hI what can I prefer is to share my knowledge with who are positive person of the knowledge as well in return I have learn new knowledge from them to help my poor community so please let us work together!
Ion propulsion is an efficient form of spacecraft propulsion that can enable high-speed space travel using small amounts of propellant. It works by ionizing and accelerating propellant with electricity, allowing spacecraft to attain high velocities. Recent NASA missions like Dawn have demonstrated the advantages of ion propulsion, such as reaching high speeds while consuming minimal propellant. This makes ion propulsion potentially more cost-effective than traditional chemical propulsion for deep space missions.
Discovery of Self-Sustained 235U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao E...IOSR Journals
For the first time in solar physics, this paper reports a comprehensive study how 235Uranium fission
causes Sunlight by the atomic phenomenon, Padmanabha Rao Effect against the theory of fusion. The first major
breakthrough lies in identifying as many as 153 solar lines in the Bharat Radiation range from 12.87 to 31 nm
reported by various researchers since 1960s. The Sunlight phenomenon is explained as follows. For example, the
energy equivalence 72.48 eV of the most intense 17.107 nm emission in the middle of solar spectrum is the energy
lost by β, γ, or X-ray energy of a fission product while passing through core-Coulomb space. This energy loss is the
Bharat Radiation energy that cause EUV, UV, visible, and near infrared emissions on valence excitation. From vast
data of emissions and energies of various fission products, 606.31 keV β (Eβmax) energy of 131I was chosen as the
source of 17.107 nm emission. For the first time a typical Bharat Radiation spectrum was observed when plotted
energy loss against β, γ, or X-ray energies of fission products supposedly present in solar flare and atmosphere :
113Xe, 131I, 137Cs, 95Zr, 144Cs, 134I, 140Ba, 133I, 140La, 133In etc that caused solar lines. Consistent presence of a sharp
line for four months in AIA spectral EUV band at 335A exemplifies self-sustained uranium fission from a small site
appeared in SDO/AIA image at 304A. Sun’s dark spot is explained as a large crater formed on Sun’s core surface as
a result of fission reaction that does not show any emission since fission products would be thrown away from the
site during fission. Purely the same Sun’s core material left over at the site after fission reaction devoid of fission
products and any emission seems to be the familiar dark Matter. This could be the first report on the existence of
Sun’s Dark Matter.
The document summarizes the Van Allen radiation belts, which are zones of high-energy particles trapped by Earth's magnetic field. There are two main belts - an inner belt containing high-energy protons and an outer belt containing electrons. Occasionally a third temporary belt can form. The particles can damage satellites and electronics, posing challenges for space exploration. NASA's Van Allen Probes mission studied the dynamics and variability of the belts, discovering phenomena like "whistler mode" waves that produce audible noises. Potential strategies to clear the belts are discussed, but the long-term effects are uncertain.
Light refers mainly to visible light that allows for sight. The primary natural source of light on Earth is the sun, whose sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis in plants. The key properties of light include intensity, propagation direction, frequency, and polarization. Optics is the study of light and its interactions with matter, including phenomena like refraction and the bending of light rays. The fixed speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 300,000 km/s.
The document proposes a new concept for interstellar propulsion using a spherical thin-film photovoltaic structure to harness ambient light for power generation. Integrated diode lasers powered by the photovoltaic structure would emit photons in a single direction to provide thrust without onboard propellant. The concept aims to take advantage of isotropic radiation environments like between stars or within nebulae. However, the analysis finds that extremely low available power from distant stars and long transit times exceeding component lifetimes make the concept impractical for interstellar travel.
This document summarizes the history of cosmic ray research from the early 1900s to present day. It describes key early experiments measuring ionization at different altitudes that helped establish cosmic rays originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It then discusses subsequent discoveries like pions, muons and air shower cascades. The document outlines current understanding of cosmic ray sources and composition. It also explains energy loss mechanisms and interactions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere that produce air showers of particles detected at Earth's surface.
The document discusses astronomy and the evolution of our understanding of the universe. It begins with early astronomers like Aristotle, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, and Hipparchus making observations that helped establish ideas like the Earth being round and the sun being farther than the moon. Later, astronomers discovered properties of stars, galaxies, and proposed theories like the expanding universe. Key topics covered include the formation and life cycles of stars, classification of galaxies, and the standard model of the Big Bang.
Ion propulsion is an efficient form of spacecraft propulsion that can enable high-speed space travel using small amounts of propellant. It works by ionizing and accelerating propellant with electricity, allowing spacecraft to attain high velocities. Recent NASA missions like Dawn have demonstrated the advantages of ion propulsion, such as reaching high speeds while consuming minimal propellant. This makes ion propulsion potentially more cost-effective than traditional chemical propulsion for deep space missions.
