Hey, hey, hey
Yeah ohhh
Shake it off, I shake it off,
I, I, I shake it off, I shake it off,
I, I, I shake it off, I shake it off
I, I, I shake it off, I shake it off"

196. 196
substance

197. 197
why ?

198. 198
SQL> select X
2 from GTT;
X
----------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
...
SQL> select X
2 from GTT;
X
----------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
...

199. 199

200. 200
please let me know ....

201. 201
perhaps more potential ...

202. 202
SQL> alter sequence SEQ
2 maxvalue 1000000 partition 8;
Sequence altered.
SQL> select seq.nextval x from dual;
X
--------------------------
2000005
...
1000000 2000000 3000000
not yet documented ...

203. 203
Feature
defaults

204. 204
the most common ...

205. 205
and the absolute worst ...

206. 206
usage of triggers

207. 207
SQL> create sequence seq;
Sequence created.
SQL> create table T ( pk number , c1 int);
Table created.
SQL> create or replace
2 trigger FILL_IN_PK
3 before insert on T
4 for each row
5 begin
6 select seq.nextval into :new.pk from dual;
7 end;
8 /
Trigger created.

208. 208
SQL> insert into T values (10,20);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from T;
PK C1
---------- ----------
1 20

209. 209
we got smarter

210. 210
SQL> create or replace
2 trigger FILL_IN_PK
3 before insert on T
4 for each row
5 when ( new.pk is null )
6 begin
7 select seq.nextval into :new.pk from dual;
8 end;
9 /
SQL> insert into T values (20,20);
SQL> select * from T;
PK C1
---------- ----------
1 20
20 20

211. triggers

212. over rated ...
for that stuff

213. insert /* with trigger */ into T
select rownum, rownum
from dual connect by level <= 50000
call count cpu elapsed disk query current
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
Execute 1 5.64 5.64 0 466 1608
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
total 2 5.64 5.65 0 466 1608

214. insert /* without trigger */ into T
select rownum, rownum
from dual connect by level <= 50000
call count cpu elapsed disk query current
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
Execute 1 0.09 0.15 0 466 1620
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
total 2 0.09 0.15 0 466 1620

215. 12c ... finally !

216. 216
SQL> create table T (
2 pk number default seq.nextval,
3 c1 int);
Table created.
Oracle 7, June 1992

217. 217
SQL> insert into T ( c1 ) values ( 0);
SQL> select * from T;
PK C1
---------- ----------
2 0
SQL> insert into T ( pk, c1 ) values (default, 1) ;
SQL> select * from T;
PK C1
---------- ----------
2 0
3 1

218. insert /* with default */ into T
select rownum, rownum
from dual connect by level <= 50000
call count cpu elapsed disk query current
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
Execute 1 0.06 0.07 0 467 1608
Fetch 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
total 2 0.06 0.08 0 467 1608

219. other default improvements

220. "identity"

221. 221
SQL> drop table t purge;
Table dropped.
SQL> create table T
2 ( pk number generated as identity ,
3 c1 int);
Table created.
SQL> select object_id, object_name,
2 object_type from user_objects;
OBJECT_ID OBJECT_NAME OBJECT_TYPE
---------- ------------------ ------------
414914 T TABLE
414915 ISEQ$$_414914 SEQUENCE

222. 222
SQL> @pr "select * from user_sequences"
SEQUENCE_NAME : ISEQ$$_414914
MIN_VALUE : 1
MAX_VALUE : 9999999999999999999999
INCREMENT_BY : 1
CYCLE_FLAG : N
ORDER_FLAG : N
CACHE_SIZE : 20
LAST_NUMBER : 1
PARTITION_COUNT :
SESSION_FLAG : N
KEEP_VALUE : N

223. 223
SQL> create table T
2 ( pk number
3 generated as identity (cache 1000)
4 , c1 int);
Table created.
SQL> insert into T values (1,2);
insert into T values (1,2)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-32795: cannot insert into a generated always
identity column

224. more null control

225. before 12c

226. 226
SQL> create table T (
2 pk int,
3 status varchar2(1) default 'N' );
Table created.
SQL> insert into T (pk) values (1);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into T (pk, status) values (2,default);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into T (pk, status) values (3,null);
1 row created.

227. 227
SQL> select * from T;
PK STATUS
---------- ------
1 N
2 N
3

228. workarounds ugly

229. 229
SQL> create or replace
2 procedure ins(p_pk int, p_status varchar2) is
3 begin
4 if p_status is null then
5 insert into T (pk, status)
6 values (p_pk, default );
7 else
8 insert into T (pk, status)
9 values (p_pk, p_status );
10 end if;
11 end;
12 /
Procedure created.

