This systematic review examines pathways to recover from open defecation (OD) in communities that have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status through community-led total sanitation and hygiene (CLTSH) interventions. The review assesses outcomes and impacts of ODF status on disease reduction, identifies challenges that can lead to ODF reversion, and explores options for maintaining ODF status over the long term. A comprehensive search of published and unpublished literature from 2007 to 2018 in multiple languages and databases was conducted. Key findings related to CLTSH implementation characteristics, obstacles to maintaining ODF status, and recommendations for effective long-term ODF are discussed.
Green Infrastructure (GI) facilities have capacity to enhance health and mitigate Environmental Sustainability Challenges (ESC). However, the extent of the mitigation and health benefits is unclear in developing countries. This study examined the impact of GI on ESC and Perceived Health (PH) of urban residents in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 1858 residents of Lagos Metropolis who completed semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to explore data distributions and assess association of the availability of GI with resident’s PH and ESC. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (OR;95%CI) were estimated for good health and ESC mitigation. Participants were mostly men (58.9%) and younger than 50 years old (86.3%). Good health (20.5%) and high mitigation of ESC (collection and disposal of waste-52.7% and official development assistance-63.9%) were reported where GI is mostly available. Participants were more likely to report good health (OR:1.40; 95%CI:1.02-1.92) and high mitigation of ESC [water quality (OR:1.42; 95%CI:1.12-1.81) passenger transport mode (OR:1.41; 95%CI:1.06-1.89)] where GI are mostly available. Availability of Green infrastructure is supporting health and mitigating environmental sustainability challenges in the study area. Green infrastructure should be provided in urban areas where environmental sustainability is under threat.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 33-46.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-4
The report analyzes the gap between governments' planned fossil fuel production and global production levels consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement. It finds that governments' production plans and projections (CPP) for coal, oil, and gas are vastly more than would be consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. The report also examines how governments support fossil fuel production through policies and investments, and discusses some initial policies aimed at transitioning away from fossil fuel production. It features individual country profiles for 15 major producers and a chapter on transparency to help address the production gap.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was established to evaluate the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and establish actions to improve sustainability. It analyzes the interactions between ecosystems, ecosystem services, human well-being, and response options across local, regional, and global scales. The assessment is conducted by over 1000 experts worldwide and will release reports in 2005 on the current state of ecosystems and options to enhance sustainability.
Report on the inequity and unsustainable Lifestyles- of the Rich and the Poor. By Club of Rome et. al. and with recommendations to change the Lifestyles of the Elite
A climate change vulnerability, impact and adaptation analysis methodologicalPROVIA
1. The REGATTA project aimed to strengthen climate resilience in Latin America and the Caribbean through conducting vulnerability impact assessments (VIAs) in four sub-regions from 2012-2014.
2. The VIAs used a common methodological framework to assess climate change vulnerabilities while allowing flexibility based on local data and resources.
3. Key challenges included gaining participation from a wide range of stakeholders, integrating data across different scales and sectors, and assessing impacts on ecosystem services.
This document summarizes a study that used the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to evaluate adaptation measures in Gambia's National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA). The study identified 25 adaptation measures across 5 sectors (health, forestry, water, energy, and food) and had experts in Gambia assign weights to determine the priority levels. The results showed that health was the highest priority sector for adaptation, followed by forestry, water, energy, and food. The authors recommend creating a national climate policy in Gambia to enhance adaptation efforts based on the study's findings on priority needs.
Vulnerability and Resilience: Developing Metrics to Measure Sustainable Diets...Bioversity International
This document discusses developing metrics to measure the sustainability of diets and food systems. It outlines a framework that considers vulnerability and resilience, focusing on exposure, sensitivity and resilience of food systems. An expert panel developed the framework and identified key issues and drivers of change. The panel then shortlisted 136 indicators of sustainability through discussions. An online Delphi survey of 51 experts from various backgrounds was used to further evaluate and develop consensus on indicators of sustainable diets and food systems.
This document summarizes a journal article that explores using community risk assessments (CRAs) to facilitate local adaptation to climate change. It discusses how traditional top-down approaches to climate change adaptation have limitations, and how bottom-up approaches using CRAs can help address those limitations. CRAs are participatory methods used to assess hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities at the community level. The document analyzes examples of CRAs conducted by Red Cross societies to demonstrate how they can foster community engagement in climate risk reduction. However, it also notes challenges to using CRAs for climate change adaptation, such as keeping them simple enough for wide application and linking CRA results to policy.
Green Infrastructure (GI) facilities have capacity to enhance health and mitigate Environmental Sustainability Challenges (ESC). However, the extent of the mitigation and health benefits is unclear in developing countries. This study examined the impact of GI on ESC and Perceived Health (PH) of urban residents in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 1858 residents of Lagos Metropolis who completed semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to explore data distributions and assess association of the availability of GI with resident’s PH and ESC. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (OR;95%CI) were estimated for good health and ESC mitigation. Participants were mostly men (58.9%) and younger than 50 years old (86.3%). Good health (20.5%) and high mitigation of ESC (collection and disposal of waste-52.7% and official development assistance-63.9%) were reported where GI is mostly available. Participants were more likely to report good health (OR:1.40; 95%CI:1.02-1.92) and high mitigation of ESC [water quality (OR:1.42; 95%CI:1.12-1.81) passenger transport mode (OR:1.41; 95%CI:1.06-1.89)] where GI are mostly available. Availability of Green infrastructure is supporting health and mitigating environmental sustainability challenges in the study area. Green infrastructure should be provided in urban areas where environmental sustainability is under threat.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 33-46.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-4
The report analyzes the gap between governments' planned fossil fuel production and global production levels consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement. It finds that governments' production plans and projections (CPP) for coal, oil, and gas are vastly more than would be consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. The report also examines how governments support fossil fuel production through policies and investments, and discusses some initial policies aimed at transitioning away from fossil fuel production. It features individual country profiles for 15 major producers and a chapter on transparency to help address the production gap.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was established to evaluate the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and establish actions to improve sustainability. It analyzes the interactions between ecosystems, ecosystem services, human well-being, and response options across local, regional, and global scales. The assessment is conducted by over 1000 experts worldwide and will release reports in 2005 on the current state of ecosystems and options to enhance sustainability.
Report on the inequity and unsustainable Lifestyles- of the Rich and the Poor. By Club of Rome et. al. and with recommendations to change the Lifestyles of the Elite
A climate change vulnerability, impact and adaptation analysis methodologicalPROVIA
1. The REGATTA project aimed to strengthen climate resilience in Latin America and the Caribbean through conducting vulnerability impact assessments (VIAs) in four sub-regions from 2012-2014.
2. The VIAs used a common methodological framework to assess climate change vulnerabilities while allowing flexibility based on local data and resources.
3. Key challenges included gaining participation from a wide range of stakeholders, integrating data across different scales and sectors, and assessing impacts on ecosystem services.
This document summarizes a study that used the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to evaluate adaptation measures in Gambia's National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA). The study identified 25 adaptation measures across 5 sectors (health, forestry, water, energy, and food) and had experts in Gambia assign weights to determine the priority levels. The results showed that health was the highest priority sector for adaptation, followed by forestry, water, energy, and food. The authors recommend creating a national climate policy in Gambia to enhance adaptation efforts based on the study's findings on priority needs.
Vulnerability and Resilience: Developing Metrics to Measure Sustainable Diets...Bioversity International
This document discusses developing metrics to measure the sustainability of diets and food systems. It outlines a framework that considers vulnerability and resilience, focusing on exposure, sensitivity and resilience of food systems. An expert panel developed the framework and identified key issues and drivers of change. The panel then shortlisted 136 indicators of sustainability through discussions. An online Delphi survey of 51 experts from various backgrounds was used to further evaluate and develop consensus on indicators of sustainable diets and food systems.