Discovery of Self-Sustained 235U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao E...IOSR Journals
For the first time in solar physics, this paper reports a comprehensive study how 235Uranium fission
causes Sunlight by the atomic phenomenon, Padmanabha Rao Effect against the theory of fusion. The first major
breakthrough lies in identifying as many as 153 solar lines in the Bharat Radiation range from 12.87 to 31 nm
reported by various researchers since 1960s. The Sunlight phenomenon is explained as follows. For example, the
energy equivalence 72.48 eV of the most intense 17.107 nm emission in the middle of solar spectrum is the energy
lost by β, γ, or X-ray energy of a fission product while passing through core-Coulomb space. This energy loss is the
Bharat Radiation energy that cause EUV, UV, visible, and near infrared emissions on valence excitation. From vast
data of emissions and energies of various fission products, 606.31 keV β (Eβmax) energy of 131I was chosen as the
source of 17.107 nm emission. For the first time a typical Bharat Radiation spectrum was observed when plotted
energy loss against β, γ, or X-ray energies of fission products supposedly present in solar flare and atmosphere :
113Xe, 131I, 137Cs, 95Zr, 144Cs, 134I, 140Ba, 133I, 140La, 133In etc that caused solar lines. Consistent presence of a sharp
line for four months in AIA spectral EUV band at 335A exemplifies self-sustained uranium fission from a small site
appeared in SDO/AIA image at 304A. Sun’s dark spot is explained as a large crater formed on Sun’s core surface as
a result of fission reaction that does not show any emission since fission products would be thrown away from the
site during fission. Purely the same Sun’s core material left over at the site after fission reaction devoid of fission
products and any emission seems to be the familiar dark Matter. This could be the first report on the existence of
Sun’s Dark Matter.
The document summarizes the Van Allen radiation belts, which are zones of high-energy particles trapped by Earth's magnetic field. There are two main belts - an inner belt containing high-energy protons and an outer belt containing electrons. Occasionally a third temporary belt can form. The particles can damage satellites and electronics, posing challenges for space exploration. NASA's Van Allen Probes mission studied the dynamics and variability of the belts, discovering phenomena like "whistler mode" waves that produce audible noises. Potential strategies to clear the belts are discussed, but the long-term effects are uncertain.
Light refers mainly to visible light that allows for sight. The primary natural source of light on Earth is the sun, whose sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis in plants. The key properties of light include intensity, propagation direction, frequency, and polarization. Optics is the study of light and its interactions with matter, including phenomena like refraction and the bending of light rays. The fixed speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 300,000 km/s.
The document proposes a new concept for interstellar propulsion using a spherical thin-film photovoltaic structure to harness ambient light for power generation. Integrated diode lasers powered by the photovoltaic structure would emit photons in a single direction to provide thrust without onboard propellant. The concept aims to take advantage of isotropic radiation environments like between stars or within nebulae. However, the analysis finds that extremely low available power from distant stars and long transit times exceeding component lifetimes make the concept impractical for interstellar travel.
This document summarizes the history of cosmic ray research from the early 1900s to present day. It describes key early experiments measuring ionization at different altitudes that helped establish cosmic rays originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It then discusses subsequent discoveries like pions, muons and air shower cascades. The document outlines current understanding of cosmic ray sources and composition. It also explains energy loss mechanisms and interactions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere that produce air showers of particles detected at Earth's surface.
The document discusses astronomy and the evolution of our understanding of the universe. It begins with early astronomers like Aristotle, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, and Hipparchus making observations that helped establish ideas like the Earth being round and the sun being farther than the moon. Later, astronomers discovered properties of stars, galaxies, and proposed theories like the expanding universe. Key topics covered include the formation and life cycles of stars, classification of galaxies, and the standard model of the Big Bang.
This document is a 33-page extended essay by Ethan Dodd evaluating the effect of automobiles and advanced high strength steel on the geomagnetic field. The essay includes two experiments conducted in Prague, Czech Republic measuring changes in the magnetic field from vehicles and a steel cube. The experiments found that larger masses of the objects weakened the magnetic field more in the surrounding area, with the largest vehicle tested able to weaken the field by approximately 2000nT.
This document discusses solar energy and solar physics. It begins by introducing solar radiation and how it powers processes on Earth and in the atmosphere. It then covers the wave and particle nature of light, as well as solar physics concepts like the source of the Sun's energy being nuclear fusion in its core. The document concludes by discussing radiation laws that govern the relationships between the Sun's surface temperature and the energy it emits.
