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Tech Talk
BIBFRAMEWorking Group
15 September 2015
Allison Jai O’Dell, Metadata Librarian | AJODELL@ufl.edu | (352) 273-2667 | 404 Library East
Ontologies
“In computer science and information science, an ontology is a formal naming and
definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that really
or fundamentally exist for a particular domain of discourse. It is thus a practical
application of philosophical ontology, with a taxonomy.” –Wikipedia
Ontology Components
Individuals: instances or objects
Classes: sets, collections, concepts, types of objects, or kinds of things
Attributes: aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters
that objects (and classes) can have
Relations: ways in which classes and individuals can be related to one
another
Example: RDA Registry http://www.rdaregistry.info/
Ontology Languages
“An ontology language is a formal language used to encode the ontology. ”
–Wikipedia
RDF Schema (RDFS)
• Classes
• 2.1 rdfs:Resource
• 2.2 rdfs:Class
• 2.3 rdfs:Literal
• 2.4 rdfs:Datatype
• 2.5 rdf:langString
• 2.6 rdf:HTML
• 2.7 rdf:XMLLiteral
• 2.8 rdf:Property
• Properties
• 3.1 rdfs:range
• 3.2 rdfs:domain
• 3.3 rdf:type
• 3.4 rdfs:subClassOf
• 3.5 rdfs:subPropertyOf
• 3.6 rdfs:label
• 3.7 rdfs:comment
“A set of classes with certain
properties using the RDF extensible
knowledge representation data
model, providing basic elements for
the description of ontologies,
otherwise called RDF vocabularies,
intended to structure RDF
resources.” – Wikipedia
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
“The OWL Web Ontology Language is designed for use by applications
that need to process the content of information instead of just
presenting information to humans. OWL facilitates greater machine
interpretability of Web content than that supported by XML, RDF, and
RDF Schema (RDF-S) by providing additional vocabulary along with a
formal semantics. OWL has three increasingly-expressive sublanguages:
OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full.” – W3C, OWL Features
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
Ontology languages are used to write ontologies. Such as:
Simple Knowledge Organization System
(SKOS)
“W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri,
classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any
other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is part of
the Semantic Web family of standards built upon RDF and RDFS, and its
main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such
vocabularies as linked data.” – Wikipedia
SKOS = the Linked Data ontology for encoding library thesauri
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
SKOS Elements
Concepts
Labels &
Notation
Documentation
Semantic
Relations
Mapping
Properties
Collections
Concept prefLabel note broader broadMatch Collection
ConceptScheme altLabel changeNote narrower narrowMatch orderedCollection
inScheme hiddenLabel definition related relatedMatch member
hasTopConcept notation editorialNote broaderTransitive closeMatch memberList
topConceptOf example narrowerTransitive exactMatch
historyNote semanticRelation mappingRelation
scopeNote
SKOS applies principles and relationships from library thesaurus design,
and adds extras that become possible in Web and Linked Data environments.

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Ontologies and Ontology Languages: RDFS, OWL, and SKOS: University of Florida Libraries, BIBFRAME Working Group, Tech Talk, 15 September 2015

  • 1. Tech Talk BIBFRAMEWorking Group 15 September 2015 Allison Jai O’Dell, Metadata Librarian | AJODELL@ufl.edu | (352) 273-2667 | 404 Library East
  • 2. Ontologies “In computer science and information science, an ontology is a formal naming and definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that really or fundamentally exist for a particular domain of discourse. It is thus a practical application of philosophical ontology, with a taxonomy.” –Wikipedia
  • 3. Ontology Components Individuals: instances or objects Classes: sets, collections, concepts, types of objects, or kinds of things Attributes: aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters that objects (and classes) can have Relations: ways in which classes and individuals can be related to one another Example: RDA Registry http://www.rdaregistry.info/
  • 4. Ontology Languages “An ontology language is a formal language used to encode the ontology. ” –Wikipedia
  • 5. RDF Schema (RDFS) • Classes • 2.1 rdfs:Resource • 2.2 rdfs:Class • 2.3 rdfs:Literal • 2.4 rdfs:Datatype • 2.5 rdf:langString • 2.6 rdf:HTML • 2.7 rdf:XMLLiteral • 2.8 rdf:Property • Properties • 3.1 rdfs:range • 3.2 rdfs:domain • 3.3 rdf:type • 3.4 rdfs:subClassOf • 3.5 rdfs:subPropertyOf • 3.6 rdfs:label • 3.7 rdfs:comment “A set of classes with certain properties using the RDF extensible knowledge representation data model, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resources.” – Wikipedia http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
  • 6. Web Ontology Language (OWL) “The OWL Web Ontology Language is designed for use by applications that need to process the content of information instead of just presenting information to humans. OWL facilitates greater machine interpretability of Web content than that supported by XML, RDF, and RDF Schema (RDF-S) by providing additional vocabulary along with a formal semantics. OWL has three increasingly-expressive sublanguages: OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full.” – W3C, OWL Features http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
  • 7. Ontology languages are used to write ontologies. Such as:
  • 8. Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) “W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is part of the Semantic Web family of standards built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such vocabularies as linked data.” – Wikipedia SKOS = the Linked Data ontology for encoding library thesauri http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
  • 9. SKOS Elements Concepts Labels & Notation Documentation Semantic Relations Mapping Properties Collections Concept prefLabel note broader broadMatch Collection ConceptScheme altLabel changeNote narrower narrowMatch orderedCollection inScheme hiddenLabel definition related relatedMatch member hasTopConcept notation editorialNote broaderTransitive closeMatch memberList topConceptOf example narrowerTransitive exactMatch historyNote semanticRelation mappingRelation scopeNote SKOS applies principles and relationships from library thesaurus design, and adds extras that become possible in Web and Linked Data environments.