This document summarizes a journal article that explores using community risk assessments (CRAs) to facilitate local adaptation to climate change. It discusses how traditional top-down approaches to climate change adaptation have limitations, and how bottom-up approaches using CRAs can help address those limitations. CRAs are participatory methods used to assess hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities at the community level. The document analyzes examples of CRAs conducted by Red Cross societies to demonstrate how they can foster community engagement in climate risk reduction. However, it also notes challenges to using CRAs for climate change adaptation, such as keeping them simple enough for wide application and linking CRA results to policy.
This toolkit is designed to support climate change practitioners in the Pacific islands region to integrate gender into their programmes and projects. It is aimed at climate change professionals working in national governments, non-governmental organisations, regional and international organisations who are involved in managing and implementing climate change programmes.
While many of us are aware that gender does matter for sustainable development and climate change adaptation and mitigation, we may not know clearly how it matters, and what tools are available that can help to assess how it matters. Knowing is also not enough: we must apply this knowledge in a practical way when we design and implement activities, and ensure that we are capturing useful and important information through our monitoring and evaluation frameworks.
This toolkit provides advice at a practical level, to address these needs. The principles and practices proposed in this toolkit are based on many decades of experience in the integration of a gender perspective in sustainable development, natural resources management and disaster preparedness. The toolkit is divided into three parts. This introductory module explains why gender is a critical consideration in climate change programmes, projects and strategies, and clarifies some common misconceptions. Module 2 focuses on the links between gender and climate change in specific sectors (e.g. food security, water and energy); and uses sector-relevant case studies to explain how to take gender into consideration.
It also includes a module on disaster risk reduction recognising that these interventions should be factored into all climate change adaptation programmes and projects. These sector chapters can also be used as stand-alone documents for practitioners to guide their analysis in a specific sector. Module 3 is the ‘how-to’ section and will take you through the different phases of a typical climate change programme/project cycle, identifying potential entry-points for integrating gender in each phase and also includes a generic gender checklist that may be applied to programmes and projects. This toolkit will not make you a gender expert! However, it provides guidance along with links to other resources that can help strengthen your knowledge about gender and climate change.
Methodological Framework for AssessingVulnerability to Climate Change by IPCCHILLFORT
IPCC Climate vulnerability Assessment procedure. The presentation was a part of College Assignment. I am thankful to ITPI journal where I got the topic for the same. The reference is:
Methodological Frameworks for Assessing Vulnerability to Climate Change. Written by Rekha S Nair and Dr. Alka Bharat.
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 - 1, 01 - 15, January - March 2011
Public Participation and Lay Knowledge in Environmental Governance: A Case St...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper analyzes the debate of public participation within environmental governance process. In doing so, significance of local knowledge in climate change adaptation process has been evaluated. An adaptation project from the coastal areas of Bangladesh has been selected to reveal more specific result and to focus the study in a very specific angle. Local knowledge has been proved as a vital factor within the adaptation planning for coastal areas in the face of threat posed by climate change. Insights from similar studies has been drawn and evaluated. Finally public participation within the broader domain of environmental governance has been found inevitable.
CORE Group Fall Meeting 2010. Findings and Reflections on the Food for the Hungry Care Group Child Survival Project in Sofala Province, Mozambique. - Henry Perry, Johns Hopkins
FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL ...Lyle Birkey
This document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2014. It outlines the EPA's six major research areas and budgets for each. In 2014, the EPA's total budget for environmental research was $555 million. The largest shares went to research related to sustainable and healthy communities ($155 million), chemical safety and sustainability ($131 million), and safe and sustainable water resources ($111 million). The document provides details on the goals and programs within each research area.
The CCAA Program is a collaboration between DFID and IDRC to fund climate change adaptation research and capacity building projects across Africa. It has funded 45 projects in 28 countries since 2006 related to agriculture, health, water resources, and coastal adaptation. In North Africa, 7 participatory action research projects have been funded in Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt to develop and test community-based adaptation strategies. These projects aim to strengthen local adaptive capacity and resilience through activities like improving water management, understanding health impacts, and participatory planning. The research found that successful adaptation depends on sharing knowledge between local, national and international actors and building adaptive institutions.
1) The document summarizes the GLOBIO methodology, which models mean species abundance (MSA) as an indicator to assess biodiversity loss due to human pressures like land use, infrastructure, climate change, and nitrogen deposition.
2) GLOBIO can evaluate current biodiversity state, identify trends, and evaluate policy options to support decision-making. It has been applied globally and for many countries and regions.
3) MSA is used as a single indicator, representing the average abundance of original species relative to an undisturbed state. GLOBIO aims to help identify causes of biodiversity loss and evaluate if targets will be attained under different policy scenarios.
This document summarizes a project in Nepal that aims to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices. The project is a partnership between two research institutions, LI-BIRD and CCAFS. It is testing and promoting suitable climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices in three districts. The goal is to improve agricultural resilience and productivity while reducing emissions. It also seeks to build capacity and develop plans to scale up promising climate-smart agriculture strategies nationally.
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
Current strategies for stunting reduction in the light of emerging evidence o...Francois Stepman
Habiba Hassan-Wassef, MD
National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
1-5 October 2018. Addis Abeba. The 8th Africa Nutritional Epidemiology Conference (ANEC VIII 2018)
A presentation about Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa. Presented during the SADC Climate Change Course for Trans-frontier Conservation Areas in 2014.
Abstract: Using Social Media as a Tool to track the Social Impact of plastic ...MACE Lab
Kaveera SIngh, Surina Singh, Gan Moodley, Deborah Robertson-Andersson .Presented at the ninth Scientific Symposium of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) 2015.
Kaveera Singh, Surina Singh, Gan Moodley, Deborah Robertson-Andersson. Presented at the ninth Scientific Symposium of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science (WIOMSA) 2015.
Investigating the impacts of land use, climate and biodiversity changes on h...ILRI
This document describes a study investigating the impacts of land use, climate, and biodiversity changes on human health and wellbeing, using Rift Valley fever as a case study. The study will use integrated modeling of ecosystems and disease transmission, map ecosystem services, develop an RVF transmission model, and collect field data on livestock and vectors. It will also examine local human-ecosystem interactions, economic values of ecosystem services, and the political and policy dimensions of RVF knowledge and responses. The study sites are Ijara District, representing minimal land use change, and Tana River County, representing substantial irrigation-driven land use change.
Policy Briefing - Sanitation Research Symposium, Kenya (April 2015)Edward K.R. Ikiugu
The document summarizes a sanitation research symposium held in Kenya in April 2015. It discusses the key topics and presentations from each session of the symposium. The first session provided an overview of national and county WASH targets and challenges in Kenya. The second session discussed challenges in meeting post-2015 goals related to hygiene behavior change, universal access, and sanitation provision beyond households. The third session emphasized the role of research in improving the sanitation sector and identified priorities such as menstrual hygiene. Presentations also explored how to focus resources on increasing access for marginalized groups and monitoring country progress.
Scope of Rapid Action Learning to combat Public health hazards in IndiaMd Ehtesham
Md Ehtesham proposes researching the scope and impact of Rapid Action Learning (RAL) units in evaluating and improving India's efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage under the Swachh Bharat Mission. RAL units are intended to analyze best practices, identify problems, and disseminate information to facilitate effective implementation of Community Led Total Sanitation. The research aims to assess how RAL units function at district and state levels and explore how RAL can contribute to addressing public health hazards and help scale up sustainable public health programs.
Lessons learned from a review and synthesis of three sanitation approaches. A...Allison Hellier
This document summarizes a review and synthesis of three methodologies - Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST), and Sanitation Marketing (SanMark) - aimed at increasing access to and use of improved sanitation. The review examined reported reductions in disease, adoption of sanitation behaviors and hardware, and program components. It found little quantitative measurement of reduced diarrhea and called for improved evaluation methodology, baseline surveys, and behavior change measurement to better understand program impacts.