This document analyzes chromospheric spicules using data from the Swedish Solar Telescope to help solve the coronal heating problem. It discusses analyzing type II spicules using the SSW IDL widget and CRISPEX software to establish analytical techniques that could show type II spicules cause observed coronal heating. The analysis examines spicule lifetime and Doppler shift. It aims to determine if type II spicules transport enough energy into the corona through Alfvén waves or nanoflares to explain coronal heating.
The document contains a 10 question quiz about the electromagnetic spectrum and related topics like radiation, global warming, and the greenhouse effect. The questions cover topics such as the different types of radiation, how they are used and their effects, how food is cooked in microwaves, what gases cause global warming, and what the greenhouse effect has on Earth.
The document summarizes stellar processes involved in star formation and evolution. It describes how molecular clouds collapse under gravity to form protostars, which grow in temperature and luminosity to become main sequence stars fueled by nuclear fusion. It discusses how stars of different masses evolve after exhausting their hydrogen, either expanding into giants or supergiants and fusing heavier elements. For very massive stars, the core may collapse in a supernova that ejects most of the star's mass and produces neutron stars or black holes.
This document discusses cosmic rays and methods for detecting them. It begins by explaining that cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from space that bombard Earth's atmosphere. When they interact with air molecules, they produce showers of secondary particles. Two detectors placed above one another can potentially detect these particles simultaneously, filtering out background terrestrial radiation through coincidence detection. The document then discusses various detector types like Geiger counters and scintillators, and factors to consider in the detector design like shielding against penetrating radiation and accounting for detector pulse widths.
The document discusses the Solar Wind Electrons, Alphas, and Protons (SWEAP) instrument suite aboard the Solar Probe Plus mission. SWEAP will make detailed measurements of solar wind particles to help solve mysteries like why the solar corona is so much hotter than the surface and how the solar wind is accelerated. Key measurements include particle velocities, densities, temperatures, and anisotropies to better understand kinetic physics processes and trace the flow of energy in the solar atmosphere.
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...Lewis Larsen
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of cosmology and the universe. It discusses how early thinkers like Newton and Einstein contributed to models of the universe. Key developments include Alexander Friedmann showing the universe is dynamic and expanding or contracting, Edwin Hubble discovering galaxies are moving away, and Georges Lemaître proposing the Big Bang model. Later evidence supporting the Big Bang includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and supernovae observations. Dark matter and dark energy are now understood to make up most of the universe, but their nature remains mysterious. Ongoing questions concern the composition and ultimate fate of the expanding universe.
Exploding stars 2011 Nobel Prize in PhysicsThomas Madigan
views
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
This public event was hosted at the Ross School (East Hampton, NY) by the Montauk Observatory on July 9th, 2014.
This document discusses electrodynamic tethers (EDTs), which are long conducting wires that can be deployed from satellites to provide propulsion through interaction with Earth's magnetic field. EDTs work by passing a current through the tether, which generates a Lorentz force perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. This force can be used to accelerate a satellite or lower its orbit. EDTs offer advantages over traditional rocket thrusters as they require no propellant. The document outlines the principle, working, applications such as deorbiting space junk, and future prospects of EDTs, concluding that they can provide a cost-effective means of propulsion and power in space.
The document discusses nuclear models and nuclear forces. It describes three nuclear models: the liquid drop model, shell model, and collective model. The liquid drop model treats the nucleus as a liquid drop and examines its global properties. The shell model arranges nucleons into energy shells like electrons in an atom and explains magic numbers. The collective model incorporates aspects of the liquid drop and shell models. Nuclear forces operate very strongly within the nucleus, are attractive between protons and neutrons, and are responsible for nuclear stability.
1. Electrodynamic tethers use the interaction between electric current in a conducting tether and Earth's magnetic field to propel spacecraft. As the tether moves through the magnetic field, a voltage is induced along its length.
2. When current is run through the tether, the Lorentz force from the magnetic field can be used for propulsion. Current can be collected from ionospheric plasma to de-orbit a satellite or an external power source can overcome the induced voltage to boost an orbit.
3. Tethers provide propellantless propulsion and can lower the cost of in-space transportation by reducing the need to launch propellant from Earth. Potential applications include de-orbiting satellites
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding and cooling. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The Doppler effect and redshift help astronomers measure the speeds at which distant galaxies are receding from Earth, leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized to explain discrepancies in measurements of the density and expansion rate of the universe.
