This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ODDS, ideal characteristics, formulations, classifications like Ocuserts, barriers to ocular absorption, evaluation methods, and reasons for poor bioavailability. Ocuserts are described as elliptical drug delivery devices that continuously release drugs like pilocarpine for 7 days when placed in the eye. Barriers to absorption include the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, aqueous humor, and retinal barriers. Evaluation methods covered include thickness, drug content, weight variation tests, moisture absorption tests, in vitro diffusion tests, in vivo studies in animals, and accelerated stability studies.
Barrier of drugs permeation through ocular route by Sushil Kumar SinghSushil Singh
Barriers of Drugs Permeation Through Ocular Route. this topic explain about ocular route and barriers system. and classification of different injection routes takes the ocular drugs.
Barrier of drugs permeation through ocular route by Sushil Kumar SinghSushil Singh
Barriers of Drugs Permeation Through Ocular Route. this topic explain about ocular route and barriers system. and classification of different injection routes takes the ocular drugs.
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
Contents
Introduction
Objective
Anatomy of the Eye
Routes of drug delivery of the eye
Mechanism of ocular absorption
Factors affecting intra-ocular bioavailability
Barriers of ocular drug absorption
Methods to overcome drug barriers
Evaluation
Conclusion
Reference
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Applied topically to the cornea, or instilled in the space between the eyeball and lower eyelid
Definition: Ocular DDS are designed to instilled on to topical or intra-ocular or peri-ocular to eye.
Most commonly used ocular dosage forms-
- Solutions
- Suspensions
- ointments
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
Contents
Introduction
Objective
Anatomy of the Eye
Routes of drug delivery of the eye
Mechanism of ocular absorption
Factors affecting intra-ocular bioavailability
Barriers of ocular drug absorption
Methods to overcome drug barriers
Evaluation
Conclusion
Reference
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Applied topically to the cornea, or instilled in the space between the eyeball and lower eyelid
Definition: Ocular DDS are designed to instilled on to topical or intra-ocular or peri-ocular to eye.
Most commonly used ocular dosage forms-
- Solutions
- Suspensions
- ointments
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
ocular drug delivery systems in drug delivery systemsArun Pandiyan
DEFENITION:
Drug delivery systems are designed to enhance the targeted delivery of medications, improving their effectiveness while minimizing side effects. Various approaches include nanoparticles, liposomes, and implantable devices, offering controlled release or targeted delivery to specific tissues. These systems aim to optimize therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Oral Drug Delivery:- Tablets, capsules, and liquids are commonly used for systemic drug delivery. Controlled-release formulations provide sustained drug release over time
Injectable Drug Delivery:- Intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections allow rapid drug delivery into the bloodstream. Depo injections provide sustained release over weeks or months.
Transdermal Drug Delivery:- Patches and topical formulations deliver drugs through the skin. Ensures a controlled and prolonged release of medication.
Inhalation Drug Delivery:- Aerosolized medications for respiratory conditions. Rapid absorption through the lung's extensive surface area.
Implantable Drug Delivery:- Devices like pumps or reservoirs placed under the skin for continuous drug release. Common for long-term conditions requiring a steady dosage.
Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery:- Nanocarriers (liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles) enhance drug solubility and improve targeted delivery. Effective for delivering drugs to specific cells or tissues.
Targeted Drug Delivery:- Ligand-based systems use specific molecules to target drugs to particular cells or tissues. Minimizes side effects by focusing on diseased areas.
Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery:- Drug formulations designed for specific release in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include enteric-coated capsules.
Intrathecal Drug Delivery:- Direct delivery of drugs into the spinal canal. Often used for pain management or neurological conditions.
Ocular Drug Delivery:- Eye drops, ointments, or implants for treating ocular conditions. Ensures targeted drug delivery to the eyes.
These systems cater to diverse medical needs, offering tailored solutions for optimal therapeutic outcomes.
They are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye(topical), administered inside(intraocular) or adjacent(periocular) to the eye, or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device.
The novel approach of drug delivery system in which drug can instill on the cull de sac cavity of the eye is known as ocular drug delivery system.
