Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type.
An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of
variables of the same type.
An Introduction to Programming in Java: ArraysMartin Chapman
An Introduction to Programming in Java: Arrays. Last delivered in 2012. All educational material listed or linked to on these pages in relation to King's College London may be provided for reference only, and therefore does not necessarily reflect the current course content.
An Introduction to Programming in Java: ArraysMartin Chapman
An Introduction to Programming in Java: Arrays. Last delivered in 2012. All educational material listed or linked to on these pages in relation to King's College London may be provided for reference only, and therefore does not necessarily reflect the current course content.
Array Basics
Copying Arrays
Passing Arrays to Methods
Returning an Array from a Method
(Optional) Variable-Length Argument Lists
The Arrays Class
Two-Dimensional Arrays
(Optional) Multidimensional Arrays
Arrays are complex variables that can hold multiple values of the same data type.
Array is a fixed type sequenced collection of elements of the same data type.
It is simply a grouping of like-type data.
Some examples where a concept of arrays can be used :-
1) List of employees in an organization.
2) Exam scores of a class of students.
3) Table of daily rainfall data.
What is an Array?
Array are the homogeneous(similar) collection of data types.
Array Size remains same once created.
Simple Declaration format for creating an array
type [ ] identifier = new type [integral value];
This is a presentation on Arrays, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
Array Basics
Copying Arrays
Passing Arrays to Methods
Returning an Array from a Method
(Optional) Variable-Length Argument Lists
The Arrays Class
Two-Dimensional Arrays
(Optional) Multidimensional Arrays
Arrays are complex variables that can hold multiple values of the same data type.
Array is a fixed type sequenced collection of elements of the same data type.
It is simply a grouping of like-type data.
Some examples where a concept of arrays can be used :-
1) List of employees in an organization.
2) Exam scores of a class of students.
3) Table of daily rainfall data.
What is an Array?
Array are the homogeneous(similar) collection of data types.
Array Size remains same once created.
Simple Declaration format for creating an array
type [ ] identifier = new type [integral value];
This is a presentation on Arrays, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
Array
Introduction
One-dimensional array
Multidimensional array
Advantage of Array
Write a C program using arrays that produces the multiplication of two matrices.
An array is a group of data items of same data type that share a common name. Ordinary variables are capable of holding only one value at a time. If we want to store more than one value at a time in a single variable, we use arrays.
An array is a collective name given to a group of similar variables. Each member in the group is referred to by its position in the group.
Arrays are alloted the memory in a strictly contiguous fashion. The simplest array is a one-dimensional array which is a list of variables of same data type. An array of one-dimensional arrays is called a two-dimensional array.
Introduction
What is ML, DL, AL?
Decision Tree
Definition
Why Decision Tree?
Basic Terminology
Challenges
Random Forest
Definition
Why Random Forest
How does it work?
Advantages & Disadvantages
Definition: According to Arthur Samuel (1950) “Machine Learning is a field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed”.
Machine learning is the study and design of algorithms which can learn by processing input (learning samples) data.
The most widely used definition of machine learning is that of Carnegie Mellon University Professor Tom Mitchell: “A computer program is said to learn from experience ‘E’, with respect to some class of tasks ‘T’ and performance measure ‘P’ if its performance at tasks in ‘T’ as measured by ‘P’ improves with experience ‘E’”.
Decision Tree
Definition
Why Decision Tree?
Basic Terminology
Challenges
Random Forest
Definition
Why Random Forest
How does it work?
Dimensionality reduction, or dimension reduction, is the transformation of data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space so that the low-dimensional representation retains some meaningful properties of the original data
Inheritance in java introduces the concept of reusability by implementing a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of the parent object.
Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object. It is an important part of OOPs (Object Oriented programming system).
The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also.
Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.
Data Mining is defined as extracting information from huge sets of data. In other words, we can say that data mining is the procedure of mining knowledge from data.
According to Inmon, a data warehouse is a subject oriented,
integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data. He defined the terms
in the sentence as follows:
DISTRIBUTED DATABASE WITH RECOVERY TECHNIQUESAAKANKSHA JAIN
Distributed Database Designs are nothing but multiple, logically related Database systems, physically distributed over several sites, using a Computer Network, which is usually under a centralized site control.
Distributed database design refers to the following problem:
Given a database and its workload, how should the database be split and allocated to sites so as to optimize certain objective function
There are two issues:
(i) Data fragmentation which determines how the data should be fragmented.
(ii) Data allocation which determines how the fragments should be allocated.
This presentation several topics of subjects RDBMS and DBMS including Distributed Database Design,Architecture of Distributed database processing system,Data Communication concept,Concurrency control and recovery. All the topics are briefly described according to syllabus of BCA II and BCA III year subjects.
