The document discusses Connor McDonald’s expertise and resources related to Oracle Database, with a focus on the Flashback technology for reviewing past database states. It provides technical SQL examples illustrating how to use Flashback features for unit testing and data recovery. Additionally, it touches on practical applications such as querying historical data, handling recent changes, and performing rollbacks to previous database states.

1. 1
Connor McDonald

2. 2
Me
youtube bit.ly/youtube-connor
blog connor-mcdonald.com
twitter @connor_mc_d
400+ posts mainly on database & development
300+ technical videos, new uploads every week
rants and raves on tech and the world :-)

3. 3
etc...
facebook bit.ly/facebook-connor
linkedin bit.ly/linkedin-connor
instagram bit.ly/instagram-connor
slideshare bit.ly/slideshare-connor

4. 4 4https://asktom.oracle.com

6. Flashback - not just for DBAs
Connor McDonald
Database Advocate

7. 8
modern IT methodologies

8. 9
flashback

9. 10
several different technologies

10. 11
flashback query
flashback table
flashback drop
flashback database
flashback transaction
flashback data archive

11. 12
flashback query

12. 13
controversy

13. 14
you have always

14. 15
been using flashback query

15. 16
revision

16. 17
SQL> update EMP
2 set SAL = SAL * 1.10
3 /
14 rows updated.
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
how ?
17

17. 18
we remember stuff

18. 19
SQL> update EMP
2 set SAL = SAL * 1.10
3 where ename = 'SMITH'
undo header
smith $1,0001
block 2754
jones $9002
brown $1,5003
wells $2,0004
wilson $1,0005
block 2754, row 1,
sal $1000
uba 5 5
$1,100
uba 5.1

19. 20
SQL> rollback;
20

20. 21
SQL> rollback;
undo header
smith $1,0001
block 2754
jones $9002
brown $1,5003
wells $2,0004
wilson $1,0005
block 2754, row 1,
sal $1000
uba 5
5
$1,100
uba 5.1

21. 22
we can use this stuff for queries!
(Oracle version 4)
22

22. 23
read consistency
23

23. 24
select * from emp
where hiredate > '01/01/2004'
update emp set ename = 'SUE'
where ename = 'JOHN';
Block 3217
"I need block 3217…
… as it was at 9:00"
9:00
9:03
9:05
session 1 session 2
...and time = scn

24. 25
system change number

25. 26
Session 1
Request
Block 3217,
SCN 192
Block 3217,
SCN 234
"SUE"
Block 3217,
SCN 003,
change SUE => JOHN
undo segment block(s)
No good..too new
take a copy of the block
Locate
apply undo
Block 3217,
SCN 234
" SUE"
Block 3217,
SCN 234
" SUE"
Block 3217,
SCN 003
" JOHN"
Block 3217,
SCN 003
"JOHN"
Session 2
update emp
set ename = 'SUE'
where ename = 'JOHN'
commit;
Done !

26. 27
stress: vast simplification
in-memory undo
throwaway undo
slots
expiry
wrap#

27. 28
every query = locked at a SCN

28. 29
go back further....

29. 30
flashback query = choose the SCN

30. 31
v9
2001

31. 32
SQL> select * from DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 UNKNOWN NEW YORK
20 UNKNOWN DALLAS
30 UNKNOWN CHICAGO
40 UNKNOWN BOSTON

32. 33
SQL> select * from DEPT AS OF SCN 995401;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

33. 34
less geeky

34. 35
SQL> select * from DEPT
2 AS OF TIMESTAMP systimestamp -
3 interval '20:00' minute to second;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

35. 39
SQL> select TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN(systimestamp)
2 from DUAL;
TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN(SYSTIMESTAMP)
------------------------------
998332
SQL> select SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(998314) from DUAL;
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(998314)
-----------------------------------------------
16-SEP-19 09.12.48.000000000 PM

36. 42
use in "normal" queries

37. SQL> select e.empno, e.ename, d.dname
2 from emp e,
3 dept AS OF TIMESTAMP '16-SEP-19' d
3 where d.deptno = e.deptno;
EMPNO ENAME DNAME
---------- ---------- --------------
7782 CLARK "PREVIOUS NAME"
7839 KING "PREVIOUS NAME"
7934 MILLER "PREVIOUS NAME"
7566 JONES RESEARCH
7902 FORD RESEARCH
7876 ADAMS RESEARCH
7369 SMITH RESEARCH
7788 SCOTT RESEARCH

38. 44
"What is in it for me?"