230. 12c "on null"

231. 231
SQL> create table T (
2 pk int,
3 status varchar2(1) default on null 'N' ,
4 start_date date default on null
5 trunc(sysdate,'MM'),
6 commission int default on null 1000,
7 job_level int default on null 1
8 );
Table created.
SQL> insert into T values (1,null,null,null,null);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from T;
PK S START_DAT COMMISSION JOB_LEVEL
---------- - --------- ---------- ----------
1 N 01-JAN-14 1000 1

232. Feature
PL/SQL debugging

233. it all starts off easy

234. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 begin
5
6 x := 10;
7
8 select count(*)
9 into y
10 from all_objects
11 where object_name = 'NUFFIN';
12
13 x := x / y;
14
15 select rownum
16 into x
17 from dual;
18
19 end;
20 /
Procedure created.

235. SQL> exec P;
BEGIN P; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 13
ORA-06512: at line 1

236. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 begin
5
6 x := 10;
7
8 select count(*)
9 into y
10 from all_objects
11 where object_name = 'NUFFIN';
12
13 x := x / y;
14
15 select rownum
16 into x
17 from dual;
18
19 end;
20 /
Procedure created.

237. ... and downhill from there

238. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 begin
5
6 x := 10;
7
8 select count(*)
9 into y
10 from all_objects
11 where object_name = 'NUFFIN';
12
13 x := x / y;
14
15 select rownum
16 into x
17 from dual;
18
19 exception
20 when others then
21 log_error;
22 raise;
23 end;
24 /

239. SQL> exec P;
BEGIN P; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to
zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 22

240. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 begin
5
6 x := 10;
7
8 select count(*)
9 into y
10 from all_objects
11 where object_name = 'NUFFIN';
12
13 x := x / y;
14
15 select rownum
16 into x
17 from dual;
18
19 exception
20 when others then
21 log_error;
22 raise;
23 end;
24 /
?

241. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 begin
5
6 x := 10;
7
8 select count(*)
9 into y
10 from all_objects
11 where object_name = 'NUFFIN';
12
13 x := x / y;
14
15 select rownum
16 into x
17 from dual;
18
19 exception
20 when others then
21 dbms_output.put_line(
22 dbms_utility.format_call_stack);
23 raise;
24 end;
25 /

242. SQL> exec P;
----- PL/SQL Call Stack -----
object line object
handle number name
0x14b1e3900 21 procedure SCOTT.P
0x12521b8d8 1 anonymous block
BEGIN P; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 23
ORA-06512: at line 1

243. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 l_debug varchar2(4000);
5 begin
6 l_debug := dbms_utility.format_call_stack;
7
8 x := 10;
9
10 l_debug := dbms_utility.format_call_stack;
11 select count(*)
12 into y
13 from all_objects
14 where object_name = 'NUFFIN';
15
16 l_debug := dbms_utility.format_call_stack;
17 x := x / y;
18
19 l_debug := dbms_utility.format_call_stack;
20 select rownum
21 into x
22 from dual;
23
24 exception
25 when others then
26 dbms_output.put_line(l_debug);
27 raise;
28 end;

244. SQL> exec P;
----- PL/SQL Call Stack -----
object line object
handle number name
0x14b1e3900 16 procedure SCOTT.P
0x12521b8d8 1 anonymous block
BEGIN P; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 27
ORA-06512: at line 1

245. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 l_debug varchar2(4000);
5 begin
6 l_debug := dbms_utility.format_call_stack;
7
...
24 exception
25 when others then
26 l_debug := substr(l_debug,instr(l_debug,chr(10),1,3));
27 l_debug := regexp_replace(l_debug,chr(10)||'.*$');
28 dbms_output.put_line(l_debug);
29 raise;
30 end;
31 /

246. SQL> exec P;
0x14b1e3900 16 procedure SCOTT.P
BEGIN P; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 29
ORA-06512: at line 1

247. 10g got better

248. DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE

249. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 l_debug varchar2(4000);
5 begin
6 l_debug := dbms_utility.format_call_stack;
7
8 x := 10;
9
...
23
24 exception
25 when others then
26 dbms_output.put_line(
27 DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE );
28 raise;
29 end;

250. SQL> exec P;
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 17
BEGIN P; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 27
ORA-06512: at line 1

251. 12c .... finally

252. UTL_CALL_STACK

253. SQL> create or replace procedure P is
2 x int;
3 y int;
4 begin
5 x := 10;
6
...
17
18 exception
19 when others then
20 for i in 1 .. utl_call_stack.dynamic_depth loop
21 dbms_output.put_line(
22 utl_call_stack.unit_line(i)||'-'||
23 utl_call_stack.concatenate_subprogram(
24 utl_call_stack.subprogram(i))
25 );
26 end loop;
27 raise;
28 end;

254. SQL> exec P;
21-P
1-__anonymous_block
BEGIN P; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.P", line 27
ORA-06512: at line 1

255. value in "real world"

256. SQL> create or replace package PKG is
2 procedure p;
3 procedure p1;
4 procedure p2;
5 procedure p3;
6 end;
7 /
Package created.