Somali Region districts HMIS focal points WASH training Report.Farah Nafis
The Somali RHB focused on enhancing the knowledge of district-level HMIS focal points on the 10 new national-level indicators in environmental health. Trained teams included 31 health staff from different woredas in the Somali region and were trained in Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH), household water treatment and safe storage, and Health System (HIS) and HMIS. The training aimed to ensure all HMIS personnel knew and understood the current national indicator standards.
What is Participatory Hygiene and Satiation Transformation.docxrodgersomondi6
This document describes the Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) approach. PHAST is a community-driven methodology that actively involves community members in improving hygiene practices and sanitation facilities. It emphasizes participation at all stages to foster sustainable improvements. The document outlines the key principles of PHAST, which include community involvement, participatory learning, flexibility, empowerment and sustainability. It also describes the 7 steps and tools used in implementing PHAST, such as problem identification, analysis, community mapping and three-pile sorting.
Issues and approaches for Climate Change Adaptation to protect Human Health in Bangladesh. Presented at CBA5 by Dr. Iqbal Kabir Climate Change & Health Protection Unit, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare - Bangladesh
Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report in Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia Soksophors yim
The document summarizes the results of a Vulnerability Reduction Assessment conducted in five villages in Thlork Vien Commune, Cambodia. Key findings from focus group discussions include:
1) Local communities reported experiencing longer dry seasons, more frequent droughts, floods and diseases in recent years due to climate change. This has negatively impacted livelihoods through reduced agricultural production and productivity.
2) Women's and men's groups discussed current challenges like water shortages, lack of knowledge on climate-resilient farming techniques, and loss of income. They requested assistance with water management infrastructure, capacity building, and support for alternative livelihoods.
3) Analysis of climate trends over time showed increases in problems
Health and hygiene promotion best practices and lessons learnedSekretariat STBM
The document summarizes frameworks and models used to guide the development of the Health and Hygiene Communication Strategy of the Environmental Services Program (ESP) in Indonesia. It discusses the Fecal-Oral Transmission cycle of diarrheal disease and the hygiene improvement framework. The ESP model utilizes two approaches - the Clean, Green and Hygiene Kampung and School. The strategies aim to promote hygiene behaviors and decrease diarrhea rates through community mobilization and participation.
This toolkit is designed to support climate change practitioners in the Pacific islands region to integrate gender into their programmes and projects. It is aimed at climate change professionals working in national governments, non-governmental organisations, regional and international organisations who are involved in managing and implementing climate change programmes.
While many of us are aware that gender does matter for sustainable development and climate change adaptation and mitigation, we may not know clearly how it matters, and what tools are available that can help to assess how it matters. Knowing is also not enough: we must apply this knowledge in a practical way when we design and implement activities, and ensure that we are capturing useful and important information through our monitoring and evaluation frameworks.
This toolkit provides advice at a practical level, to address these needs. The principles and practices proposed in this toolkit are based on many decades of experience in the integration of a gender perspective in sustainable development, natural resources management and disaster preparedness. The toolkit is divided into three parts. This introductory module explains why gender is a critical consideration in climate change programmes, projects and strategies, and clarifies some common misconceptions. Module 2 focuses on the links between gender and climate change in specific sectors (e.g. food security, water and energy); and uses sector-relevant case studies to explain how to take gender into consideration.
It also includes a module on disaster risk reduction recognising that these interventions should be factored into all climate change adaptation programmes and projects. These sector chapters can also be used as stand-alone documents for practitioners to guide their analysis in a specific sector. Module 3 is the ‘how-to’ section and will take you through the different phases of a typical climate change programme/project cycle, identifying potential entry-points for integrating gender in each phase and also includes a generic gender checklist that may be applied to programmes and projects. This toolkit will not make you a gender expert! However, it provides guidance along with links to other resources that can help strengthen your knowledge about gender and climate change.
Methodological Framework for AssessingVulnerability to Climate Change by IPCCHILLFORT
IPCC Climate vulnerability Assessment procedure. The presentation was a part of College Assignment. I am thankful to ITPI journal where I got the topic for the same. The reference is:
Methodological Frameworks for Assessing Vulnerability to Climate Change. Written by Rekha S Nair and Dr. Alka Bharat.
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 - 1, 01 - 15, January - March 2011
Public Participation and Lay Knowledge in Environmental Governance: A Case St...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper analyzes the debate of public participation within environmental governance process. In doing so, significance of local knowledge in climate change adaptation process has been evaluated. An adaptation project from the coastal areas of Bangladesh has been selected to reveal more specific result and to focus the study in a very specific angle. Local knowledge has been proved as a vital factor within the adaptation planning for coastal areas in the face of threat posed by climate change. Insights from similar studies has been drawn and evaluated. Finally public participation within the broader domain of environmental governance has been found inevitable.
CORE Group Fall Meeting 2010. Findings and Reflections on the Food for the Hungry Care Group Child Survival Project in Sofala Province, Mozambique. - Henry Perry, Johns Hopkins
FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL ...Lyle Birkey
This document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2014. It outlines the EPA's six major research areas and budgets for each. In 2014, the EPA's total budget for environmental research was $555 million. The largest shares went to research related to sustainable and healthy communities ($155 million), chemical safety and sustainability ($131 million), and safe and sustainable water resources ($111 million). The document provides details on the goals and programs within each research area.
The CCAA Program is a collaboration between DFID and IDRC to fund climate change adaptation research and capacity building projects across Africa. It has funded 45 projects in 28 countries since 2006 related to agriculture, health, water resources, and coastal adaptation. In North Africa, 7 participatory action research projects have been funded in Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt to develop and test community-based adaptation strategies. These projects aim to strengthen local adaptive capacity and resilience through activities like improving water management, understanding health impacts, and participatory planning. The research found that successful adaptation depends on sharing knowledge between local, national and international actors and building adaptive institutions.
1) The document summarizes the GLOBIO methodology, which models mean species abundance (MSA) as an indicator to assess biodiversity loss due to human pressures like land use, infrastructure, climate change, and nitrogen deposition.
2) GLOBIO can evaluate current biodiversity state, identify trends, and evaluate policy options to support decision-making. It has been applied globally and for many countries and regions.
3) MSA is used as a single indicator, representing the average abundance of original species relative to an undisturbed state. GLOBIO aims to help identify causes of biodiversity loss and evaluate if targets will be attained under different policy scenarios.
This document summarizes a project in Nepal that aims to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices. The project is a partnership between two research institutions, LI-BIRD and CCAFS. It is testing and promoting suitable climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices in three districts. The goal is to improve agricultural resilience and productivity while reducing emissions. It also seeks to build capacity and develop plans to scale up promising climate-smart agriculture strategies nationally.
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
Current strategies for stunting reduction in the light of emerging evidence o...Francois Stepman
Habiba Hassan-Wassef, MD
National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
1-5 October 2018. Addis Abeba. The 8th Africa Nutritional Epidemiology Conference (ANEC VIII 2018)
A presentation about Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa. Presented during the SADC Climate Change Course for Trans-frontier Conservation Areas in 2014.
Abstract: Using Social Media as a Tool to track the Social Impact of plastic ...MACE Lab
Kaveera SIngh, Surina Singh, Gan Moodley, Deborah Robertson-Andersson .Presented at the ninth Scientific Symposium of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) 2015.
Kaveera Singh, Surina Singh, Gan Moodley, Deborah Robertson-Andersson. Presented at the ninth Scientific Symposium of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science (WIOMSA) 2015.
Investigating the impacts of land use, climate and biodiversity changes on h...ILRI
This document describes a study investigating the impacts of land use, climate, and biodiversity changes on human health and wellbeing, using Rift Valley fever as a case study. The study will use integrated modeling of ecosystems and disease transmission, map ecosystem services, develop an RVF transmission model, and collect field data on livestock and vectors. It will also examine local human-ecosystem interactions, economic values of ecosystem services, and the political and policy dimensions of RVF knowledge and responses. The study sites are Ijara District, representing minimal land use change, and Tana River County, representing substantial irrigation-driven land use change.