39. 45
1) unit testing
before vs after

40. SQL> select case
2 when d1.deptno is null then 'DELETE'
3 when d2.deptno is null then 'INSERT'
4 end action,
5 d1.deptno, d2.deptno, d1.dname, d1.loc
6 from DEPT d1 full outer join
7 DEPT AS OF TIMESTAMP '16-SEP-19 11.51.02 PM' d2
8 on d1.deptno = d2.deptno;
ACTION DEPTNO DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ---------- ---------- -------------- ----------
10 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 30 SALES CHICAGO
DELETE 40
INSERT 50 MARKETING PERTH

41. 47
2) not just your data

42. 48
SQL> drop procedure debug_msg;
Procedure dropped.
SQL> connect / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> select text
2 from dba_source
3 as of timestamp systimestamp - interval '5' minute
4 where name='DEBUG_MSG' order by line;
TEXT
---------------------------------------------------------------------
procedure debug_msg(m varchar2) is
begin
dbms_output.put_line(m);
dbms_application_info.set_client_info(m);
end;
5 rows selected.

43. 49
3) functionality diagnosis

44. 50
SQL> select * from DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 UNKNOWN NEW YORK
SQL> select * from DEPT
2 as of TIMESTAMP SYSTIMESTAMP -
3 INTERVAL '20:00' MINUTE TO SECOND;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
1 change ?
10 changes ?

45. 51
flashback row versions

46. SQL> SELECT deptno, dname
2 FROM dept
3 VERSIONS BETWEEN
4 TIMESTAMP SYSTIMESTAMP –
5 INTERVAL '20:00' MINUTE TO SECOND
6 AND SYSTIMESTAMP
7 WHERE deptno = 10;
DEPTNO DNAME
---------- --------------
10 ACCOUNTING
10 MONEY GRABBERS
10 FINANCE
10 BEAN COUNTERS
10 UNKNOWN
1 row
5 versions

47. 53
versions_starttime
versions_startscn
versions_endtime
versions_endscn
versions_xid
versions_operation

48. SQL> SELECT deptno, dname,
2 VERSIONS_STARTTIME
3 ,VERSIONS_XID
4 ,VERSIONS_OPERATION
5 FROM dept
6 VERSIONS BETWEEN TIMESTAMP
7 SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '20:00' MINUTE TO SECOND
8 AND SYSTIMESTAMP
9 WHERE deptno = 10;
DEPTNO DNAME VERSIONS_STARTTIME VERSIONS_XID V
--------- -------------- ---------------------- ---------------- -
10 UNKNOWN 16-SEP-19 11.53.45 PM 0200100060040000 U
10 MONEY GRABBERS 16-SEP-19 11.53.36 PM 0600050065040000 U
10 FINANCE 16-SEP-19 11.53.24 PM 09000D001D050000 U
10 BEAN COUNTERS 16-SEP-19 11.53.12 PM 01001A00EA030000 U
10 ACCOUNTING

49. 57
it might be expensive

50. 58
grant flashback to ...

51. 59
session level

52. 60
dbms_flashback.enable_at_time(systimestamp-1/24);
select * from emp;
select * from dept;
etc etc

53. 63
just how far ?

54. 64
undo_retention

55. 65
SQL> show parameter undo_retention
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------ ----------- --------
undo_retention integer 900
~

56. 66
SQL> desc v$undostat
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- -----------
BEGIN_TIME DATE
END_TIME DATE
...
...
TUNED_UNDORETENTION NUMBER
CON_ID NUMBER

57. 68
much much further
flashback data archive

58. 71
flashback transaction

59. 72
SQL> SELECT deptno, dname,
2 VERSIONS_STARTTIME
3 ,VERSIONS_XID
4 ,VERSIONS_OPERATION
5 FROM dept VERSIONS BETWEEN SCN MINVALUE AND MAXVALUE;
DEPTNO DNAME VERSIONS_STARTTIME VERSIONS_XID V
--------- --------- ----------------------- ---------------- -
50 UNKNOWN 16-SEP-19 11.08.15 PM 04000700EA030000 U
30 UNKNOWN 16-SEP-19 11.08.15 PM 04000700EA030000 U
20 NERDS 16-SEP-19 11.07.57 PM 090016001D050000 U
20 R&D 16-SEP-19 11.07.48 PM 05000B0074040000 U
...