APPROACHES TO IMPROVE OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY:
Viscosity enhancer
Eye ointments
Prodrugs
Penetration enhancer
Mucoadhesives
In-situ gel
Nanoemulsion
Implants
Microemulsion
Liposomes
Niosomes
Nanoparticles
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. CONTENTS
2
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ODDS
FORMULATION
CLASSIFICATION
OCUSERTS
GENERAL PATHWAY OF OCULAR DRUGS
BARRIERS IN OCULAR ABSORBANCE
EVALUATION OF OCULAR POLYMERIC FILMS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
3. 3
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the
need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
DEFINATION:- They are specialized dosage forms designed
to be instilled into the external surface of the eye(topical),
administered inside (intraocular) or adjacent (periocular) to the
eye or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration
of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug
release and to remain in the contact of the eye for prolong
period of time.
INTRODUCTION
4. 4
Administration is easy.
Provide quick absorption and
effect.
Increased shelf life due to
absence of water.
Better Patient compliance.
There is very short time the
soln. stays at the eye surface.
It’s poor bioavailability.
The stability of the dissolved
drug.
The necessity of using
preservative.
Interference with vision.
Loss of drug during sleep or
while rubbing eyes.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
5. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DOSAGES
FORM:
Sterility
Isotonicity- (0.5 – 2 % Nacl)
Surface activity- must have good wetting ability so it can penetrate the
cornea.
Buffer/pH adjustment- 7.4 pH
Less drainage tendency
Stabilized
5
8. Ocuserts
8
The Ocusert therapeutic system is a flat, flexible , elliptical device designed to
be placed in the inferior cul-de-sac between the sclera and the eyelid and to
release Pilocarpine continuously at a steady rate for 7 days.
They act by imbibing water from the cornea and conjunctiva and form a
hydrophilic film which lubricates the cornea.
9. The device consists of 3 layers-
i. Outer layer- ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer layer.
ii. Inner Core – Pilocarpine gelled with alginate main polymer.
iii. A retaining ring- of EVA impregnated with titanium di oxide . A
annular ring that make it visible.
The ocuserts availabe in 2 forms:
Pilo-20 : - 20 mg/hr.
Pilo-40 :- 40 mg/hr.
9
10. 10
Reduced local side
effects and toxicity.
Around the clock
control of IOP.
Improved
compliance.
Increased in shelf
life due to absence
of water.
Retention in the eye
for the full 7 days.
Periodical check of
unit.
Replacement of
contaminated unit
Expensive.
Movement around
the eye.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
12. BARRIERS IN OCULAR ABSORBANCE
1. Anatomical barriers
When a dosage form is topically administered there are 2 routes of
entry :-
a. The cornea is a very tight multilayered tissue that is mainly composed
of five sections: epithelium, bowman’s membrane, stroma, descemet’s
membrane and endothelium.
b. Non-corneal route bypasses the cornea and involves movement
across conjunctiva and sclera. This route is important especially for
large and hydrophilic molecules such as peptides, proteins and siRNA.
2. Physiological barriers
The eye’s primary line of defense is its tear film. Bioavailability of
topically administered drugs is further reduced by precorneal factors
such as solution drainage, tear dilution, tear turnover, and increased
lacrimation.
12
13. Anatomical barrier:-
13
a) Corneal barrier
Anatomy of Cornea
Outer-Epithelium(lipophilic)
Middle-Stroma(hydrophilic)
Inner-Endothelium(lipophilic)
14. Moderately charged molecules pass through cornea.
Tight junctions of 5-6 layers of columnar epithelial cells limits hydrophilic molecules.
Charged stromal layer allow hydrophilic drugs to easily pass through but limits the
passage of lipophilic molecules (it act as sieve for molecules).
The remaining layers are leaky and do not act as significant barriers.
Constant flow of a tear film across the outer surface of the cornea limits diffusion and
limited capacity of the lacrimal lake result in a low bioavailability.
14
15. b) Non-corneal route
i) Scleral barrier
Barrier to diffusion of macromolecules.
Permeability decreases at high molecular weight.
This is region from where variety of molecules are able to penetrate.
15
16. Poses tight junctions that prevent easy penetration of the molecules.
Intercellular spaces wider than the cornea and therefore more permeable to
larger molecules.
Presence of blood and lymphatic vessels thus drug molecules absorbed across the
conjunctiva taken up by into the systemic circulation. Only a small fraction of the dose
reaches the vitreous.