Policy Briefing - Sanitation Research Symposium, Kenya (April 2015)Edward K.R. Ikiugu
The document summarizes a sanitation research symposium held in Kenya in April 2015. It discusses the key topics and presentations from each session of the symposium. The first session provided an overview of national and county WASH targets and challenges in Kenya. The second session discussed challenges in meeting post-2015 goals related to hygiene behavior change, universal access, and sanitation provision beyond households. The third session emphasized the role of research in improving the sanitation sector and identified priorities such as menstrual hygiene. Presentations also explored how to focus resources on increasing access for marginalized groups and monitoring country progress.
Scope of Rapid Action Learning to combat Public health hazards in IndiaMd Ehtesham
Md Ehtesham proposes researching the scope and impact of Rapid Action Learning (RAL) units in evaluating and improving India's efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage under the Swachh Bharat Mission. RAL units are intended to analyze best practices, identify problems, and disseminate information to facilitate effective implementation of Community Led Total Sanitation. The research aims to assess how RAL units function at district and state levels and explore how RAL can contribute to addressing public health hazards and help scale up sustainable public health programs.
Lessons learned from a review and synthesis of three sanitation approaches. A...Allison Hellier
This document summarizes a review and synthesis of three methodologies - Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST), and Sanitation Marketing (SanMark) - aimed at increasing access to and use of improved sanitation. The review examined reported reductions in disease, adoption of sanitation behaviors and hardware, and program components. It found little quantitative measurement of reduced diarrhea and called for improved evaluation methodology, baseline surveys, and behavior change measurement to better understand program impacts.
Somali Region districts HMIS focal points WASH training Report.Farah Nafis
The Somali RHB focused on enhancing the knowledge of district-level HMIS focal points on the 10 new national-level indicators in environmental health. Trained teams included 31 health staff from different woredas in the Somali region and were trained in Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH), household water treatment and safe storage, and Health System (HIS) and HMIS. The training aimed to ensure all HMIS personnel knew and understood the current national indicator standards.
What is Participatory Hygiene and Satiation Transformation.docxrodgersomondi6
This document describes the Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) approach. PHAST is a community-driven methodology that actively involves community members in improving hygiene practices and sanitation facilities. It emphasizes participation at all stages to foster sustainable improvements. The document outlines the key principles of PHAST, which include community involvement, participatory learning, flexibility, empowerment and sustainability. It also describes the 7 steps and tools used in implementing PHAST, such as problem identification, analysis, community mapping and three-pile sorting.
Issues and approaches for Climate Change Adaptation to protect Human Health in Bangladesh. Presented at CBA5 by Dr. Iqbal Kabir Climate Change & Health Protection Unit, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare - Bangladesh
Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report in Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia Soksophors yim
The document summarizes the results of a Vulnerability Reduction Assessment conducted in five villages in Thlork Vien Commune, Cambodia. Key findings from focus group discussions include:
1) Local communities reported experiencing longer dry seasons, more frequent droughts, floods and diseases in recent years due to climate change. This has negatively impacted livelihoods through reduced agricultural production and productivity.
2) Women's and men's groups discussed current challenges like water shortages, lack of knowledge on climate-resilient farming techniques, and loss of income. They requested assistance with water management infrastructure, capacity building, and support for alternative livelihoods.
3) Analysis of climate trends over time showed increases in problems
Health and hygiene promotion best practices and lessons learnedSekretariat STBM
The document summarizes frameworks and models used to guide the development of the Health and Hygiene Communication Strategy of the Environmental Services Program (ESP) in Indonesia. It discusses the Fecal-Oral Transmission cycle of diarrheal disease and the hygiene improvement framework. The ESP model utilizes two approaches - the Clean, Green and Hygiene Kampung and School. The strategies aim to promote hygiene behaviors and decrease diarrhea rates through community mobilization and participation.
The XII Healthy Hospitals Seminar (Seminário Hospitais Saudáveis - SHS 2019)UN SPHS
This presentation was delivered by Dr. Rosemary Kumwenda (UNDP Team Leader for HIV, Health and Development in Eastern Europe & Central Asia and SPHS Coordinator) at the XII Healthy Hospitals Seminar 2019 (SHS Seminar 2019) which took place on 11-12 November 2019 in São Paulo – Brazil.
The overall theme of SHS 201 is, “Health for Climate: Leading Sustainable, Low-Carbon Supply Chains,” and aims to highlight conscious and sustainable consumption as a central strategy for tackling climate change. In this sense, the health sector, as a major consumer of production inputs, natural resources and technologies, has an important role to play, leading the transformation of all supply chains into the necessary transition to a low carbon economy.
Lessons Learned from Working At Scale for Better Hygiene & Sanitation Practices WASHplus
The document discusses lessons learned from large-scale hygiene and sanitation programs in Ethiopia and Madagascar. Key points include:
1) Working at scale requires a systems approach that coordinates all stakeholders toward common goals like reducing disease. It is more than just scaling up isolated projects.
2) Successful programs in Ethiopia and Madagascar used a hygiene improvement framework, prioritized behavior change, sustainability, and wide coverage.
3) Starting with leadership buy-in, capacity building of local actors, and community-led approaches led to encouraging results and outcomes at scale. Flexibility and learning-by-doing were also important.
Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is an approach used in developing countries to improve sanitation and hygiene through spontaneous behavior change in communities. The goal of CLTS is to end open defecation and achieve "open defecation free" communities through raising awareness of the risks of disease transmission from fecal matter and participatory activities. Nepal began implementing CLTS in 2003 and has since made progress in expanding coverage, establishing national plans and committees to coordinate sanitation efforts. Challenges remain in fully implementing a community-led approach and maintaining outcomes after communities achieve open defecation free status.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...ijtsrd
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed ”˜t’ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
The document summarizes the findings of an impact assessment conducted in 2011 on a 2004-2008 environmental conservation and livelihoods project in Ghana. Key findings include:
1) The project reduced poverty by empowering communities to better manage their environment and natural resources, leading to increased incomes. Communities planted more tree crops and had less destructive bushfires.
2) Livelihood options promoted by the project like grasscutter rearing and mushroom farming were not sustainable over the long term for most participants.
3) Environmental awareness increased and fire volunteer groups continued activities after the project. This led to less bushfires, improved vegetation/forest cover, and higher agricultural yields.
4) While the project was successful
This document summarizes a project to pilot sustainable environmental sanitation in two unions in Bangladesh. The project aims to create model unions with 100% sanitary latrine coverage, safe waste disposal, and improved hygiene behaviors. It will include both "software" activities like awareness campaigns and "hardware" activities providing some infrastructure with community cost-sharing. Key activities under the software and hardware components include motivational meetings, volunteer training, cultural programs, and limited provision of community latrines and waste management infrastructure to demonstrate best practices.
This document provides an impact assessment report of water and sanitation projects implemented in Kyuso District, Kenya between 2002-2004 by Concern Universal (CU) in partnership with Mitamisyi Poverty Alleviation Programme (MPAP). The assessment found that the projects had significantly improved access to water and reduced distances to water sources. Specifically, the number of functioning water wells increased from 20 to 63, reducing the average distance to water sources from 12km to less than 2km. As a result, the amount of water used increased by 160% while the cost reduced by 100%. Sanitation also improved as the proportion of people using latrines increased from 13% to 37%. The projects demonstrated sustainability through community participation and training
This study assessed the prevalence of trachoma and associated risk factors among children aged 1-9 years in villages in Ethiopia that had and had not implemented Community Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH). A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 644 children, with 322 from CLTSH villages and 322 from non-CLTSH villages. The overall prevalence of active trachoma was 27.8%, with no significant difference between the two village types. Variables associated with lower trachoma prevalence included living in an open defecation free village, lack of animal dung or rubbish nearby, and frequent hand and face washing. The study found no evidence that CLTSH implementation reduced trachoma
This document summarizes a project that documented local indigenous knowledge and practices (LIKPs) related to climate change adaptation in Cameroon. The project involved interviewing over 800 farmers across 7 pilot villages. It found that farmers have observed changes affecting their staple crops and have responded by diversifying crops, adjusting planting periods, and using LIKPs. However, LIKPs are at risk of being lost if not documented or integrated into climate policy. Moving forward, the project aims to conduct more surveys, engage decision-makers to share findings on valuing LIKPs, and support custodians of LIKPs in lobbying for their integration into climate plans and budgets.