60. 73
XID ?

61. SQL> desc V$TRANSACTION
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- -------
XIDUSN NUMBER
XIDSLOT NUMBER
XIDSQN NUMBER
...

62. 75
SQL> select
2 XIDUSN, XIDSLOT, XIDSQN
3 from v$transaction
XIDUSN XIDSLOT XIDSQN
---------- ---------- ----------
1 31 674
SQL> select versions_xid from ...
VERSIONS_XID
-------------------
01 001F 00A202 0000

63. SQL> desc FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY
Name Null? Type
----------------------- -------- --------------
XID RAW(8)
START_SCN NUMBER
START_TIMESTAMP DATE
COMMIT_SCN NUMBER
COMMIT_TIMESTAMP DATE
LOGON_USER VARCHAR2(30)
UNDO_CHANGE# NUMBER
OPERATION VARCHAR2(32)
TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2(256)
TABLE_OWNER VARCHAR2(32)
ROW_ID VARCHAR2(19)
UNDO_SQL VARCHAR2(4000)

64. SQL> update dept
2 set DNAME = 'FINANCE'
2 where deptno = 10;
SQL> commit;
SQL> select xid, undo_sql
2 from flashback_transaction_query
3 where xid = hextoraw('09000d001d050000');
XID UNDO_SQL
---------------- ------------------------------------
09000D001D050000 update "SCOTT"."DEPT"
set "DNAME" = 'BEAN COUNTERS'
where ROWID = 'AAAQ+hAAEAAAAAOAAA';

65. 79
be careful

66. SQL> select text from dba_views
2 where view_name
3 = 'FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY';
TEXT
------------------------------------------------
select xid, start_scn, start_timestamp,
decode(commit_scn,
0, commit_scn,
281474976710655, NULL, commit_scn)
commit_scn, commit_timestamp,
logon_user, undo_change#, operation,
table_name, table_owner,
row_id, undo_sql
from SYS.X$KTUQQRY

67. 81
do not query without predicates ...
SQL> select xid, undo_sql
2 from flashback_transaction_query
3 where xid = hextoraw('09000d001d050000');

68. 82
do not forget hextoraw
SQL> select xid, undo_sql
2 from flashback_transaction_query
3 where xid = hextoraw('09000d001d050000');

69. 83

70. 84
SQL> select xid, undo_sql
2 from flashback_transaction_query
3 where xid = hextoraw('09000d001d050000');
-----------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
|* 1 | FIXED TABLE FIXED INDEX| X$KTUQQRY (ind:1) |
-----------------------------------------------------

71. 85
SQL> select xid, undo_sql
2 from flashback_transaction_query
3 where xid = '09000d001d050000';
--------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
--------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | FIXED TABLE FULL| X$KTUQQRY |
--------------------------------------

72. 86
column UNDO_SQL

73. 87
rollback committed transaction

74. 88
flashback transaction

75. 89
"What is in it for me?"

76. 90
1) accidents

77. 91
three words

78. 92
delete
uh-oh...
commit

79. 9393

80. 97
SQL> delete from DEPT where DEPTNO = 10;
1 row deleted.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> SELECT VERSIONS_XID
2 FROM dept
3 VERSIONS BETWEEN SCN MINVALUE AND MAXVALUE;
VERSIONS_XID
----------------
080017006C040000

81. 98
SQL> BEGIN
2 DBMS_FLASHBACK.TRANSACTION_BACKOUT(
3 numtxns=> 1,
4 xids => sys.xid_array('080017006C040000')
5 );
6 END;
7 /
BEGIN
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-55510: Mining could not start
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_FLASHBACK", line 37
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_FLASHBACK", line 70
ORA-06512: at line 2

82. 99
SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD
2 SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA
3 (PRIMARY KEY) COLUMNS;
Database altered.

