This document provides information on various ocular diseases by defining each condition and describing its symptoms and signs. It discusses common eye issues like styes, chalazions, ptosis, and conjunctivitis. It also covers more serious conditions that affect the cornea, iris, retina, and optic nerve, such as corneal ulcers, uveitis, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and optic atrophy. The document serves to educate about a wide range of eye diseases and disorders that can impact vision.

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Ocular Diseases
Prepared & Presented By :-
Ram Karan Tripathi
(22/04/2020)

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Ocular disease
Ocular diseases are those that affect the eye health and vision in patients of all
different ages. ... Eye disease is a very blanket term that refers to the group
of diseases that impact the function of the eye. The best way to treat these
common conditions is to visit your eye doctor on an annual basis.

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Stye
Styes are caused by a bacterial infection in an oil gland or hair
follicle on your eyelid.

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Chalazion
A chalazion is a bump in the eyelid caused by a blockage of an oil gland
called a Meibomian gland.

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Ptosis
It is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid, and may occlude the
pupil and interfere in vision.

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Entropion
Entropion is when your lower eyelid and eyelashes turn in towards your eye.

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Ectropion
Ectropion is a condition in which your eyelid turns outward.

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Dacryocystitis
Dacryocystitis is infection of the tear (lacrimal) sac usually due to
a blockage in the tear (nasolacrimal) duct.

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Squint
Squint or strabismus is a disorder in which the eyes are not aligned in
the same direction. It is more commonly seen in children and may be
associated with amblyopia or lazy eye

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Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva is called conjunctivitis
1. Symptoms
– Redness
– FB Sensation
– Mucopurulent discharge
– Colored halos
• Sign
– Conjunctival congestion
– Chemosis
– Sub conjunctival haemorrhage

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Allergic conjunctivitis
It is an acute or non-specific urticarial reaction to allergen
Symptoms –
• Itching
• Watery secretion
• Redness
• Sign –
• Congestion
• Multiple follicles
• Mucoid discharge
• Lid is red and swollen

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Degeneration
• Concretions
• Pinguecula
• Pterygium

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Chemosis and cyst
There is a marked oedema of the conjunctiva due to
vascular stasis

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Corneal ulcer
There is a loss in the continuity of the corneal epithelium associated with tissue
infiltration and necrosis.
Symptoms –
– Pain
– Photophobia
– Impairment of visual acuity
– Lacrimation
• Sign –
– Corneal opacification
– Ciliary congestion
– Hypopyon or pus in AC

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Hypopyon ulcer
Hypopyon ulcer is a corneal ulcer associated with hypopyon – sterile pus in the
anterior chamber.

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Exposure keratitis
There is a exposure of the cornea due to insufficient closure
of the eye - Lagophthalmos

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Herpes simplex
It is caused by herpes simplex virus types

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Herpes zoster
It is an acute infection of dorsal root ganglion by varicella –
Zoster virus.

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Keratoconus
It is often due to congenital weakness of the
central part of the cornea

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Episcleritis
An inflammation of the sub conjunctival and episcleral tissue
is known as episcleritis.

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Scleritis
An inflammation of the deep scleral tissue is known as scleritis. It can occur as
anterior 95% and posterior 5 %

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Uveitis
The term uveitis strictly means inflammation of the uveal
tissue only. However, there is always associated inflammation
of the adjacent structure such as retina, Vitreous, scleral and
cornea.

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Iridocyclitis
It is an acute inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body
Symptoms –
– Red
– Pain
– Watering
– Impaired vision
– Photophobia
Sign –
– CCC
– KPs
– Hypopyon and hyphaema

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Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis is the inflammation of the internal structure of
the eye.
Clinical features –
– Severe pain
– Sudden loss of vision
– Lid oedema
– Chemosis
– Low IOP
– Yellowish reflect
– Absence of red fundus reflex

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Panoophthalmitis
Panophthalmitis is the purulent inflammation of all the
structure of the eye.
Clinical features –
– Severe pain
– Headache
– Vomiting
– Media is hazy
– Sudden loss of vision
– Lid oedema
– Chemosis
– Absence of red fundus reflex

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Congenital anomalies
Heterochromia –
One iris may have a different color from the other.

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Polycoria
There are more than one pupil

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Corectopia
The pupil is not central but displaced to the nasal side
usually.

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Aniridia
It is a bilateral condition. The id absent except for a
narrow rim at the ciliary border.

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Cataract
Any opacity of the lens or its capsule whether development is
called cataract.

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Congenital cataract
Developmental cataract may be present at birth or it may
occur in early childhood.
Causes –
– Heredity
– Maternal causes
– Fetal causes

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Senile cataract
This is the commonest types of acquired cataract. It is also
known as “Age related cataract”
Causes –
– Degeneration and opacification of the lens
– Abnormal product of metabolism

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Immature cataract

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Mature cataract

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Hypermature cataract

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Lamellar cataract

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Nuclear cataract
There is slow sclerosis of the central nuclear fibres but the
cortical fibres remain transparent and clear

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Complicated cataract
Complicated cataract occurs as a result of any disease or
pathology in the eye

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Diabetic cataract

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Traumatic cataract

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Vitreous haemorrhage

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Vitreous Detachment

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Glaucoma
The most important factor which causes rise of intraocular
pressure is obstruction to the drainage of the aqueous humor
angle of the anterior chamber and pupil

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Primary open angle glaucoma
It is a chronic, slowly progressive condition with an insidious
onset. This presents an entirely different clinical picture from
the closes angle glaucoma.

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Angle closer glaucoma
Acute episodic increase in intraocular pressure to several times the normal value (10
– 20 mm Hg) due to sudden blockage of drainage. Production of aqueous humor
and trabecular resistance are normal.

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Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment describes an emergency situation in which a thin layer
of tissue (the retina) at the back of the eye pulls away from its normal
position.

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Retinitis pigmentosa
By RP the rods gets affected, those who serve to see in the dark.So RP patients
suffers to get orientated in the dark.
This means that you only see lighting + that you only slowly get used to the
weak light while entering a dark room.
You will need good illumination for reading

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CRAO
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a disease of the eye where the flow
of blood through the central retinal artery is blocked (occluded).

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CRVO
Central retinal vein occlusion, also known as CRVO, is a condition in which
the main vein that drains blood from the retina closes off partially or
completely.

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Optic atrophy
Optic atrophy is the final common morphologic endpoint of any disease process
that causes axon degeneration in the retinogeniculate pathway. Clinically, optic
atrophy manifests as changes in the color and the structure of the optic disc
(cupping) associated with variable degrees of visual dysfunction.

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Optic atrophy
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve.

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Thank You