257. SQL> create or replace package body PKG is
2
3 procedure p is
...
19
20 exception
21 when others then
22 for i in 1 .. utl_call_stack.dynamic_depth loop
23 dbms_output.put_line(
24 utl_call_stack.unit_line(i)||'-'||
25 utl_call_stack.concatenate_subprogram(
26 utl_call_stack.subprogram(i))
27 );
28 end loop;
29 raise;
30 end;
31
32 procedure p1 is begin p; end;
33 procedure p2 is begin p1; end;
34 procedure p3 is begin p2; end;
35
36 end;
37 /

258. SQL> exec pkg.p3
23-PKG.P
32-PKG.P1
33-PKG.P2
34-PKG.P3
1-__anonymous_block
BEGIN pkg.p3; END;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to
zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 29
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 32
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 33
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 34
ORA-06512: at line 1

259. did you miss it ?

260. SQL> exec pkg.p3
23-PKG.P
32-PKG.P1
33-PKG.P2
34-PKG.P3
1-__anonymous_block
BEGIN pkg.p3; END;
subprogram !!!
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to
zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 29
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 32
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 33
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.PKG", line 34
ORA-06512: at line 1

261. Feature
inline PLSQL in SQL

262. every system ...

263. ... I've worked on

264. struggles with case

265. no correlation :-)

266. SQL> select vendor
2 from service_provider;
VENDOR
------------------------------
jones
brown
SMITH
sigh...

267. "no problem.... I'll use initcap"

268. SQL> select initcap(vendor)
2 from service_provider;
INITCAP(VENDOR)
------------------------------
Jones
Brown
Smith

269. until ...

270. SQL> select initcap(vendor)
2 from service_provider;
INITCAP(VENDOR)
------------------------------
Jones
Brown
Smith
Mcdonald
Johnson'S
uh oh

271. home grown

272. SQL> create or replace
2 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2) return varchar2 is
3 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
4 begin
5 if regexp_like(l_string,'(Mac[A-Z]|Mc[A-Z])') then
6 null;
7 elsif l_string like '''%' then
8 null;
9 else
10 l_string := initcap(l_string);
11 if l_string like '_''S%' then
12 null;
13 else
14 l_string := replace(l_string,'''S','''s');
15 end if;
16 end if;
17
18 return l_string;
19 end;
20 /
Function created.

273. cool ...

274. SQL> select my_initcap(vendor)
2 from service_provider;
MY_INITCAP(VENDOR)
--------------------------
Jones
Brown
Smith
McDonald
Johnson's

275. until ...

277. "you stupid developer...
don't call PLSQL from SQL !!!!"

278. SQL> select max(x)
2 from (
3 select /*+ no_merge */ initcap(source) x
4 from large_table
5 );
...
SQL> select max(x)
2 from (
3 select /*+ no_merge */ my_initcap(source) x
4 from large_table
5 );
Elapsed: 00:00:00.48
Elapsed: 00:00:09.37

279. it can be done in SQL

280. SQL> select
2 case
3 when regexp_like(vendor,'(Mac[A-Z]|Mc[A-Z])') then vendor
4 when vendor like '''%' then vendor
5 when initcap(vendor) like '_''S%' then vendor
6 else replace(initcap(vendor),'''S','''s')
7 end ugh
8 from service_provider;
UGH
-------------------------------
Jones
Brown
Smith
McDonald
Johnson's

281. "Always code as if the person who
ends up maintaining your code is a
psychopathic killer who knows
where you live."
- source unknown

282. 12c ... user defined functions

283. SQL> WITH
2 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2)
3 return varchar2 is
4 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
5 begin
6 if regexp_like(l_string,'(Mac[A-Z]|Mc[A-Z])') then
7 null;
8 elsif l_string like '''%' then
...
17
18 return l_string;
19 end;
20 select my_initcap(vendor)
21 from service_provider;
MY_INITCAP(VENDOR)
-----------------------------------------
Jones
Brown
Smith
McDonald
O'Brien
Johnson's

284. multiple routines

285. SQL> WITH
2 function is_scottish(p_string varchar2) return boolean is
3 begin
4 return regexp_like(p_string,'(Mac[A-Z]|Mc[A-Z])');
5 end;
6 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2) return varchar2 is
7 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
8 begin
9 if is_scottish(l_string) then
10 null;
11 elsif l_string like '''%' then
12 null;
13 else
14 l_string := initcap(l_string);
15 if l_string like '_''S%' then
16 null;
17 else
18 l_string := replace(l_string,'''S','''s');
19 end if;
20 end if;
21
22 return l_string;
23 end;
24 select my_initcap(surname)
25 from names;
26 /