83. SQL> delete from DEPT where DEPTNO = 10;
1 row deleted.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> SELECT VERSIONS_XID
2 FROM dept
3 VERSIONS BETWEEN SCN MINVALUE AND MAXVALUE;
VERSIONS_XID
----------------
080017006C040000

84. SQL> BEGIN
2 DBMS_FLASHBACK.TRANSACTION_BACKOUT(
3 numtxns => 1,
4 xids => sys.xid_array('080017006C040000')
5 );
6 END;
7 /
SQL> select * from DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- ----------
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
50 MARKETING PERTH
40 HR US

85. 102
KEEP CALM
AND
DON'T PANIC

86. 103
SQL> SELECT COMPENSATING_XID
2 FROM DBA_FLASHBACK_TXN_STATE
3 WHERE xid = '080017006C040000';
COMPENSATING_XID
----------------
03001C0072040000

87. 104
SQL> SELECT xid_report
2 FROM DBA_FLASHBACK_TXN_REPORT
3 WHERE compensating_xid = '03001C0072040000';
XID_REPORT
--------------------------------------------------------
<COMP_XID_REPORT XID="03001C0072040000">
<TRANSACTION XID="080017006C040000">
<UNDO_SQL>
<USQL exec="yes">
insert into "SCOTT"."DEPT"("DEPTNO","DNAME","LOC")
values ('10','ACCOUNTING','NEW YORK')
</USQL>
</UNDO_SQL>
</TRANSACTION>
<EXECUTED_UNDO_SQL>
<EXEC_USQL>
insert into "SCOTT"."DEPT"("DEPTNO","DNAME","LOC")
values ('10','ACCOUNTING','NEW YORK')
</EXEC_USQL>
</EXECUTED_UNDO_SQL>
</COMP_XID_REPORT>

88. 105
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- ----------
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
50 MARKETING PERTH
40 HR US
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK

89. 106
2) unit tests

90. 107
run test ... capture XID

91. 108
commit... validate... undo transaction

92. 109
flashback drop

93. 110
delete
uh-oh...
commit

94. 111
flashback transaction

95. 112
three words
two

96. 113
drop
uh-oh...

97. 114
SQL> desc EMP
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object EMP does not exist

98. 115
"undrop"

99. 116
not cool enough

100. 117
flashback table to before drop

101. 118

102. SQL> desc USER_RECYCLEBIN
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ----------------
OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
ORIGINAL_NAME VARCHAR2(32)
OPERATION VARCHAR2(9)
TYPE VARCHAR2(25)
TS_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
CREATETIME VARCHAR2(19)
DROPTIME VARCHAR2(19)
DROPSCN NUMBER
PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR2(32)
CAN_UNDROP VARCHAR2(3)
CAN_PURGE VARCHAR2(3)
RELATED NOT NULL NUMBER
BASE_OBJECT NOT NULL NUMBER
PURGE_OBJECT NOT NULL NUMBER
SPACE NUMBER

103. SQL> select OBJECT_NAME, ORIGINAL_NAME,
2 CAN_UNDROP, CAN_PURGE
3 from USER_RECYCLEBIN;
OBJECT_NAME ORIGINAL_NAME CAN CAN
-------------------------------- --------------- --- ---
BIN$CmYCdNcITL6hp9l266nskA==$0 PK_EMP NO YES
BIN$b/W75+c/Q/CeFMBIK7cXfw==$0 EMP YES YES

104. 121
SQL> show RECYCLEBIN

105. 123
SQL> flashback table EMP to before drop;
Flashback complete.

106. 124
SQL> flashback table EMP to before drop
2 rename to OLD_EMP;
Flashback complete.

107. 126
how long ?