16
ii) Conjunctival barrier
17. Aqueous humor-
Aqueous humor protected by blood-aqueous barrier. Made up of non pigmented
epithelium layer of cilliary bodies.
This barrier allows active and paracellular transport controlled by tight junctions.
Fluorescently labeled dextrans as large as 150 kDa are able to cross the
barrier.
17
18. Retinal barrier
Diffusion barrier to macromolecular
Diffusion of drugs with molecular weight more than 76kDa is
limited.
The inner and outer plexform layers provides highest
resistance to the diffusion of macromolecules.
Macromolecules larger than 150 kDa were arrested at inner
limiting membrane of the retina.
The blood retinal barrier separates the neurosensoryretina
from the systemic circulation.
Inner retinal barrier composed of the tight junctions b/w the
endothelium of the retinal vasculature.
The outer bleed retinal comprises of the retinal pigment
epithelium with tight junctions posing significant barriers to
macromolecules.
18
19. EVALUATION OF OCULAR POLYMERIC
FILMS
THICKNESS OF THE FILM
Measured by dial caliper at different points and the mean value is
calculated.
DRUG CONTENT UNIFORMITY
The cast film cut at different places and tested for drug as per
monograph.
UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHT
The weight variation test is done by weighing three patches cut
from different places of the same formulation and their individual
weights are determined by using the digital balance. Next, their mean
value is calculated. The standard deviation of weight variation is
computed from the mean value.
19
20. PERCENTAGE MOISTURE ABSORPTION
Here ocular films are weighed and placed in a dessicator containing 100 ml
of saturated soln. of aluminium chloride and 79.5% humidity was maintained.
After three days the ocular films are reweighed and the % moisture
absorbed by :-
% moisture absorbed=(Final weight- intial weight) × 100
Initial weight
20
21. IN- VITRO EVALUATION METHODS
BOTTLE METHOD
In this, dosage forms are placed in the bottle containing dissolution medium
maintained at specified temp. and pH.
Then bottle is shaken.
A sample of medium is taken out at appropriate intervals and analyzed for
the drug content.
21
• DIFFUSION METHOD
– Drug solution is placed in the donor compartment and
buffer medium is placed in between donor and receptor
compartment.
– Drug diffused in receptor compartment is measured at
various time intervals.
22. IN-VIVO STUDY
Here, the dosage form is applied to one eye of animals and the other
eye serves as control.
Then the dosage form is removed carefully at regular time interval
and are analyzed for drug content.
The drug remaining is subtracted from the initial drug content, which
will give the amount of the drug absorbed in the eye of animal at
particular time.
After one week of washed period, the experiment was repeated for
two time as before.
22
23. ACCELERATED STABILITY STUDIES
These are carried out to predict the breakdown that may occur over
prolonged periods of storage at normal shelf condition.
Here, the dosage form is kept at elevated temp. or humidity or
intensity of light, or oxygen.
Then after regular intervals of time sample is taken and analyzed for
drug content.
From these results, graphical data treatment is plotted and shelf life
and expiry are determined.
23
24. Reason to have poor bioavailability
of ODDS due to :-
Conjunctival absorption.
Rapid solution drainage by gravity.
Induced lachrymation and Naso lacrimal drainage.
Blinking reflex.
Low corneal permeability.
Normal tear turn over as tear dilute it.
Interaction of drug with lacrimal fluid.
24
25. CONCLUSION
All approaches improve ocular drug bioavailability by increasing
ocular drug residence time, diminish side effects due to systemic
absorption and diminishing the necessary therapeutic amount of drug
for therapeutic response in anterior chamber.
They improve patient compliance by reducing the frequency of
dosing.
They reduce the dose and other by reduce the adverse effects of the
drug.
25
26. REFERENCES
N.K. Jain, Advances in Controlled & Novel Drug
Delivery, CBS Publication, & distributor, New Delhi,
Remington & Gennaro; The Science & Practice Of
Pharmacy. Mack Publication Company. Easton,
Pennsylvania.
Kaur IP, Garg A, Singla AK, Aggarwal D. Vesicular
systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview.Int J
Pharm. 2004.
Jounal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology &
Research
Modern dispensing pharmacy: N.K. Jain
Dispensing for pharmaceutical by Cooper and gunn’s.
26