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Undersecretary of Social Evaluation
Ministry of Social Development and Family
December 2021
Measuring population mental health (PHQ-4):
Social Well-being survey and Social Survey Covid-19
Context
• In October 2019 a social crisis started promoted by a general feeling of
social injustice and low well-being
• Low poverty – high income: What data wasn’t telling us?
• Up to that moment, the main survey (Household Survey - Casen) was
centred on measuring material conditions
• Official measure of poverty, income and multidimensional
• Official measure of income distribution
• Scarce information of well-being
• Different surveys but disperse
• In November 2019 the Ministry begins a process constructing a new and
permanent survey to measure social well-being.
How to measure social well-being?
• The ministry developed a model based on the OECD’s How’s life?
documents and Sen’s Capability approach.
Income
Labour
Housing
MATERIAL CONDITIONS
CASEN / EBS EBS
Health
Work-life balance
Education
Social relationships
Civic engagement and governance
Environment
Personal Security
Subjective well-being
QUALITYOF LIFE
RESULTS
OPPORTUNITIES
EBS: subsample of Casen in
order be able to combine
both sources of
information.
Health as a key dimension of Well-being
• Along with the definitions provided by the OECD the ministry got
together with other public agencies to define what and how “Health”
ought to be measured.
• The first plan was to use the PHQ-9, as it has been used and validated in
Chile
But…
Covid-19: Implications
• Restrictions forced us to revisit Casen’s implementation (Nov. 2020 to
Jan. 2021)
• From face-to-face to telephone-based survey: Reduction of questionnaire with
focus on official poverty measure.
• Exclusion of questions that literature warns about potential bias when not done
face-to-face (e.g. reports on housing conditions)
• Urgency of collecting information about the pandemic’s social impact
before Casen:
• United Nations Development Programme helped us to design a new survey:
Social Survey Covid-19 carried out with the National Institute of Statistics.
Timeline and decisions
Design of new
Social Well-being
Survey
From
November
2019
March
2020
Design of new
Social Survey
Covid-19
Telephone-based survey: Small questionnaire led us to decide for a
shorter version: PHQ-4
Longitudinal survey with 4 rounds: Jun-Aug 2020, Dec. 2020, Jul.
2021, Dec. 2020
November to
January 2021
Implementation of
Casen 2020
April to May
2021
Implementation of new Social
Well-being Survey
Given the experience with
PHQ-4 in the SSC-19 the
same scale was used
Mental health relates to all other dimensions
HIGHER PREVALENCE OF MENTAL PROBLEMS
(ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION) IN:
20.8% 25.8% 23.5% 28.8%
People that
experiencied
financial
insecurity. (Vs.
8.5%)
Workers with a job
with limited
opportunities. (Vs.
10.3%)
Workers with limited
options due to their
schooling level (Vs.
9.3%)
People with less
networks (Vs.
13.7%)
Some results (SWS)
Final remarks
• No problems with unanswered questions (PHQ-4) both in SSCovid 19 nor the
SWS.
• Higher levels of anxiety and depression for women over men across all surveys which
requires further analysis
• SWS also includes questions that are use to construct an Affective Balance
indicator
• Given the permanent nature of the new SWS (every two years after Casen)
and the correlation of mental health with other dimensions of social well-
being, we expect to be able to keep the PHQ-4 in the future.
• Results, documents, dataset and questionnaires for all surveys can be found
at (only in Spanish at the time):
http://observatorio.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/
Undersecretary of Social Evaluation
Ministry of Social Development and Family
December 2021
Measuring population mental health (PHQ-4):
Social Well-being survey and Social Survey Covid-19

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OECD Well-being and Mental Health Conference, Franco Fernandez Fleming, Ministry of Social Development and Family, Chile

  • 1. Undersecretary of Social Evaluation Ministry of Social Development and Family December 2021 Measuring population mental health (PHQ-4): Social Well-being survey and Social Survey Covid-19
  • 2. Context • In October 2019 a social crisis started promoted by a general feeling of social injustice and low well-being • Low poverty – high income: What data wasn’t telling us? • Up to that moment, the main survey (Household Survey - Casen) was centred on measuring material conditions • Official measure of poverty, income and multidimensional • Official measure of income distribution • Scarce information of well-being • Different surveys but disperse • In November 2019 the Ministry begins a process constructing a new and permanent survey to measure social well-being.
  • 3. How to measure social well-being? • The ministry developed a model based on the OECD’s How’s life? documents and Sen’s Capability approach. Income Labour Housing MATERIAL CONDITIONS CASEN / EBS EBS Health Work-life balance Education Social relationships Civic engagement and governance Environment Personal Security Subjective well-being QUALITYOF LIFE RESULTS OPPORTUNITIES EBS: subsample of Casen in order be able to combine both sources of information.
  • 4. Health as a key dimension of Well-being • Along with the definitions provided by the OECD the ministry got together with other public agencies to define what and how “Health” ought to be measured. • The first plan was to use the PHQ-9, as it has been used and validated in Chile But…
  • 5. Covid-19: Implications • Restrictions forced us to revisit Casen’s implementation (Nov. 2020 to Jan. 2021) • From face-to-face to telephone-based survey: Reduction of questionnaire with focus on official poverty measure. • Exclusion of questions that literature warns about potential bias when not done face-to-face (e.g. reports on housing conditions) • Urgency of collecting information about the pandemic’s social impact before Casen: • United Nations Development Programme helped us to design a new survey: Social Survey Covid-19 carried out with the National Institute of Statistics.
  • 6. Timeline and decisions Design of new Social Well-being Survey From November 2019 March 2020 Design of new Social Survey Covid-19 Telephone-based survey: Small questionnaire led us to decide for a shorter version: PHQ-4 Longitudinal survey with 4 rounds: Jun-Aug 2020, Dec. 2020, Jul. 2021, Dec. 2020 November to January 2021 Implementation of Casen 2020 April to May 2021 Implementation of new Social Well-being Survey Given the experience with PHQ-4 in the SSC-19 the same scale was used
  • 7. Mental health relates to all other dimensions HIGHER PREVALENCE OF MENTAL PROBLEMS (ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION) IN: 20.8% 25.8% 23.5% 28.8% People that experiencied financial insecurity. (Vs. 8.5%) Workers with a job with limited opportunities. (Vs. 10.3%) Workers with limited options due to their schooling level (Vs. 9.3%) People with less networks (Vs. 13.7%) Some results (SWS)
  • 8. Final remarks • No problems with unanswered questions (PHQ-4) both in SSCovid 19 nor the SWS. • Higher levels of anxiety and depression for women over men across all surveys which requires further analysis • SWS also includes questions that are use to construct an Affective Balance indicator • Given the permanent nature of the new SWS (every two years after Casen) and the correlation of mental health with other dimensions of social well- being, we expect to be able to keep the PHQ-4 in the future. • Results, documents, dataset and questionnaires for all surveys can be found at (only in Spanish at the time): http://observatorio.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/
  • 9. Undersecretary of Social Evaluation Ministry of Social Development and Family December 2021 Measuring population mental health (PHQ-4): Social Well-being survey and Social Survey Covid-19