286. note: 12c client

287. 11.2 and below

288. SQL> WITH
2 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2) return varchar2 is
3 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
function my_initcap(p_string varchar2) return varchar2 is
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-06553: PLS-103: Encountered the symbol "end-of-file" when
expecting one of the following:
. ( * @ % & = - + ; < / > at in is mod remainder not rem
<an exponent (**)> <> or != or ~= >= <= <> and or like like2
like4 likec between || multiset member submultiset
SQL> begin
2 if regexp_like(l_string,'(Mac[A-Z]|Mc[A-Z])') then
3 null;
4 elsif l_string like '''%' then
5 null;
6 else
7 l_string := initcap(l_string);

289. and a blast from the past :-)

290. SQL> create or replace
2 procedure NAMES_PROCESSOR is
3 cursor C is
4 WITH
5 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2)
return varchar2 is
6 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
7 begin
...
23 select my_initcap(vendor) from service_provider;
25 begin
26 null;
27 end;
28 /
Warning: Procedure created with compilation errors.
SQL> sho err
Errors for PROCEDURE NAMES_PROCESSOR:
LINE/COL ERROR
-------- ------------------------------------------------
3/7 PL/SQL: SQL Statement ignored
4/18 PL/SQL: ORA-00905: missing keyword
22/7 PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol "SELECT"

291. SQL> create or replace
2 procedure NAMES_PROCESSOR is
3 rc sys_refcursor;
4 begin
5 open rc for
6 q'{ WITH
7 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2)
return varchar2 is
8 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
9 begin
...
23 return l_string;
24 end;
25 select my_initcap(vendor)
26 from service_provider
27 }';
28 end;
29 /
Procedure created.

292. WITH_PLSQL
unrelated to previous

293. DML (or complex SQL)

294. SQL> insert into CONTRACTS
2 WITH
3 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2)
4 return varchar2 is
5 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
6 begin
...
20 end;
21 select my_initcap(vendor)
22 from service_provider;
23 /
WITH
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-32034: unsupported use of WITH clause

295. SQL> insert /*+ WITH_PLSQL */ into CONTRACTS
2 WITH
3 function my_initcap(p_string varchar2)
4 return varchar2 is
5 l_string varchar2(1000) := p_string;
6 begin
...
20 end;
21 select my_initcap(surname)
22 from names;
23 /
5 rows inserted.

296. determinism

297. SQL> with
2 function f return timestamp as
3 begin
4 return systimestamp;
5 end;
6 select f
7 from dual
8 connect by level <= 10;
9 /
F
----------------------------------------
05-JAN-14 08.09.43.969000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.09.43.970000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.09.43.970000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.09.43.971000000 PM
...

298. DETERMINISTIC keyword

299. SQL> with
2 function f return timestamp DETERMINISTIC as
3 begin
4 return systimestamp;
5 end;
6 select f
7 from dual
8 connect by level <= 10;
9 /
F
----------------------------------------
05-JAN-14 08.09.52.145000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.09.52.146000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.09.52.146000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.09.52.147000000 PM
...

300. conventional scalar caching

301. SQL> with
2 function f return timestamp as
3 begin
4 return systimestamp;
5 end;
6 select ( select f from dual )
7 from dual
8 connect by level <= 10;
9 /
F
----------------------------------------
05-JAN-14 08.11.50.145000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.11.50.145000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.11.50.145000000 PM
05-JAN-14 08.11.50.145000000 PM
...

302. are they really faster ?

303. SQL> create or replace
2 function F return number is
3 begin
4 return 1;
5 end;
6 /
Function created.

304. SQL> select sum(f)
2 from
3 ( select level from dual
4 connect by level <= 1000 ),
5 ( select level from dual
6 connect by level <= 1000 )
7 ;
SUM(F)
----------
1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:02.04

305. SQL> with
2 function f1 return number is
3 begin
4 return 1;
5 end;
6 select sum(f1)
7 from
8 ( select level from dual
9 connect by level <= 1000 ),
10 ( select level from dual
11 connect by level <= 1000 )
12 /
SUM(F1)
----------
1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.52

306. "but what about all my PLSQL !!!"

307. SQL> create or replace
2 function F return number is
3 pragma udf;
4 begin
5 return 1;
6 end;
SQL> select sum(f)
2 from
3 ( select level from dual
4 connect by level <= 1000 ),
5 ( select level from dual
6 connect by level <= 1000 );
SUM(F)
----------
1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.36

308. Feature
top-n simplifications
308

309. "5 most recently hired employees"
309

310. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 where rownum <= 5
4 order by hiredate desc;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- -------------------
7654 MARTIN 28/09/1981 00:00:00
7566 JONES 02/04/1981 00:00:00
7521 WARD 22/02/1981 00:00:00
7499 ALLEN 20/02/1981 00:00:00
7369 SMITH 17/12/1980 00:00:00
310

