This document discusses operational amplifiers (op amps) and their applications. It describes key characteristics of op amps like very large voltage gain and high input impedance. Common op amp integrated circuits are listed along with examples of applications like filters, comparators, and amplifiers. Circuits for a light activated bot and line following robot are presented, with the line following algorithm explained. The photovore principle and an example photovore project are also briefly covered.

1. Op Amps
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2. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
 Very Large Voltage Gain
 Very High Input Impedance
 Low Output Impedance
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3. Op Amps: Available ICs
 LM 741 – single OpAmp
 LM 358 – Dual OpAmps
 LM 324 – Quad OpAmps
 LM 339 – Quad OpAmps – Open Collector Opuputs
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4. Applications
 Filters
 Comparators
 Amplifiers
 Oscillators
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5. OpAmp: As a Comparator
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6. Light Activated Bot
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7. Op Amp based light follower
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8. LINE SENSOR
Black Surface White Surface
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9. LINE FOLLOWING
Single Sensor Line Following Algorithm:
•If line >> move away from line
•No line << move towards the line
•If line >> run left motor
•No line >> run right motor
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10. LINE FOLLOWING
 Dual Sensor Line Follower
 Multi-Sensor Line Follower
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11. LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT
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12. LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT
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13. Photovore Principle
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14. PHOTOVORE
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15. ANY QUESTIONS ?
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