DETECTION OF MALICIOUS EXECUTABLES USING RULE BASED CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHMSAAKANKSHA JAIN
Slide present statistical mining of Malicious-Executable dataset collected from various antivirus log-files and other sources.
Further classifications of malicious code as per their impact on user's system & distinguishes threats on the muse in their connected severity.
Implementation of the algorithms JRIP ,PART and RIDOR in additional economical manner to acquire a level of accuracy to the classification results.
Here in the ppt a detailed description of Image Enhancement Techniques is given which includes topics like Basic Gray level Transformations,Histogram Processing.
Enhancement using Arithmetic/Logic Operations.
image averaging and image averaging methods.
Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions
Initial Introduction of Image processing is included in these slides which contain 1. Introduction of Image Processing
2.Elements of visual perception
3. Image sensing and Quantization
4.A simple image formation model
5.Basic concept of Sampling and Quantization
Reader will find it easy to understand the topics described here in slides . A detailed description of each topic illustrated here.
Please read and if you like do comments also.... Thanks
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Table of content
What is array? Why it is used ? Declaration? Basic program.
Array01
Types of Array? 1-D Array. 2-D Array
Array type02
Problem resolution03
What we have discussed so far, some problem statements
Summary04
4. What is array?
Java provides a data structure, the
array, which stores a fixed-size
sequential collection of elements of
the same type.
An array is used to store a collection
of data, but it is often more useful to
think of an array as a collection of
variables of the same type.
5. Basic Declaration of Array
Sytax : Data-type var-name = new Data-type [size];
Example :
int intArray[]; //Array declaration
intArray = new int[20]; //Memory allocation
6. 6
Arrays
An array is an ordered list of values
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74 91
An array of size N is indexed from zero to N-1
scores
The entire array
has a single name
Each value has a numeric index
This array holds 10 values that are indexed from 0 to 9
7. Basic terminologies
The values held in an array are called array elements
An array stores multiple values of the same type (the element type)
The element type can be a primitive type or an object reference
Therefore, we can create an array of integers, or an array of
characters, or an array of String objects, etc.
In Java, the array itself is an object
Therefore the name of the array is a object reference variable, and
the array itself must be instantiated
8. Bounds Checking
Once an array is created, it has a fixed size
An index used in an array reference must specify a valid element
That is, the index value must be in bounds (0 to N-1)
The Java interpreter throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
if an array index is out of bounds
This is called automatic bounds checking
9. Initializer Lists
An initializer list can be used to instantiate and initialize an array in
one step
The values are delimited by braces and separated by commas
Examples:
int[] units = {147, 323, 89, 933, 540,
269, 97, 114, 298, 476};
char[] letterGrades = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', ’F'};
10. Accessing Java Array Elements
Example:
// accessing the elements of the specified array
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
System.out.println("Element at index " + i + " : "+ arr[i]);
Each element in the array is accessed via its index. The index begins with 0 and ends at (total array
size)-1.
Syntax: array-name[Index-value]
11. Basic Code
class ArrayExample
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// declares an Array of integers.
int[] arr;
// allocating memory for 5 integers.
arr = new int[5];
// initialize the first elements of the array
arr[0] = 10;
// initialize the second elements of the array
arr[1] = 20;
arr[2] = 30;
arr[3] = 40;
arr[4] = 50;
// accessing the elements of the specified array
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
System.out.println("Element at index " + i + “:” +arr[i] );
}
}
OUTPUT:
Element at index 0 : 10
Element at index 1 : 20
Element at index 2 : 30
Element at index 3 : 40
Element at index 4 : 50
12. Two-Dimensional Arrays
A one-dimensional array stores a list of elements
A two-dimensional array can be thought of as a table of elements, with
rows and columns
one
dimension
two
dimensions
13. Two-Dimensional Arrays
To be precise, a two-dimensional array in Java is an array of arrays
A two-dimensional array is declared by specifying the size of each dimension
separately:
int[][] scores = new int[12][50];
A two-dimensional array element is referenced using two index values
value = scores[3][6]
The array stored in one row or column can be specified using one index
14. 14
Multidimensional Arrays
An array can have many dimensions
If it has more than one dimension, it is called a multidimensional
array
Each dimension subdivides the previous one into the specified
number of elements
Each array dimension has its own length constant
Because each dimension is an array of array references, the arrays
within one dimension can be of different lengths
• these are sometimes called ragged arrays
16. Use case
WHY ARRAY?
Problem?
• Implement an application that will calculate 100
students exam average.
• Variables needed?
int studentA;
int studentB;
int studentC;
int studentD;
17. Some programs
• Write a Java program to find smallest and second smallest elements of a given array.
• Write a Java program to find all combination of four elements of a given array whose sum is equal
to a given value.
• Write a Java program to count the number of possible triangles from a given unsorted array of
positive integers.