108. 127

109. 128
SQL> PURGE RECYCLEBIN;
SQL> PURGE DBA_RECYCLEBIN;
SQL> PURGE TABLE emp;
SQL> PURGE TABLE "BIN$xyWe0+q+SniItJ0pn/u54A==$0";
SQL> PURGE TABLESPACE user1;
SQL> PURGE TABLESPACE user1 USER fred;
SQL> PURGE INDEX "BIN$FTX34MN88J7==$0";

110. 129
no untruncate

111. 130
flashback table

112. 131

113. 132
flashback table

114. 133
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE DEPT
2 TO TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP '2019-09-16 12:05:00'

115. 134
"undrop"

116. 135
"What is in it for me?"

117. 136
repeatable tests without cleanup scripts

118. 137
test ... commit ... flashback to start point

119. 138
deletes modified rows since SCN
inserts fresh rows as of SCN
... busy

120. 142
single transaction
... multiple tables allowed

121. 143
tables locked

122. 144
constraints (FK, etc) must still be valid

123. 147
most DDL is a time boundary

124. 148
SQL> flashback table DEPT to scn ...;
ORA-01466: unable to read data - table definition has changed

125. 152
flashback database

126. 153

127. 154

128. 155
flashback database

129. Copyright © 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. |
AUTHORISED
DATABASE
ADMINSTRATORS
ONLY !

130. 157
SQL> alter database flashback on;
Database altered.

131. 158
data
changes
"new" blocks
to disk
changes
to disk
"old" blocks
to disk
redo fbdadbwr

132. 159
SQL> FLASHBACK DATABASE TO '2:05PM'

133. 160
SQL> create restore point OK_SO_FAR;
...
SQL> flashback database to
2 restore point OK_SO_FAR;

134. 161
what does it cost ?

135. SQL> desc V$FLASHBACK_DATABASE_STAT
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ---------
BEGIN_TIME DATE
END_TIME DATE
FLASHBACK_DATA NUMBER
DB_DATA NUMBER
REDO_DATA NUMBER
ESTIMATED_FLASHBACK_SIZE NUMBER

136. 166
a good compromise

137. 167
guaranteed restore points

138. 168
flashback logging starts as needed

139. 169
"What is in it for me?"

140. 170
1) safer deployment

141. 171
scenario: "My New Application"

142. 172
2) repeatable end to end testing

143. 173
173

144. 174
flashback pluggable database

145. 175
3) production data for developers

146. 176
"secret" flashback database

147. 177
5:00am
11:30pm
standby recovery
convert to snapshot
revert to physical

148. 182
flashback data archive

149. 183
less flashback, more archive

150. 185
SQL> CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE longterm
2 TABLESPACE space_for_archive
3 RETENTION 1 YEAR;
Flashback archive created.

151. 186
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE LONGTERM;
Table altered.
[lots of DML on EMP]

152. 187
187
SQL> select * from EMP;
--------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes |
--------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMP | 14 | 518 |
--------------------------------------------------

153. 188
SQL> select * from EMP
2 AS OF TIMESTAMP SYSDATE-1/24;
--------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes |
--------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMP | 14 | 518 |
--------------------------------------------------

154. 189
3 days later...

155. 190
SQL> select * from EMP
2 AS OF TIMESTAMP SYSDATE-3;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 446 |
| 1 | VIEW | | 446 |
| 2 | UNION-ALL | | |
|* 3 | FILTER | | |
| 4 | PARTITION RANGE ITERATOR| | 445 |
|* 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | SYS_FBA_HIST_69539 | 445 |
|* 6 | FILTER | | |
|* 7 | HASH JOIN OUTER | | 1 |
|* 8 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 1 |
|* 9 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | SYS_FBA_TCRV_69539 | 14 |
------------------------------------------------------------------

156. 191
SQL> select table_name
2 from user_tables
3 /
TABLE_NAME
---------------------------
SYS_FBA_HIST_71036
SYS_FBA_TCRV_71036
SYS_FBA_DDL_COLMAP_71036
EMP

157. 192
SQL> select dbms_metadata.get_ddl(
2 'TABLE',
3 'SYS_FBA_TCRV_71036') from dual;
DDL
------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE "SCOTT"."SYS_FBA_TCRV_71036"
( "RID" VARCHAR2(4000),
"STARTSCN" NUMBER,
"ENDSCN" NUMBER,
"XID" RAW(8),
"OP" VARCHAR2(1)
)
SEGMENT CREATION IMMEDIATE
TABLESPACE "SPACE_FOR_ARCHIVE"