The Sun shines through nuclear fusion in its core. The core is hot and dense enough for hydrogen to fuse into helium via the proton-proton chain reaction. This nuclear fusion releases energy that gradually makes its way to the surface and radiates into space, powering the Sun for billions of years. We know about the Sun's interior structure from mathematical models, observations of solar vibrations, and detections of solar neutrinos. Solar activity like sunspots and solar flares are caused by magnetic fields in the Sun. Bursts of particles from solar activity can disrupt power grids and satellites orbiting Earth. The 11-year solar cycle is due to changes in the Sun's magnetic field over time.
Olber's paradox states that if the universe is infinite and contains an infinite number of stars, each emitting the same amount of light, then the night sky should be uniformly bright, which it is not. Considering an expanding, finite universe explains why the night sky is dark - there is a finite number of stars with finite lifetimes, and the light from distant stars has not had time to reach us due to the universe's finite age. Distant stars are also redshifted into obscurity due to the universe's expansion.
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same electromagnetic force. Changing electric fields create magnetic fields and vice versa. Maxwell's equations showed that electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. These waves can transfer energy and information over long distances through empty space in the form of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their frequencies.
Assignment about electromagnetism.pptx..ammarelazazi
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same electromagnetic force. Changing electric fields create magnetic fields and vice versa. Maxwell's equations showed that electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. These waves can transfer energy and information over long distances through empty space in the form of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their frequencies.
This document presents an overview of space plasma physics, specifically magnetic storms and substorms. It provides basic definitions and examples to educate those unfamiliar or rusty with the science. The outline includes sections on storm and substorm basics, examples with analysis, and data collected from satellites. Magnetic storms occur over weeks/months when particles enhance the ring current. Substorms happen over hours in growth, onset/expansion, and recovery phases, seen through auroral observations and particle densities. Examples of data include images, magnetic and electric fields, and particle fluxes.
This document is a 33-page extended essay by Ethan Dodd evaluating the effect of automobiles and advanced high strength steel on the geomagnetic field. The essay includes two experiments conducted in Prague, Czech Republic measuring changes in the magnetic field from vehicles and a steel cube. The experiments found that larger masses of the objects weakened the magnetic field more in the surrounding area, with the largest vehicle tested able to weaken the field by approximately 2000nT.
This document discusses solar energy and solar physics. It begins by introducing solar radiation and how it powers processes on Earth and in the atmosphere. It then covers the wave and particle nature of light, as well as solar physics concepts like the source of the Sun's energy being nuclear fusion in its core. The document concludes by discussing radiation laws that govern the relationships between the Sun's surface temperature and the energy it emits.
This document analyzes chromospheric spicules using data from the Swedish Solar Telescope to help solve the coronal heating problem. It discusses analyzing type II spicules using the SSW IDL widget and CRISPEX software to establish analytical techniques that could show type II spicules cause observed coronal heating. The analysis examines spicule lifetime and Doppler shift. It aims to determine if type II spicules transport enough energy into the corona through Alfvén waves or nanoflares to explain coronal heating.
The document contains a 10 question quiz about the electromagnetic spectrum and related topics like radiation, global warming, and the greenhouse effect. The questions cover topics such as the different types of radiation, how they are used and their effects, how food is cooked in microwaves, what gases cause global warming, and what the greenhouse effect has on Earth.
The document summarizes stellar processes involved in star formation and evolution. It describes how molecular clouds collapse under gravity to form protostars, which grow in temperature and luminosity to become main sequence stars fueled by nuclear fusion. It discusses how stars of different masses evolve after exhausting their hydrogen, either expanding into giants or supergiants and fusing heavier elements. For very massive stars, the core may collapse in a supernova that ejects most of the star's mass and produces neutron stars or black holes.
This document discusses cosmic rays and methods for detecting them. It begins by explaining that cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from space that bombard Earth's atmosphere. When they interact with air molecules, they produce showers of secondary particles. Two detectors placed above one another can potentially detect these particles simultaneously, filtering out background terrestrial radiation through coincidence detection. The document then discusses various detector types like Geiger counters and scintillators, and factors to consider in the detector design like shielding against penetrating radiation and accounting for detector pulse widths.
The document discusses the Solar Wind Electrons, Alphas, and Protons (SWEAP) instrument suite aboard the Solar Probe Plus mission. SWEAP will make detailed measurements of solar wind particles to help solve mysteries like why the solar corona is so much hotter than the surface and how the solar wind is accelerated. Key measurements include particle velocities, densities, temperatures, and anisotropies to better understand kinetic physics processes and trace the flow of energy in the solar atmosphere.