311. inline view
311

312. SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select empno, ename, hiredate
4 from scott.emp
5 order by hiredate desc
6 )
7 where rownum <= 2;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 23-MAY-87
7788 SCOTT 19-APR-87
312

313. ------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2 |
|* 1 | COUNT STOPKEY | | |
| 2 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 3 | SORT ORDER BY STOPKEY| | 14 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 14 |
------------------------------------------------
313

314. SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select
4 empno, ename, hiredate,
5 row_number() over ( order by hiredate desc) rn
6 from scott.emp
7 )
8 where rn <= 2;
314

315. -------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 |
|* 1 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 2 | WINDOW SORT PUSHED RANK| | 14 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 14 |
-------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("RN"<=2)
2 - filter(ROW_NUMBER() OVER
( ORDER BY HIREDATE") DESC )<=2)
315

316. 12c .... "easier"
316

317. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 order by hiredate desc
4 fetch first 2 rows only;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 23-MAY-87
7788 SCOTT 19-APR-87
317

318. behind the scenes
318

319. -------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 |
|* 1 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 2 | WINDOW SORT PUSHED RANK| | 14 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 14 |
-------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("from$_subquery$_002".
"rowlimit_$$_rownumber"<=2)
2 - filter(ROW_NUMBER() OVER
( ORDER BY HIREDATE") DESC )<=2)
319

320. variations
320

321. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 order by hiredate desc
4 fetch first 1 row only;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 23-MAY-87
321

322. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 order by hiredate desc
4 fetch first 5 row only;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 23-MAY-87
7788 SCOTT 19-APR-87
7934 MILLER 23-JAN-82
7900 JAMES 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD 03-DEC-81
322

323. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 order by hiredate desc
4 fetch first 10 percent rows only;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 23-MAY-87
7788 SCOTT 19-APR-87
323

324. pagination
324

325. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 order by hiredate desc
4 offset 5 rows fetch next 3 rows only;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- ---------
7839 KING 17-NOV-81
7654 MARTIN 28-SEP-81
7844 TURNER 08-SEP-81
325

326. idiosyncracies
326

327. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 order by hiredate desc
4 fetch LAST 5 rows only;
fetch LAST 5 rows only
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-00905: missing keyword
327

328. SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select empno, ename, hiredate
4 from scott.emp
5 order by hiredate asc
6 fetch first 5 rows only
7 )
8 order by hiredate desc;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- ---------
7698 BLAKE 01-MAY-81
7566 JONES 02-APR-81
7521 WARD 22-FEB-81
7499 ALLEN 20-FEB-81
7369 SMITH 17-DEC-80 328

329. no percent pagination
329

330. SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from scott.emp
3 order by hiredate desc
4 offset 20 percent fetch
5 next 10 percent rows only;
offset 20 percent fetch next 10 percent rows only
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-00905: missing keyword
330

331. plsql quirk
331

332. "Note that in real life,
you would use bind variables
instead of hard-coded literals"
332
- Tom Kyte,
Oracle Magazine, Sep 13

333. SQL> declare
2 l_num number := 5;
3 begin
4 for i in (
5 select empno, ename, hiredate
6 from scott.emp
7 order by hiredate desc
8 fetch first l_num rows only
9 )
10 loop
11 null;
12 end loop;
13 end;
14 /
declare
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
Process ID: 26618
Session ID: 25 Serial number: 53023
333

334. SQL> declare
2 l_num number := 5;
3 begin
4 for i in (
5 select empno, ename, hiredate
6 from scott.emp
7 order by hiredate desc
8 fetch first cast(l_num as number) rows only
9 )
10 loop
11 null;
12 end loop;
13 end;
14 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
334
fixed in 12.1.0.2

335. Feature
adaptive plans

336. SQL> create table PARENT ( p int, pdata varchar2(20) );
Table created.
SQL> create table CHILD ( c int, p int, cdata char(200));
Table created.
SQL> insert into PARENT
2 select rownum*2+1, rownum
3 from dual
4 connect by level <= 500;
500 rows created.
SQL> insert into CHILD
2 select rownum, mod(rownum,1000)*2, rownum
3 from dual
4 connect by level < 10000;
9999 rows created.

337. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('','PARENT')
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('','CHILD')
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> create index CHILD_IX on CHILD ( p ) ;
Index created.
SQL> select count(*) from PARENT
2 where p < 10;
COUNT(*)
----------
4

338. SQL> set autotrace traceonly explain
SQL> select *
2 from PARENT p,
3 CHILD c
4 where p.p < 10
5 and p.p = c.p;
---------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
---------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 4 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 4 |
|* 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | PARENT | 4 |
|* 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX | 1 |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| CHILD | 1 |
---------------------------------------------------------
Note
-----
- this is an adaptive plan

339. now lets mess with it

340. SQL> insert into PARENT
2 select mod(rownum,5)*2+1, rownum
3 from dual
4 connect by level <= 20000;
20000 rows created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select count(*) from PARENT
2 where p < 10;
COUNT(*)
----------
20004

341. a new cursor

342. SQL> select /*+ gather_plan_statistics */ *
2 from CHILD c,
3 PARENT p
4 where p.p < 10
5 and p.p = c.p;
no rows selected
SQL> select *
2 from table(
3 dbms_xplan.display_cursor(
4 null,null,'ALLSTATS LAST +ADAPTIVE'));

343. -----------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| * 1 | HASH JOIN | |
|- 2 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 3 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 4 | STATISTICS COLLECTOR | |
| * 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | PARENT |
|- * 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
|- 7 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | CHILD |
| 8 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| CHILD |
| * 9 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
-----------------------------------------------------------

344. -----------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| * 1 | HASH JOIN | |
|- 2 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 3 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 4 | STATISTICS COLLECTOR | |
| * 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | PARENT |
|- * 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
|- 7 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | CHILD |
| 8 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| CHILD |
| * 9 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
-----------------------------------------------------------

345. -----------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| * 1 | HASH JOIN | |
|- 2 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 3 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 4 | STATISTICS COLLECTOR | |
| * 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | PARENT |
|- * 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
|- 7 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | CHILD |
| 8 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| CHILD |
| * 9 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
-----------------------------------------------------------

346. -----------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| * 1 | HASH JOIN | |
|- 2 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 3 | NESTED LOOPS | |
|- 4 | STATISTICS COLLECTOR | |
| * 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | PARENT |
|- * 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
|- 7 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | CHILD |
| 8 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| CHILD |
| * 9 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
-----------------------------------------------------------

347. SQL> select *
2 from table(
3 dbms_xplan.display_cursor(
4 null,null,'ALLSTATS LAST'));
---------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
---------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
|* 1 | HASH JOIN | |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | PARENT |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| CHILD |
|* 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CHILD_IX |
---------------------------------------------------------
Note
-----
- this is an adaptive plan

348. just be aware

349. tools will (hopefully) catch up

350. Feature
pattern matching
350

351. analytics ... since 8.1.6
351
median
top n
moving average
etc

352. "analysis"
often
"patterns"
352

353. real example
353

354. 354

355. 355

356. AML
356
anti money laundering

357. "Find 10 consecutive deposits in a
24 hour period, then
a withdrawal within three days of
the last deposit, at a different branch"
357

358. ACCT TSTAMP WTHD_TSTAMP TYPE AMT
---------- ------------------ ------------------ ---- -------
54261 25/01/13 17:20:55 D 100
54261 25/01/13 17:56:58 D 165
54261 26/01/13 11:24:14 D 30
54261 26/01/13 11:47:53 D 45
54261 26/01/13 12:59:38 D 100
54261 26/01/13 13:26:04 D 80
54261 26/01/13 14:41:09 D 50
54261 26/01/13 14:53:12 D 50
54261 26/01/13 15:15:05 D 50
54261 26/01/13 15:51:17 D 50
54261 26/01/13 16:15:02 D 120
54261 26/01/13 16:36:51 D 100
54261 26/01/13 16:55:09 D 100
54261 26/01/13 18:07:17 26/01/13 18:07:17 W -500
358

359. hard... with analytics
359

360. 12c
360

361. pattern matching
361

362. SQL> select acct, tstamp, wthd_tstamp, txn_type, amt
2 from account_txns
3 MATCH_RECOGNIZE
4 (
5 partition by acct
6 order by tstamp
7 measures
8 dep.tstamp dep_tstamp,
9 wthd.tstamp wthd_tstamp
10
11 all rows per match
12 pattern ( dep{10,} wthd )
13 define
14 dep as
15 txn_type = 'D',
16 wthd as
17 txn_type = 'W'
18 and last(dep.tstamp)-first(dep.tstamp) < interval '1' day
19 and wthd.tstamp - last(dep.tstamp) < interval '3' day
20 and wthd.loc_id != last(dep.loc_id)
21 )
362

363. "What is the longest losing
streak for customers since
the start of the month"
363

364. SQL> select acct, started_losing, finished_losing
2 from account_txns
3 MATCH_RECOGNIZE
4 (
5 partition by acct
6 order by tstamp
7 measures
8 tstamp as tstamp, outcome as outcome,
9 first(still_losing.tstamp) started_losing,
10 got_lucky.tstamp finished_losing
11 one row per match
12 pattern ( still_losing* got_lucky )
13 define
14 still_losing as outcome = 'Lose'
15 and still_losing.outcome =
16 first(still_losing.outcome),
17 got_lucky as outcome = 'Win'
18 );
364