BCIT Zero Waste - EMA of BC Student Poster Competition Dylan Denault
Title: Community Based Social Marketing Strategy to Boost Zero Waste at BCIT
Abstract: Part of BCIT’s Greening Campuses Plan is to achieve zero waste. Using community-based social marketing, our research identified recycling and composting as areas with low participation among students and with the largest potential impact on waste diversion. Four strategies were recommended to BCIT in reaching its goal.
This document discusses challenges faced by data users in monitoring progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 2 of ending hunger and malnutrition. It summarizes findings from expert consultations and analysis conducted by the ONE Campaign-facilitated accountability working group for data users. Key challenges identified include lack of availability of important indicators, unreliable or inaccurate existing data, and difficulties measuring certain concepts. Specific examples are provided from projects monitoring rural hunger and the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program. The document calls for improved data quality and standardization to strengthen accountability and progress on food security and nutrition goals.
What Lessons for Sustainability of Maternal Health Interventions Can Be Drawn...David Roger Walugembe
This document discusses lessons for sustainability that can be drawn from the Uganda Rural Water and
Sanitation (RUWASA) project, which was implemented from 1991-2001 in eastern Uganda. The key findings
are:
1. Latrine coverage and access to safe water increased substantially in the districts of Pallisa and Kamuli even
after the RUWASA project ended, showing its sustained impact.
2. Factors that contributed to the project's sustainability included community involvement in planning and
maintenance, community contributions towards infrastructure, and training local mechanics to conduct repairs.
3. Close involvement of communities helped build trust and secure ongoing financial and labor contributions,
fostering a sense of ownership over the water sources and
This systematic review analyzed 12 studies on open defecation-free slippage in Ethiopia. The estimated pooled rate of slippage, where households engaged in open defecation after being certified open defecation-free, was 15.9%. Main contributing factors for slippage included lack of technical support, financial constraints, low-quality building materials, improper program implementation, and lack of sanitation marketing. The increasing rate of slippage puts Ethiopia at risk of not achieving its goal of ensuring sanitation for all by 2030.
This document provides an overview of the atmosphere and atmospheric composition. It discusses the layers of the atmosphere and their properties. It also covers major air pollutants like greenhouse gases and their health impacts. Finally, it outlines the four main steps in developing an air pollution control strategy and summarizes several key international agreements related to atmospheric protection.
Assessment of Exposure to Environmental HealthThomas Ayalew
This document outlines a course on exposure assessment given by Jimma University's Department of Environmental Health. It includes the course objectives, which are to define key terms, cover the steps and models of exposure assessment, considerations in exposure assessment, and reporting. It also provides an overview of the course content, which examines exposure concepts, planning assessments, gathering and analyzing exposure data, and presenting results.
GIS,Electron,Electromagnetic energy,radiation,Orbit,Types of OrbitThomas Ayalew
hI what can I prefer is to share my knowledge with who are positive person of the knowledge as well in return I have learn new knowledge from them to help my poor community so please let us work together!
GIS,Electron,Electromagnetic energy,radiation,Orbit,Types of OrbitThomas Ayalew
This document is a term paper submitted by Thomas Ayalew to Dr. Ajay Babu in June 2019 for a GIS and Remote Sensing course. The paper covers topics on electromagnetic energy (EME) theory, the historical development of EME, satellite orbits including geosynchronous and polar orbits. It provides definitions of EME and orbits. For EME theory, it discusses Maxwell's equations and how they led to the prediction of electromagnetic waves. It also summarizes the key applications that rely on Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves such as radar, Wi-Fi, radio, and more.
The document presents an environmental impact assessment report for proposed oil exploration activities in Block 2B, Wajir, Kenya. It summarizes the contract agreement, project location and description, production life cycle, objectives and methodology of the EIA. Potential impacts are identified for air/noise quality, soil, water, biodiversity, socioeconomics and public health. Mitigation measures are proposed. The report outlines the legal framework and an environmental and social management plan, and provides budgets for the design/construction, operation and decommissioning phases. It references the full EIA report conducted on the project.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Odf reversion & recovery
1. JIMMA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY
Systematic Review on:
ODF Reversion: Safe pathways to Recover ODF
Thomas Ayalew1
(BSc, MPH)
1
Department of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Lay Volunteer International association, Afar,Ethiopia
ayalewthomas@gmail.com
Dr. Abebe Beyene2
, Dr. Gudina Terefe2,
2
Department of Environmental Health sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
(abebebh2003@yahoo.com :Abebe Beyene) (guditerefe@yahoo.com Gudina Terefe)
January, 2019
2. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................... I
ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................... Ii
1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1
2. OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW..........................................................................................................4
3. METHODS.................................................................................................................................4
3.1 STUDY ELIGIBILITY........................................................................................................4
3.2 SEARCH AND STUDY SELECTION..................................................................................4
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................6
4.1 CLTSH AND WASH RELATED DISEASE.........................................................................6
4.2 SUBSIDIES VERSUS CLTSH.............................................................................................6
4.3 LONG LASTING CLTSH FOLLOW UP..............................................................................8
4.4 CLTSH VERSUS SOLIDARITY .........................................................................................8
4.5 VALIDITY of ODF CERTIFICATION ................................................................................9
4.6 SOCIAL INTERACTION AND NATURAL LEADERS .......................................................9
4.7 GENDER MAINSTREAMING..........................................................................................10
4.8 QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SANITATION FACILITY ..................................11
4.9 COONSIDERATION IN FACILITATION .........................................................................13
4.10 INFRINGEMENTS TO BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS.............................................................13
4.11 LEADERSHIP AND INVOLVEMENT IN ODF.................................................................14
5 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................15
6 LIMITATION:..........................................................................................................................16
7 RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................................17
6. REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................18
3. i
ACRONYMS
CLTSH Community led total Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FMOH Federal Ministry of Health
NGOs Non-Government Organizations
NGP Nirmal Gram Puraskar
OD Open Defecation
ODF Open-Defection-Free
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
VERC’s Village Education Resource Center)
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
4. 1
1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
Neglected sanitation rests a major risk to development of the 21st century, affecting
countries' progress in health, education, gender equity, and social and economic
development worldwide. According to WHO, Globally 2.5 billion people do not use
improved sanitation; 1.2 billion, practice open defecation and 83 percent of whom live in
13 countries most of them are sub-Saharan. Each year, 200 million tons of human waste
goes uncollected and untreated around the world and estimated 1.5 million deaths of
children under the age of five, 5 billion productive days lost, 443 million school days lost
are attributed to diarrheal disease globally. People in rural areas, children, Women,
adolescent girls, children, and infants suffer most from inadequate hygiene and sanitation
related a consequences. (1, 2)
Fig 1: Open Defecation for Sub Saharan Africa in 2005.
To meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) (Goal 6 target 2) by 2030, United
Nation has planned to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for
5. 2
all and to end open defecation by paying special attention to the needs of women and
girls and those in vulnerable situations (3)
Until CLTSH (Community led total Sanitation and Hygiene) process turned in, the gains
from customary approaches have remained constricted in terms of their success in pull
together entire communities to effect sustained behavioral change and devastating
consequences of poor sanitation were continued. Moreover, the pace of change has been
too slow to achieve universal access within the stated time frame. (4)
The CLTS approach originates from Kamal Kar‟s evaluation of Water Aid Bangladesh
and their local partner organization – VERC‟s (Village Education Resource Center) is a
local NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) traditional water and sanitation program
and his subsequent work in Bangladesh in late 1999 and into 2000. (5)
The term CLTSH defined by different scholars is more likely similar:
According to Franti sek Ficek and Josef Novotn; CLTS is a behavior change approach
that aims to ignite community action and make OD socially unacceptable without
providing any external financial or material support to individual households. (6)
Kar and Chambers, described CLTS is as an integrated approach to sanitation to achieve
and sustain Open-Defection-Free (ODF) status through the facilitation of the
community‟s analysis of their sanitation profile and their practice of defecation and its
consequences, which are expected to lead to collective action to become ODF (5).