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...Lewis Larsen
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of cosmology and the universe. It discusses how early thinkers like Newton and Einstein contributed to models of the universe. Key developments include Alexander Friedmann showing the universe is dynamic and expanding or contracting, Edwin Hubble discovering galaxies are moving away, and Georges Lemaître proposing the Big Bang model. Later evidence supporting the Big Bang includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and supernovae observations. Dark matter and dark energy are now understood to make up most of the universe, but their nature remains mysterious. Ongoing questions concern the composition and ultimate fate of the expanding universe.
Exploding stars 2011 Nobel Prize in PhysicsThomas Madigan
views
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
This public event was hosted at the Ross School (East Hampton, NY) by the Montauk Observatory on July 9th, 2014.
This document discusses electrodynamic tethers (EDTs), which are long conducting wires that can be deployed from satellites to provide propulsion through interaction with Earth's magnetic field. EDTs work by passing a current through the tether, which generates a Lorentz force perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. This force can be used to accelerate a satellite or lower its orbit. EDTs offer advantages over traditional rocket thrusters as they require no propellant. The document outlines the principle, working, applications such as deorbiting space junk, and future prospects of EDTs, concluding that they can provide a cost-effective means of propulsion and power in space.
The document discusses nuclear models and nuclear forces. It describes three nuclear models: the liquid drop model, shell model, and collective model. The liquid drop model treats the nucleus as a liquid drop and examines its global properties. The shell model arranges nucleons into energy shells like electrons in an atom and explains magic numbers. The collective model incorporates aspects of the liquid drop and shell models. Nuclear forces operate very strongly within the nucleus, are attractive between protons and neutrons, and are responsible for nuclear stability.
1. Electrodynamic tethers use the interaction between electric current in a conducting tether and Earth's magnetic field to propel spacecraft. As the tether moves through the magnetic field, a voltage is induced along its length.
2. When current is run through the tether, the Lorentz force from the magnetic field can be used for propulsion. Current can be collected from ionospheric plasma to de-orbit a satellite or an external power source can overcome the induced voltage to boost an orbit.
3. Tethers provide propellantless propulsion and can lower the cost of in-space transportation by reducing the need to launch propellant from Earth. Potential applications include de-orbiting satellites
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding and cooling. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The Doppler effect and redshift help astronomers measure the speeds at which distant galaxies are receding from Earth, leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized to explain discrepancies in measurements of the density and expansion rate of the universe.
The Sun shines through nuclear fusion in its core. The core is hot and dense enough for hydrogen to fuse into helium via the proton-proton chain reaction. This nuclear fusion releases energy that gradually makes its way to the surface and radiates into space, powering the Sun for billions of years. We know about the Sun's interior structure from mathematical models, observations of solar vibrations, and detections of solar neutrinos. Solar activity like sunspots and solar flares are caused by magnetic fields in the Sun. Bursts of particles from solar activity can disrupt power grids and satellites orbiting Earth. The 11-year solar cycle is due to changes in the Sun's magnetic field over time.
Olber's paradox states that if the universe is infinite and contains an infinite number of stars, each emitting the same amount of light, then the night sky should be uniformly bright, which it is not. Considering an expanding, finite universe explains why the night sky is dark - there is a finite number of stars with finite lifetimes, and the light from distant stars has not had time to reach us due to the universe's finite age. Distant stars are also redshifted into obscurity due to the universe's expansion.
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same electromagnetic force. Changing electric fields create magnetic fields and vice versa. Maxwell's equations showed that electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. These waves can transfer energy and information over long distances through empty space in the form of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their frequencies.
Assignment about electromagnetism.pptx..ammarelazazi
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same electromagnetic force. Changing electric fields create magnetic fields and vice versa. Maxwell's equations showed that electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. These waves can transfer energy and information over long distances through empty space in the form of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their frequencies.
This document presents an overview of space plasma physics, specifically magnetic storms and substorms. It provides basic definitions and examples to educate those unfamiliar or rusty with the science. The outline includes sections on storm and substorm basics, examples with analysis, and data collected from satellites. Magnetic storms occur over weeks/months when particles enhance the ring current. Substorms happen over hours in growth, onset/expansion, and recovery phases, seen through auroral observations and particle densities. Examples of data include images, magnetic and electric fields, and particle fluxes.
1) James Clerk Maxwell formulated a theory unifying electricity and magnetism known as Maxwell's equations.
2) Maxwell's equations predicted that changing electric and magnetic fields would propagate as electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light.