365. ACCT STARTED_LOSING FINISHED_LOSING
---------- ------------------- -------------------
66 01/02/2014 10:49:41 01/02/2014 16:30:01
66 01/02/2014 16:30:56 01/02/2014 17:23:06
66 01/02/2014 17:24:03 01/02/2014 18:11:32
66 01/02/2014 18:11:44 01/02/2014 19:13:04
66 01/02/2014 19:13:19 01/02/2014 19:44:04
66 01/02/2014 19:44:21 01/02/2014 20:15:33
184 02/02/2014 11:50:46 02/02/2014 12:23:49
184 02/02/2014 12:26:29 02/02/2014 12:56:57
184 02/02/2014 12:57:00 02/02/2014 13:19:51
184 02/02/2014 13:23:35 08/02/2014 14:24:35
280 01/02/2014 12:37:05 01/02/2014 14:36:18
280 01/02/2014 14:36:27 01/02/2014 14:49:43
280 01/02/2014 14:49:50 01/02/2014 15:47:21
280 01/02/2014 15:47:48 01/02/2014 23:30:12
280 02/02/2014 12:16:43 02/02/2014 13:15:52
365

366. SQL> select acct, ceil(max(finished_losing-started_losing))
2 from account_txns
3 MATCH_RECOGNIZE
4 (
5 partition by acct
6 order by tstamp
7 measures
8 tstamp as tstamp, outcome as outcome,
9 first(still_losing.tstamp) started_losing,
10 got_lucky.tstamp finished_losing
11 one row per match
12 pattern ( still_losing* got_lucky )
13 define
14 still_losing as outcome = 'Lose'
15 and still_losing.outcome =
16 first(still_losing.outcome),
17 got_lucky as outcome = 'Win'
18 )
19 group by acct
20 order by 1,2;
366

367. ACCT CEIL(MAX(FINISHED_LOSING-STARTED_LOSING))
---------- -----------------------------------------
66 3
184 7
280 2
416 1
814 3
908 5
1083 2
1142 3
1256 1
1260 1
1282 15
1676 2
1794 1
2085 12
2133 4
...
367

368. Feature
scheduler enhancements
368

369. external scripts
369

370. SQL> declare
2 l_job varchar2(100) :=
3 '#!/bin/ksh
4 /bin/ps -ef > /tmp/process.out';
5 begin
6 dbms_scheduler.create_job(
7 job_type => 'EXTERNAL_SCRIPT',
8 job_name => 'UNIX_PS',
9 job_action => l_job,
10 start_date => sysdate,
11 enabled => true);
12 end;
13 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
370

371. # cat CDB12_j000_4559.trc
[snip]
ORA-12012: error on auto execute of job "SCOTT"."UNIX_PS"
ORA-27451: CREDENTIAL_NAME cannot be NULL
371

372. SQL> begin
2 dbms_scheduler.create_credential(
3 credential_name=>'MY_ACCT',
4 username =>'unixacct',
5 password =>'unixpass');
6 end;
7 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
372

373. SQL> declare
2 l_job varchar2(100) :=
3 'connect / as sysdba
4 spool /tmp/x.out
5 select * from v$database;
6 exit';
7 begin
8 dbms_scheduler.create_job(
9 job_type => 'SQL_SCRIPT',
10 job_name => 'SQLPLUS',
11 job_action => l_job,
12 enabled => true,
13 credential_name => 'MY_ACCT'
14 );
15 end;
16 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
373

374. Feature
data redaction

375. SQL> desc ACCOUNTS
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ------------
ID NUMBER(8)
NAME VARCHAR2(30)
EMAIL_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(30)
SQL> select * from ACCOUNTS;
ID NAME EMAIL_ADDRESS
-------- -------------------- -------------------
1 Suzanne suzy_q@yahoo.com
2 John Smith john.smith@hotmail.com
...

376. SQL> begin
2 dbms_redact.add_policy (
3 object_schema => user,
4 object_name => 'ACCOUNTS',
5 column_name => 'EMAIL_ADDRESS',
6 policy_name => 'diddle_email',
7 expression =>
8 q'{SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','ISDBA')='FALSE'}',
9 function_type => dbms_redact.regexp,
10 regexp_pattern =>
11 dbms_redact.re_pattern_email_address,
12 regexp_replace_string =>
13 dbms_redact.re_redact_email_name,
14 regexp_position => dbms_redact.re_beginning,
15 regexp_occurrence => dbms_redact.re_all
16 );
17 end;
18 /
lots of options here

377. SQL> conn scott/tiger
Connected.
SQL> select * from ACCOUNTS;
ID NAME EMAIL_ADDRESS
-------- -------------------- -------------------
1 Suzanne xxxx@yahoo.com
2 John Smith xxxx@hotmail.com
...