158. 193
SQL> select dbms_metadata.get_ddl(
2 'TABLE',
3 'SYS_FBA_HIST_71036') from dual;
DDL
------------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE "SCOTT"."SYS_FBA_HIST_71036"
( "RID" VARCHAR2(4000),
"STARTSCN" NUMBER,
"ENDSCN" NUMBER,
"XID" RAW(8),
"OPERATION" VARCHAR2(1),
"EMPNO" NUMBER(4,0), "ENAME" VARCHAR2(10),
"JOB" VARCHAR2(9), "MGR" NUMBER(4,0),
"HIREDATE" DATE, "SAL" NUMBER(7,2),
"COMM" NUMBER(7,2), "DEPTNO" NUMBER(2,0)
) COMPRESS FOR OLTP
TABLESPACE "SPACE_FOR_ARCHIVE"
PARTITION BY RANGE ("ENDSCN")
( PARTITION "HIGH_PART" VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE) )

159. 196
"What is in it for me?"

160. 197
"I dont care what EMP looked like in June"

161. 198198
why talk about it ?

162. 199
SQL> select * from EMP AS OF "JUNE";
SQL> select * from EMP AS OF "MARCH";
SQL> select * from EMP AS OF "2pm Wednesday";
SQL> select * from EMP AS OF etc etc etc

163. 200200
every historical version...

164. 201201
... of every row

165. 202202
sound familiar ?

166. 203203
audit history

167. 204204
we've all done it

168. 205205
SQL> desc T
Name Null? Type
------------------------ -------- -------------
OWNER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
SQL> desc T_AUDIT
Name Null? Type
------------------------ -------- --------------
AUDIT_DATE DATE
AUDIT_ACTION CHAR(1)
OWNER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

169. 206206
SQL> create or replace
2 trigger AUDIT_TRG
3 after insert or update or delete on T
4 for each row
5 declare
6 v_action varchar2(1) :=
7 case when updating then 'U'
8 when deleting then 'D' else 'I' end;
9 begin
10 if updating or inserting then
11 insert into T_AUDIT
12 values (sysdate
13 ,v_action
14 ,:new.owner
15 ,:new.object_name);
16 else
17 insert into T_AUDIT
18 values (sysdate
19 ,v_action
20 ,:old.owner
21 ,:old.object_name);
22 end if;
23 end;

170. 209
a better, faster, robust version ...

171. 210
flashback data archive

172. 211
SQL> select empno, ename, job, sal, comm,
2 nvl(VERSIONS_STARTTIME,LAST_MOD) TS
3 ,nvl(VERSIONS_OPERATION,'I') op
4 from EMP
5 versions between timestamp
6 timestamp '2019-09-16 20:12:00' and systimestamp
7 order by empno, ts;
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL COMM TS O
---------- ---------- --------- -------- ---------- ------------ -
7369 SMITH CLERK 806 08.10.51 PM I
7369 SMITH SALES 8060 1000 08.12.10 PM U
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1606 300000000 08.10.51 PM I
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1256 500000000 08.10.51 PM I
7566 JONES MANAGER 2981 08.10.51 PM I
...
7900 JAMES CLERK 956 08.10.51 PM I
7902 FORD ANALYST 3006 08.10.51 PM I
7934 MILLER CLERK 1306 08.10.51 PM I
7934 MILLER CLERK 1306 08.12.10 PM D

173. 212
so why didn't we ?

174. 217

175. 218
separately licensed

176. 232
flashback data archive is now …
232

177. Copyright © 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 233

178. 234
not a typo
234

179. 235
compression option
235

180. 237
so think about FDA
237

181. 238
secure
read only

182. 239
efficient
fdba

183. 243
dbms_flashback_archive.import_history

184. 258
wrap up

185. 259
flashback query
flashback table
flashback drop
flashback database
flashback transaction
flashback data archive

186. 260
all cool for modern development

187. 261
all included in EE

188. 262
Thank you!
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