3) This theoretical prediction was later confirmed with the realization that visible light is a type of electromagnetic wave, providing strong evidence for the power and validity of Maxwell's theory.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic theory taught by Dr. Omed Ghareb Abdullah at the University of Sulaimani in Iraq. It includes the main references and textbooks used, the syllabus covering topics like electrostatic fields and electromagnetic waves, charts on the electromagnetic spectrum, and a history of important discoveries in electricity and magnetism from ancient times to the 20th century pioneers like Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, and Einstein.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic theory including:
1. A syllabus covering topics such as vector analysis, electrostatic fields, magnetostatics fields, and electromagnetic waves propagation.
2. A history of important discoveries in electricity and magnetism from 900 AD to 1905 AD made by scientists such as Thales, Gilbert, Franklin, Coulomb, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, Roentgen, and Thomson.
3. References for further reading on electromagnetic theory including textbooks by Griffiths, Sadiku, Neff, and Edminister as well as online resources.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. It involves scanning different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and recording the response of the material. Historically, theories of light have progressed from seeing it as particles to waves and back to particles. Key figures included Newton, Huygens, Young, Maxwell, and Einstein. Spectroscopy techniques include absorption, emission, scattering, and are used across different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum like ultraviolet-visible, infrared, Raman, NMR, and mass spectrometry.
Electricity and magnetism are different facets of electromagnetism
a moving electric charge produces magnetic fields
changing magnetic fields move electric charges
This connection first elucidated by Faraday, Maxwell
Einstein saw electricity and magnetism as frame-dependent facets of unified electromagnetic force
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same electromagnetic force. Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell first established the connection between changing magnetic fields producing electric currents and changing electric fields producing magnetic fields. The document provides examples of how electric currents produce magnetic fields and how electromagnets work. It also discusses electromagnetic induction discovered by Faraday and how changing magnetic fields induce electric currents. The document concludes by discussing electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of electromagnetism, with changing electric fields producing magnetic fields and vice versa. This connection was first established by Faraday and Maxwell. Various applications of electromagnetic waves are covered, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The document also discusses how changing magnetic fields can induce electric currents and the generation and reception of radio waves through oscillating electric charges and antennas.
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of electromagnetism, with changing electric fields producing magnetic fields and vice versa. This connection was first established by Faraday and Maxwell. Various applications of electromagnetic waves are covered, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The document also discusses how changing magnetic fields can induce electric currents and the generation and reception of radio waves through oscillating electric charges and antennas.
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of electromagnetism, with changing magnetic fields producing electric currents and vice versa. This connection was first established by Faraday and Maxwell. Various applications of electromagnetic waves are covered, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The document also discusses how changing electric and magnetic fields propagate through space as electromagnetic radiation traveling at the speed of light.
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of electromagnetism, with changing magnetic fields producing electric currents and vice versa. This connection was first established by Faraday and Maxwell. Various applications of electromagnetic waves are covered, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The document also discusses how changing electric and magnetic fields propagate through space as electromagnetic radiation traveling at the speed of light.
This document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. It explains that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of electromagnetism, with changing electric fields producing magnetic fields and vice versa. This connection was first established by Faraday and Maxwell. Various applications of electromagnetic waves are covered, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The document also discusses how changing magnetic fields can induce electric currents and the generation and reception of radio waves through oscillating electric charges and antennas.
Electromagnetic spectrum in Astronomy.pptxmaryammaher2
This is a presentation about a graduation project. It's includes a short intro about electromagnetic spectrum and what is it in Astronomy, the Telescopes used to measure the Radiations coming from outer Space in every region of the EM spectrum.
1) Maxwell showed that a changing electric field generates a magnetic field, not just electric currents. This led to the concept of displacement current.
2) Maxwell formulated his equations which showed that changing electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves.
3) The speed of electromagnetic waves predicted by Maxwell's equations matched the measured speed of light, showing that light is an electromagnetic wave. This unified electricity, magnetism, and light.
Electro magnetic radiation principles.pdfSrimathideviJ
The document discusses principles of electromagnetic radiation relevant to remote sensing. It describes how energy from the sun interacts with the atmosphere and earth's surface before being detected by sensors. The energy can be described using wave or particle models. As a wave, it has properties like wavelength and frequency. As particles called photons, it has energy levels defined by Planck's constant. The sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion and is emitted as blackbody radiation. Its spectrum and intensity are influenced by absorption, scattering, and transmission processes in the atmosphere.