378. 378
take care with clients

379. SQL> desc ACCOUNTS
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ------------
ID NUMBER(8)
NAME VARCHAR2(30)
EMAIL_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(30)

380. SQL> declare
2 p_query varchar2(32767)
3 := 'select * from mcdonac.accounts';
4
5 l_cur int := dbms_sql.open_cursor;
6 l_descTbl dbms_sql.desc_tab;
7 l_colCnt number;
8 begin
9 dbms_sql.parse(l_cur,p_query,dbms_sql.native);
10 dbms_sql.describe_columns(l_cur,l_colCnt,l_descTbl);
11
12 for i in 1 .. l_colCnt loop
13 dbms_output.put_line(
14 rpad(l_descTbl(i).col_name,20)||
15 lpad(l_descTbl(i).col_max_len,6));
16 end loop;
17 end;
18 /
ID 22
NAME 30
EMAIL_ADDRESS 4000

381. 381
take care with security

382. 382

383. Feature
join enhancements

384. 11.2

385. SQL> create table scott.emp2 as
2 select * from scott.emp;
Table created.
SQL> select *
2 from scott.emp e,
3 scott.emp2 e2,
4 scott.dept d
5 where e.deptno = d.deptno(+)
6 and e2.deptno = d.deptno(+)
7 and e.empno = e2.empno
8 /
where e.deptno = d.deptno(+)
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-01417: a table may be outer joined to at
most one other table

386. 12c

387. SQL> select *
2 from scott.emp e,
3 scott.emp2 e2,
4 scott.dept d
5 where e.deptno = d.deptno(+)
6 and e2.deptno = d.deptno(+)
7 and e.empno = e2.empno
8 /
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR
---------- ---------- --------- ----------
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782
...

388. correlated inline views

389. SQL> drop table scott.DEPT_BENEFITS purge;
Table dropped.
SQL> create table scott.DEPT_BENEFITS as
2 select d.*, 10 benefits from scott.dept d;
Table created.
SQL> insert into scott.DEPT_BENEFITS
2 select d.*, 20 benefits from scott.dept d;
4 rows created.

390. SQL> select e.empno, e.deptno, d.benefits
2 from scott.emp e,
3 scott.dept_benefits d
4 where e.deptno = d.deptno
5 order by 1,3;
EMPNO DEPTNO BENEFITS
---------- ---------- ----------
7369 20 10
7369 20 20
7499 30 10
7499 30 20
7521 30 10
7521 30 20
...
...

391. "benefits for each employee"

392. SQL> select e.empno, d.deptno, b.benefits
2 from scott.emp e,
3 ( select benefits
4 from scott.DEPT_BENEFITS d
5 where d.deptno = e.deptno
6 ) b
7 order by 1,3;
where d.deptno = e.deptno
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-00904: "E"."DEPTNO": invalid identifier

393. CROSS APPLY

394. SQL> select e.empno, e.deptno, b.benefits
2 from scott.emp e
3 CROSS APPLY
4 ( select benefits
5 from scott.DEPT_BENEFITS d
6 where d.deptno = e.deptno
7 ) b
8 order by 1,3;
EMPNO DEPTNO BENEFITS
---------- ---------- ----------
7369 20 10
7369 20 20
7499 30 10
...
...

395. "big deal"

396. SQL> select e.empno, d.deptno, b.benefits
2 from scott.emp e,
3 ( select benefits
4 from scott.DEPT_BENEFITS d
5
where d.deptno = e.deptno
6 ) b
7
8 order by 1,3;

397. "best benefit for each employee"

398. SQL> select e.empno, e.deptno, b.benefits
2 from scott.emp e
3 CROSS APPLY
4 ( select benefits
5 from scott.DEPT_BENEFITS d
6 where d.deptno = e.deptno
7 order by benefits desc
8 fetch first 1 rows only
9 ) b
10 order by 1,3;
EMPNO DEPTNO BENEFITS
---------- ---------- ----------
7369 20 20
7499 30 20
7521 30 20
7566 20 20
7654 30 20
...

399. 399
Feature
anyone remember this ?

400. 400
11.2

401. 401

402. 402
"version control"

403. 403
package PKG is
select COL1, COL2
from MY_VIEW
package PKG(V2) is
select COL1, NEW_COL
from MY_VIEW(V2)
both in active use !

404. 404
"edition based redefinition"

405. 405
really cool .... but

406. 406
Enabling editions is
global,
retroactive
and
irreversible.
- 11g2 doc

407. 407
SQL> alter user TO_BE_EDITIONED enable editions;
alter user TO_BE_EDITIONED enable editions
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-38819: user TO_BE_EDITIONED owns one or more
objects whose type is editionable and that have
noneditioned dependent objects

408. 408
12c

409. 409
much much better

410. 410
schema is editionable...

411. 411
...and object is editionable

412. wrap up
412

413. 12c
413

414. 414

415. Connor McDonald
OracleDBA
co.uk
415

416. 416
ORA-03113
@connor_mc_d
connormcdonald.wordpress.com