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a revolutionary approach in which
communities are facilitated to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of open
defecation (OD) and take their own action to become ODF (open defecation-free).(7)
According to Jamie et al. CLTS represents a major shift for sanitation projects and
programs in recognizing the value of stopping open-defecation across the whole
community, even when the individual toilets built are not necessarily wholly hygienic. (8)
6. 3
Community-led total sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH) is now practical in an estimated
66 countries worldwide and many countries have adopted this approach as their main
strategy for scaling up rural sanitation coverage.(9)
Fig 2: Sanitation management building on the concept of „Community Led Total Sanitation
(cited from http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org)
A recent reports and studies showed widespread reversion to open defecation resulted in
many countries, CLTS Sustainability challenges are happening and post-ODF dynamics
in CLTS moving up to the sanitation ladder is being reversed. It is investigated high
levels of microbiological contamination of the water supplies in ODF villages. Many
ODF villages is still practicing open field defecation resulting in the transmission of
hookworms through the human-soil-human contamination route as well as an increased
prevalence of hookworm infestation as well as ODF Community members continued to
openly defecate. [11-15]
As Jenkins & Curtis analyzed ending ODF is not just a matter of access to sanitation
facilities, it also encompasses what motivates decision making such as household status,
well-being, and situational .There is no justification for the continuation of this OD,
because they have a latrine, any minor challenge caused by the latrine should rectify.(16)
7. 4
The reason behind why we eagerly review the literature is that to give some highlight the
statusdesigning or modifying existing sanitation technology options and promotion tool
and innovating other alternative sanitation technology options by concerned bodies as
well as open the get or invites to further research.
2. OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW
The objective of this review is to assess the outcomes and impacts of ODF in CLTSH
interventions:
Does an ODF intervention reduce disease outbreaks?
What are the Programme design and implementation characteristics that are
associated?
What are the obstacles and reversion to ODF interventions?
Can We Maintain ODF reversion?
What is the way forward for effective ODF implementation?
3. METHODS
3.1 Study eligibility
A protocol was developed a prior and is available upon request. To assess the therapies
for Open Defecation Free Reversion based on our objective, we used all design types,
including both experimental and observational designs and both qualitative and
quantitative studies.
3.2 Search and study selection
This review includes literature published between Nov 2007 and December, 2018. We
attempted to Minimize reporting bias by including studies published in English, Spanish,
Portuguese, French, German or Italian and by carrying out a comprehensive search
strategy that included published, unpublished, in press and grey literature.
We searched the following electronic databases: Acta Tropica, African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology , American Chemical Society , BMC Public
Health, World Health Organization, Dove press, East African Medical Journal , Elsevier ,
8. 5
Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat , Environmental Health Perspectives
,Environmental Science & Technology, , "Hindawi, Journal of Environmental and Public
Health, IDS Bulletin, Imprimerie Nouvelle GONNET, Indian journal Community
Medicine ,International Journal of Environmental Resource and Public Health,
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, IWAP Online, JAMBA,
Development and Communication Studies, Journal of Water and Health, Lancet Glob
Health, Oxford University Press, participatory learning and action, PLOS Medicine,
PLOS One, Practical Action Publishing, Science Journal of Public Health, Science of the
Total Environment, Science Selection, Social Science & Medicine, Waterlines, WIREs
Water, British Library for Development Studies, Campbell Library, clinicaltrials.gov,
Cochrane Library, EMBASE, EBSCO (CINHAL, PsychInfo), LILACS, POPLINE,
Research for Development, Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences
(REPIDISCA), Social Science Research Network (SSRN), Sustainability Science
Abstracts (SAS), Web of Science, and 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation.
We also searched the following organizations: ‟Indian Statistical Institute-Delhi,
University of Texas, R.I.C.E. Gupta: University, Charles University, Loughborough
University, CLTS Foundation, FMOH, The American Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Plan International, WHO,
Carter Center, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Global WASH, International
Water Association, Menstrual Hygiene Management in WASH in Schools Virtual
Conference, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm World Water Week
Conference, University of North Carolina Water and Health Conference, UNICEF Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene, UNICEF WASH in Schools, USAID Environmental Health
Project, WASH plus, World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. We finally included
relevant studies that were found during the database search of the other systematic
reviews.
9. 6
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The initial search yielded 424 titles and abstracts that were screened for eligibility, and
then 183 full texts Assessed for eligibility of these, a total of 48 studies met our
eligibility criteria and were extracted (Fig.2)
Fig 2: Schematic Abstract screening flow with
eligibility criteria.
4.1 CLTSH AND WASH RELATED DISEASE
According to many studies CLTSH extremely reduce prevalence and intensity of
Diarrhea, Soil Transmissible Helminthiasis, Trachoma and other WASH related
disease.[17-21,55-56] So it is possible to reduce many WASH related disease and
medical expenses through implementation of CLTSH approach.
4.2 SUBSIDIES VERSUS CLTSH
There are two controversial or debate ideas or issues are rising on the topics of hardware
Subsidies: these extremities are:
I .Subsidy is Bad Practice: in this case it belief that there shouldn‟t be Provision of
subsidy for toilet construction which did not necessarily translate to the use of toilet.
People must achieve ODF conditions without subsidies but this thought did not favor
poorer beneficiaries. There is the saying in old CLTSH facilitation approach that No
424: publication identified
Electronic search and grey paper:395
Publication outside recommendation:2
Publication anotherSystematic review: 14
Publication hand Search:3
183 Full texts assessedforeligibility
135 excludedfrom based on full text
Not CLTSH or ODF :108
Review: 5
Duplication:20
Not available:2
48 Use studies included in review
241: articles excluded based on title abstract
Irrelevant:190
Duplication:50
Ineligible language:1
10. 7
external individual household hardware subsidy. Communities install their own latrines
or toilets with their own resources. Those who are better off help those who are too weak
or poor to help themselves. When we saw this in real scenario people who are under
poverty line were constrained to access the facility due to unknown case. [17-18, 22]
II. Subsidy should be harmonized with CLTSH: this modern approach which
doesn‟t affect the CLTSH model. It provides evidence on the effectiveness of a social
mobilization strategy that combines shaming with subsidies for poor households.
Since the poor are less likely to adopt public health technologies (in this case needing
to spend 85% of their monthly income on a full-price latrine), subsidies clearly
helped. Encouraging and promoting private sector and self-help group supply of
hardware materials and encouraging assistance to the poor and weak. However, the
favorable response seen among households above the poverty line suggests that
subsidies are not necessary to spur action and that shame alone can be very effective
in this population. Even if CLTS is excellent tool, it needs various modifications
according to local social and natural environments so that it can go against the core
11. 8
principles of CLTS like no subsidies and no technical assistance principles. [6, 21,
23]
4.3 LONG LASTING CLTSH FOLLOW UP
As it is known CLTSH without follow up is bad practice. By now CLTS more
championed by non-government organizations (NGOs) with all of its challenges..
Plausible factors such as inadequate monitoring of the CLTS process, inadequate
funding of CLTS programming and conflicting work demands on the CLTS facilitators
This is the lack of a formal and sustainable system for monitoring, lack of a common
criterion for validating ODF status and leading to reduced momentum. CLTS which
equipped full monitoring tool can declare ODF early. The Post-ODF follow-up of the
CLTSH approach is limited. There is no clear guideline for post-ODF follow-up in
communities. Opportunity to monitor sustained behavior change this strategy may help
address the challenges in CLTS monitoring as well as reversion to open defecation post-
CLTS. Monitoring of ODF status after CLTS may be strengthened through the
formulation of clear policies. WASH organizations to institutionalize a sustainable
system for monitoring and evaluation of CLTS outcome indicators, as part of ensuring
the sustainability of the CLTS approach. Behavior change as the key to sustainability of
ODF can best be monitored by the community itself or natural leaders will take care of it.