The document discusses the history and development of electromagnetic wave theory. It begins with early experiments measuring atmospheric electricity and lightning. Key figures who contributed to EM wave theory include Michael Faraday who discovered electromagnetic induction, James Clerk Maxwell who developed equations linking electricity and magnetism, Heinrich Hertz who generated and detected radio waves experimentally, and Hans Christian Oersted who discovered the effect of electric currents on magnetic fields. The document then explains the basic principles of EM waves as transverse waves that propagate through space as oscillating electric and magnetic fields without requiring a medium. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength and frequency.
This document summarizes key concepts about magnetism and magnetic fields from a university physics textbook:
1) It describes how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses magnetic fields to visualize soft tissues, and discusses the earth's magnetic field and how compasses work based on it.
2) It explains how magnetic fields are created by moving charges and currents, and exert forces on other moving charges. Magnetic poles always come in pairs, unlike electric charges which can be isolated.
3) It discusses applications of magnetic fields like particle accelerators, magnetic bottles for plasma containment, and the Van Allen radiation belts around Earth.
Electromagnetism describes the interactions between electric and magnetic fields. Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell first established that changing magnetic fields produce electric currents and changing electric fields produce magnetic fields. Maxwell showed that oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, visible light, and others. All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light and have characteristics determined by their frequency or wavelength.
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GIS,Electron,Electromagnetic energy,radiation,Orbit,Types of Orbit
1. GIS and Remote Sensing Course
EME theory and Orbit
Term Paper
Prepared by: Thomas Ayalew
Submitted to: Dr. Ajay Babu
June 2019
INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCINCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2. Topics
Electromagnetic Energy (EME)
Historical development of Electromagnetic Energy (EME)
Electromagnetic Energy (EME) Theory
What is orbit?
Satellite Orbits
Geosynchronous Orbits
Polar Orbits 2
3. Electromagnetic Energy(EME)
The definition which all scholar agreed on is:
Electromagnetic Energy (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or
their quanta,photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating
(radiating) through space, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.
(Morin, 2013) It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible)
light,ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. (Browne, 2013)
3
4. Historical development of Electromagnetic
Energy (EME)
• To successfully navigate the future one must understand the past.
• Latest discoveries trace back on the foundation of quantum
mechanics and physics of electromagnetic waves.
• Scientific revolution that was took place for the birth of EME
categorized under four eras or period.
4
5. History…
• Four (4) Scientific revolution for the birth of Electromagnetic
Energy (EME) or Radiation.
I. Ages of reason and enlightenment
II.Nineteenth century physics
III.The quantum revolution
IV.The quantum paradox
5
6. History…
I. Ages of reason and enlightenment:-Natural resonant frequencies discovery,
proof and get equations.
II.The 19th century physics:-Organization of scientists works, Mathematical
functn resonance dynamics, Introductn of kinetic energy and EM waves
development.
III.The quantum revolution:-Modeling of the EM waves, explanations of
unexplained phenomena and the development of energy quanta theories.
IV.The quantum paradox:-beautifully symmetric quantum principles grounded
in reality and certainty, the completed quantum formula and a more inclusive or
complete. Eℎ t v
6
7. Electromagnetic Energy(EME) Theory
Wave theory date back to the 17th
century.
light travels in a straight line (if no
influences) with energy levels changing
in a wave fashion.
• Light has two oscillating components;
the energy constantly changes
between electrical energy and
magnetic energy. We call it,
therefore, Electro- Magnetic energy. 7
8. EME Theory
8
• Electricity and Magnetism were thought to be separate
forces. However, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell
developed a unified theory of electromagnetism.
• The study of electromagnetism deals with how electrically
charged particles interact with each other and with magnetic
fields.
9. EME Theory
There are four main electromagnetic interactions:
1. The force of attraction or repulsion between electric charges is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them. F~S2
2. Magnetic poles come in pairs that attract and repel each other, much as
electric charges do.
3. An electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field whose direction
depends on the direction of the current.
4. A moving electric field produces a magnetic field, and vice versa.
• Maxwell also developed a set of formulas, called Maxwell's
equations, to describe these phenomena. 9
10. EME Theory
Maxwell combined all the known laws of
electricity and magnetism to develop his
formula:
Gauss’ law gives the electric field (EF)
produced by electric charges ∇∙D = ρ
Faraday’s law gives the EF produced
by a changing MF ∇×E = −∂B/∂t
Ampère’s law gave the magnetic field
produced by an electric current ∇×H = J
A fourth law states that individual
magnetic charges cannot exist ∇∙B = 0
10
11. EME Theory
∇2B =µ0ε0∂2B/∂t2 (b)
∇2E =µ0ε0 ∂2E/∂t2 (a)
• Equations (a) and (b) establish the possibility of electro-
magnetic waves in free space. The speed of these waves is
given by v=1/µ0ε0 =3×108 m/s = speed of light, suggestive of
the electromagnetic nature of light.