This argument is not going on because CLTSH couldn‟t achieve ODF sustainably
without support of expertise and professional person. Evidence Based Reporting(EBR)
can be collected qualitative data on hygiene practices should also be incorporated to
ensure that monitoring is not only limited to counting latrines. CLTS is not
founded on the stick of coercion or the carrot of reward but on a balloon of awareness
and self-realization that raises communities out of dependency. [5, 15, 17, 25-27]
4.4 CLTSH VERSUS SOLIDARITY
The community solidarity and sense of achievement from a successful CLTS process can
be an entry point for other initiatives. There have been examples of communities coming
together to build embankments to prevent flooding and crop loss, following CLTS
triggering and action. They have also tackled the annual hunger season in other ways,
with the aim of achieving hunger-free communities. In Cairo, Plan Egypt has facilitated
led to community mobilization, negotiations with the authorities, community
12. 9
participation in helping remove the garbage, and sustainably clean tunnels with children‟s
paintings on the walls. Moreover Evidence on the contributions of CLTS not only to
attaining ODF but also to sustainable behavior change and improvements in disease
prevention and nutritional status. [17-18]
4.5 VALIDITY of ODF CERTIFICATION
In implementation of CLTSH it is well known process that to certifying communities as
ODF and reporting such certifications as success indicators. There are ample of
Diversified protocols for defining, declaring, and certifying ODF status in communities,
yet no protocol has been recognized as the global standard. ODF status has often been
exaggerated and estimates of numbers of ODF communities inflated. In India, the
numbers of local government entities certified for the Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP)
award has taken us into realms of unreality. As well as Bangladesh, reports and
impressions were misleading. Estimates may have been made in good faith but were
unreal. Where there have been rewards for achieving ODF status, as with the Nirmal
Gram Puraskar scheme in India. In Maharashtra, rewards for achieving ODF status were
an ingenious way round the problem of having to spend big budgets for hardware
subsidy, but gave incentives for false claims and certifications, reportedly rampant more
widely with the NGP. In these circumstances, some claims and statistics lack credibility
and may be set to become a source of embarrassment, if they are not already. But in
Kenya and Ethiopia to date, with small-scale and careful verification, the numbers of
ODF Certified Communities have been more credible. At one time in Ethiopia, of 240
communities claiming ODF status, only 21 had been certified (though this could have
been because certification could not keep up with claims). And in between these two
poles lie many other degrees of accuracy and credibility. [17-18, 28-30]
4.6 SOCIAL INTERACTION AND NATURAL LEADERS
This indicates that people that perceive their community as having a higher collective
ambition to reduce open defecation, greater solidarity within the village, higher trust
between the residents, and a stronger sense of cohesion and inclusion within the village
are all associated with the individual likelihood of open defecation free status which
provide the basis on which CLTS can work successfully. Positive social context factors
seem to be a prerequisite for a successful CLTS process. Natural leader (or opinion
13. 10
leader) training targeting socially cohesive Communities have the largest impact on
sanitation facility construction from durable materials. Natural leaders are active through
the processes of construction, innovation, monitoring, developing and implementing
community norms and rules, spreading construction and practices within the community
and spreading beyond the community. Their role is crucial at all stages. Natural leaders
also facilitate the linkages between the weaker and poorer and those who are better off
and willing to help them. Natural Leaders can be old, young, relatively poor or rich,
women or men, and variously teachers, students, farmers, laborers, people with small
businesses, religious leaders, village medical practitioners, and others. So ODF greatly
depend on active involvement of Natural leaders in CLTSH process. Natural leaders are
the backbone of communities‟ behavior change dynamics. [4, 18, 31-34]
4.7 GENDER MAINSTREAMING
Many literatures concluded that in the ODF communities of women played a lead role in
initiating and driving sanitation and hygiene behavior change in their communities during
the CLTS process resulted in better health outcomes, due not least to the benefits of
improved sanitation furthermore, other changes, which included the reduction of womens
safety risks, an increase in their social status and involvement in decision-making and
leadership processes both within the household and the community, led to the enhanced
social and psychological well being of women, contributing to their overall health.
Women‟s have active role when the health workers were women, they were able to
mobilize women more easily to create demand and follow through on becoming ODF.
One possible negative outcome of improved sanitation is an additional burden of work,
which often falls upon women. Additional activity related to sanitation should be shared
fairly between women and men. If the level of women participation in triggering
meetings is low it can impair the sustainability of CLTSH process. The participation is
low due to nobody asked them to speak and husbands expected to speak on behalf of their
ladies. Integrating Menstrual Hygiene Management component within any CLTS activity
is crucial to ensure that women and girls are facilitated to fully participate in social and
economic activities and are not limited by practical obstacles, taboos, shame or
inconvenience. A gender study component should be included to learn more on how
CLTS can be used most effectively to improve gender relations and what the impact of
14. 11
this is on ODF sustainability. Gender advisors should be involved within all projects
and work closely together with the WASH advisors to ensure that the focus on gender
isn't limited to counting the number of women active in CLTS activities. [23, 27, 35-36]
4.8 QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SANITATION
FACILITY
In the CLTS approach, households are empowered to choose and build latrine facilities.
This led the build insecure or poor facilities and materials used to construct latrines are
not durable beyond two years which sooner or later may collapse especially during the
rainy season, they may have filled up, the shelter may have fallen down, emit offensive
smell, become fertile ground for fly propagation or may not bring about improved
health impacts. The primary purpose of CLTS is eliminating open defecation interpreted
to the implementation of cheap, non-durable latrines are built and hand washing is not
fully addressed
Households may have prioritized maintenance and care for facilities over investments in
hardware, possibly due to a lack of market availability of construction materials and
latrine components. To reduce open defecation, many implementers use the intervention
strategies of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). But CLTS focuses on latrine
construction and does not include latrine maintenance and repair damage or collapse.
Some households rebuild their latrine while others return to open defecation. The reasons
why are unknown. The analysis showed that, of five psycho social factors that help to
account for latrine rebuilding; only three are changed by CLTS participation. The
addition of data-based behavior change strategies could improve effectiveness even more.
I. Risk factors: which represent a person's understanding and awareness of
health risks, person‟s positive or negative stance towards a behavior,
II. Attitude: person's positive or negative stance towards a behavior,
III. Norm factors form: the third block; they represent the perceived social
pressure towards that behavior,
15. 12
IV. The ability: factors form the fourth block. They denote a person's confidence
in her or his ability to practice the behavior,
V. Self-regulation factors form: the last block they represent a person's attempts
to plan and self-monitor their performance of the behavior and to manage
conflicting goals and distracting cues.
People should think about their responsibility when defecating in the open. If this
awareness is strong, people show higher levels of rebuilding behavior. Secondly, people
need to have strong confidence in their own ability to repair or rebuild a broken latrine;
then they are more likely to do so. CLTS still lacks effective means to support and
strengthen this belief.
The issue of poor quality latrine construction with limited technical inputs resonate
s as a major concern CLTS, There are possibilities that following a successful trig
gering, communities will naturally follow the sanitation ladder and build acceptable lev
els of facilities later in to the process. If sufficient flexibility is not permitted, institutional
settings can be barriers against new design innovations and initiatives which will help
communities to move up the sanitation ladder.
CLTS is spreading fast, it is important to ensure that CLTS is scaled-up with quality and
institutionalized appropriately within governments and bureaucracies. This means going
beyond counting ODF villages to mainstreaming CLTS across programs and districts.
This includes institutional capacity, training and facilitation, but also understanding the
dynamics of creating an enabling environment to shift from top-down sanitation
implementation to bottom-up processes that are sustainable and inclusive.
Programs including a combination of demand creation, removal of perceived constraints
through community support mechanisms, and continued encouragement to pursue higher
levels of services with post-ODF follow-up, could stabilize social norms and help to
sustain longer-term latrine usage in study communities. Further investigation and at a
larger scale, would be important to strengthen these findings. [5, 12, 23, 28, 32, 37-42]
16. 13
4.9 COONSIDERATION IN FACILITATION
Facilitators, facilitation and training are central and fundamental part of CLTSH. Other
Participatory Methodology trainers and facilitators are encouraged to facilitate in a
sensitive manner. With classical CLTS triggering there is a sort of cultural insensitivity in
broaching an unmentionable subject, and teasing, fun and laughter as well as provoking
disgust. Kamal Kar has said that “a good facilitator should be someone who can sing and
dance” in reality singing and dancing are not essential for CLTS, but they indicate a type
of person. So more time and budget is needed to make a very thorough selection for the
right CLTS facilitator. The best results have been achieved when facilitators are full-time
and strongly motivated. Other issue that must be considered is the time of facilitation;
studies depict that most convenient time for facilitating triggering activities was during
the morning hours which also coincided with the school going hours. Children who
missed participating in triggering activities were more likely to continue open defecation
practices. During the CLTS process it is important to consider existing social customs
and cultural sensitivities so that the facilitators do not offend community members during
the CLTS process. [18, 23, 27, 43]
4.10 INFRINGEMENTS TO BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS
Poorest and weakest members of society should be potential beneficiaries from CLTSH
process without any infringements to their basic human rights. There are reported cases
that can condemn the basic right of people. We think Dr. Kamal Kar will be annoyed by
this and will provide us some additional precautionary supplies after reading this article.
Personally we were participated more than 10 ODF kebeles certification process but we
didn‟t go through this undisciplined measures. We have to put some of finding from
some study to elaborate it clearly and to analyze whether this system of implementation
fit to CLTSH model.
Natural leaders started extremes coercion and punishment of those defecating in the open
if the crime and collecting money from livelihood of these individuals. So this violence is
not reported as crime or been denied by judicial bodies and forced victims to accept it.
Throw stones to the people who are openly defecating. Women were photographed and
their pictures displayed publicly while they were openly defecating. Cut off households‟
17. 14
water and electricity supplies until their owners had signed contracts promising to build
latrines. Collect a woman‟s feaces and dumped it on her kitchen table if she were
defecating openly. No arbitration would be held if the young women and adolescent girls
of the household were raped during defecating outside. Even though experts‟ arguments
consider CLTS an effective tool for improving sanitation and are satisfied with its
application. They are aware of its limitations and possibilities of human rights violations,
though some had objected these claims. It is also common to modify CLTS, as only a
minority of interviewed practitioners applied the pure form. Urge for modifications
strongly resonated in practitioner‟s calls for constant improvements of the approach in
respect to various local social and natural environments. Practitioners also endorse
modifications and improvements which go against core principles of CLTS, such as
provision of subsidies, sanitation hardware or technical assistance. Practitioners have
overall good experiences with subsidies since they carefully target the very poor or in
other ways disadvantaged people. This way sanitation can reach single mothers or people
with disabilities, whose needs are often overlooked. [49-51]
4.11 LEADERSHIP AND INVOLVEMENT IN ODF
Support for better sanitation and hygiene from political leadership was reported as
deficient or fragile in most respects. Continued engagement of leadership figures in to
CLTS illustrated here will support communities. In particular the support of political
leaders like the First ladies of Katsina and Osun States to advocate for CLTS at the
national level will enhance scaling up across the country.
• Traditional leaders enable communes to change age-old practices
and social norms to embrace sanitation.
• Religious leaders invoke Biblical and Koranic texts to further enhance
the process of change through religious teachings.
• Political leaders enhance and support the process of change through
advocacy at local government and state levels.
Big challenge that health workers and teachers face in leading the promotion of
community-wide sanitation behavior change is that they excluding leaders. For example
kebele leaders carried the most authority and influence during the ODF interventions
18. 15
more than teachers and health workers can do. It was also observed that CLTS is not only
about engaging community level health workers, but rather all segments of a society
from Kebele leaders, agricultural workers, school teachers, students, women and
children. In this way, the approach advances itself for integration and collaboration
of many stakeholders and also promoted inclusion of women, children and men. This
further lends itself to greater ownership and buy in by everyone not a few in the
community. Lack of coordination between Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
leads to slow improvement of sanitation coverage. It is recommended that there should be
coordination between partners for harmonization of messages and an integration of the
CLTS and other approaches. [11, 39, 52-54]
5 CONCLUSION
Encouraging and promoting private sector and self-help group supply of hardware
materials and encouraging assistance to the poor and weak people in CLTSH process is
Effective social mobilization strategy that combines shaming with subsidies
Strategy Such as Opportunity to monitor sustained behavior change helps to address the
challenges in CLTS monitoring as well as reversion to open defecation post-CLTS.
The community solidarity and sense of achievement from a fruitful CLTS process and
reduced open defecation can be an entry point for higher collective ambition and other
initiatives.
Many literatures concluded that in the ODF communities of women played a lead role in
initiating and driving sanitation and hygiene behavior change in their communities during
the CLTS process resulted in better health outcomes.
The issue of poor quality latrine construction with limited technical inputs resonate
s as a major concern CLTS, There are possibilities that following a fruitful triggeri
ng, communities will naturally follow the sanitation ladder and build acceptable levels
of facilities later in to the process.
19. 16
In fruitful CLTS process it is important to consider existing social customs and cultural
sensitivities so that the facilitators do not offend community members during the CLTS
process as well as Poorest and weakest members of society should be potential beneficiaries
from CLTSH process without any infringements to their basic human rights.
Dr. Kamal final confirmed that CLTSH Could be no more rigid so CLTS is a nonstop, looping
process of developing innovation and building on progress as it emerges. Unless the
government mode of operation can build in an appreciation of the nature of this continuous
learning and improving process, the gains made here may remain vulnerable.CLTS action which
is strong in nurturing principles of local knowledge and community empowerment has the
power to stop open defecation, bring health benefits and inspire social and economic
development.
Based on current trends, the goal of ending open defecation in the majority of sub-
Saharan African countries by 2015 will not be achieved. For the future it is necessary to
conduct high quality research is required to identify the root cause of ODF reversion and
specific factors to maintain open defecation free by using appropriate research design.
Investigation and research is also required on introducing improved CLTSH process and
sanitation facility options based on the sanitation ladder amongst the communities using
the social marketing approach after the demand is created by the CLTS triggering
process.
6 LIMITATION:
While the 48 studies analyzed provided concrete information to produce comments, there were
Some limitations of the evidence, including:
None include high quality evidence relating specifically to ODF reversion while they
show consistent findings.
Most are low quality cross-sectional study designs, only six randomized controlled trials
are included in the review
None of them provide ODF reversion analysis „especially qualitative‟ ways.
The potential for reporting bias, search bias, recall and courtesy bias,
The use of proxy indicators and Inconsistent outcome reporting
20. 17
7 RECOMMENDATION
1) Protocols for defining, declaring, and certifying ODF status in communities should be
globally standardized and recognized by all actors
2) A choice of alternative sanitation technology options must be developed or innovated to
integrate it with CLTSH.
3) Combined appropriate hygiene promotion must be undertaken. (RBSA will be coming
soon together with CLTSH) and
4) It should better to get concrete data on Safe pathways to ODF by conducting Rigorous
and tiresome qualitative research and Field trial experiments. This continuous field trial
should be conducted and the result should be disseminated for ODF implementing
partners.
5) To give strong justification on ODF reversion there should be necessary to conduct
qualitative research. Then it will be simple and easy to curb all of ODF deterioration
professionally.
6) There should be the exchange of experience sharing and updating any new trend around
the globe.
21. 18
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