• Maxwell said “We have now strong reason to believe,
whether my theory is a fact or not, that the luminiferous
and electromagnetic medium are one”.
Maxwell's equations
11
12. Einstein’s theory of relativity owes its origin from Maxwell’s Equation.
12
• James Clerk Maxwell is the first man to
predict other frequencies radiation.
• This what we called Electromagnetic
spectrum. (it’s his Discovery)
• In 1861 he invented color photography.
• He described a existence of a vast
Electromagnetic spectrum years before
it could be detected.
• He died in 1879 at age 48 yrs. Old.
EME Theory
13. EME Theory
Key Applications that Depend on Maxwell’s Equations and
Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell’s equations
NMR
Radar
Wi-Fi
Radio
Astronomy
Lasers
Mobile
Phone
Radio &
TV
GPS
13
14. What is orbit?
• An orbit is the path that an
object takes in space when it
goes around a star, a planet, or a
moon.
• Many years ago, people thought
the sun orbits around it earth.
• Thanks to people like Copernicus
and Galileo Galilei, we knew it!
14
• Orbit is also a word for an eye socket.
15. Orbit
The earth orbits around it Sun, but
they thought that all orbits had to be
perfect circles.
• Thanks to Johannes Kepler he
found that the orbits are really
ellipses.
• Joseph Louis Lagrange advanced
ellipse shapes of orbits. 15
16. Satellite Orbits
• It a well-defined path of
satellites around the Earth.
• The 2 factors that keep the
satellites in any particular
orbit.
Gravitational pull of the Earth
velocity 16
17. Satellite Orbits
There are 3 basic types of Satellite orbits in use:-
1) Geo-synchronous orbits √
2) Polar or near polar orbits √
3) Sun-synchronous orbits
Satellite orbits are matched to the capability and objective of the
sensor(s) they carry.
17
18. Geosynchronous Orbits
• Also known as Geostationary
orbits
• This orbits circle the Earth
every 23 hrs., 56 min, and
4.09 s ≈ 24 hrs.
• It is 35,790 km above the
Earth ≈ 36,000km
• Located in the equatorial
plane, with an inclination of
1800.
18
19. Geosynchronous Orbits
• Used to study large scale
phenomenon such as
hurricanes, or cyclones.
• Also used for communication
satellites.
• They have poor resolution
because of distance.
• It is trouble to monitoring
activities near the poles. 19
20. Polar Orbit
• Its real name is near polar
orbits.
• This orbits circle the Earth ≈
90-103 minutes.
• It is ≈ 700-800km km above
the Earth.
• These orbits have near 90
degree inclination
20
21. Polar Orbit
• Make >1 revolution around
the earth in a 1 day.
• Have many uses in climatic
studies. e.g. measuring:-
O3 conc. in the stratosphere
To in the atmosphere
21
22. References
1. Bakker et al., W. H. (2009). Principles of Remote Sensing. (N. K. Klaus Tempfli, Ed.) The International Institute for Geo-
Information Science and Earth Observation.
2. Brooks, J. (2009,a). Hidden Variables: The Resonance Factor. Proc.of SPIE, 7421, 12.
3. Brooks, J. (2009,b). Hidden Variables The Elementary Quantum of Light. Proc. of SPIE, 7421, 13.
4. Browne, M. (2013). Physics for Engineering and Science (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill/Schaum.
5. Dwivedi, B. (2003). James Clerk Maxwell and his Equations. Resonance (Reson J Sci Educ), 14. doi:DOI:
10.1007/BF02867125
6. Elert, G. (2018). Electromagnetic Waves. In G. Elert, The Physics Hypertextbook.
7. Kumar, P. D. (2014). Remote Sensing lecture Notes. Bangalore: IISc,.
8. Lucas, J. (2015, March 12). Live Science. (Live Science Contributor) Retrieved March 12, 2015, from
https://www.livescience.com/38169-electromagnetism.html
9. Maxwell, J. C. (2017, september 17). The Impact of James Clerk Maxwell's Work. Retrieved from
www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org.: http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/maxwell-s_impact_.html
10. Rutgers University. (2001, April 9). marine.rutgers.edu. Retrieved from Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences Rutgers
University Web site: https://marine.rutgers.edu/cool/education/class/paul/orbits2.html
11. Wikipedia. (2018, July 4). Wikipedia.org. Retrieved from Wikipedia Foundation Web site:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbit&oldid=6183438
12. Zhurbenko, V. (2011). ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. 22