The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including classes, objects, data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that describes their properties and behaviors. An object is an instance of a class. Classes contain data members and member functions. Data hiding is achieved through declaring data members as private while member functions can be public or private. The document also discusses constructors, destructors, operator overloading, inheritance and polymorphism.

1. Object Oriented Programming
By Basharat Jehan

2. Class
• Class is the description of properties and
behavior of a real world entity.
•OR
• Class is blueprint of objects

3. Object
• Object is instance of class. Object uses
behavior and properties used in classes.
• Functions in class are called member
functions.
• Data in class is called data members.
• Data of class is private, while functions in class
are public.

4. • Private data can only accessed with in class,
while public data can be accessed from main.
• Public data can be accessed by objects of the
same class.

5. • // smallobj.cpp
• // demonstrates a small, simple object
• #include <iostream>
• using namespace std;
• ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
• class smallobj //define a class
• {
• private:
• int somedata; //class data
• public:
• void setdata(int d) //member function to set data
• { somedata = d; }
• void showdata() //member function to display data
• { cout << “Data is “ << somedata << endl; }
• };
• ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
• int main()
• {
• smallobj s1, s2; //define two objects of class smallobj
• s1.setdata(1066); //call member function to set data
• s2.setdata(1776);
• s1.showdata(); //call member function to display data
• s2.showdata();
• return 0;
• }

7. private and public
• The body of the class contains two unfamiliar keywords:
private and public. What is their purpose?
• A key feature of object-oriented programming is data
hiding. This term does not refer to the
• activities of particularly paranoid programmers; rather it
means that data is concealed within a
• class so that it cannot be accessed mistakenly by functions
outside the class. The primary
• mechanism for hiding data is to put it in a class and make it
private. Private data or functions
• can only be accessed from within the class. Public data or
functions, on the other hand, are
• accessible from outside the class.

8. Hidden from Whom?
• Hidden from Whom?
• Don’t confuse data hiding with the security techniques used to protect
computer databases. To
• provide a security measure you might, for example, require a user to
supply a password before
• granting access to a database. The password is meant to keep
unauthorized or malevolent users
• from altering (or often even reading) the data.
• Data hiding, on the other hand, means hiding data from parts of the
program that don’t need to
• access it. More specifically, one class’s data is hidden from other classes.
Data hiding is designed
• to protect well-intentioned programmers from honest mistakes.
Programmers who really want to
• can figure out a way to access private data, but they will find it hard to do
so by accident.

10. Class Data
• The smallobj class contains one data item:
somedata, which is of type int. The data items
• within a class are called data members (or
sometimes member data). There can be any
number
• of data members in a class, just as there can be
any number of data items in a structure. The
• data member somedata follows the keyword
private, so it can be accessed from within the
• class, but not from outside.

11. Member Functions
• Member functions are functions that are included within a class. (In
some object-oriented
• languages, such as Smalltalk, member functions are called methods;
some writers use this term
• in C++ as well.) There are two member functions in smallobj:
setdata() and showdata().
• The function bodies of these functions have been written on the
same line as the braces that
• delimit them. You could also use the more traditional format for
these function definitions:
• void setdata(int d)
• {
• somedata = d;

15. • #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class shape_class
• {
• private:
• int radius,lenght,width;
• float cir_area,rect_area;
• public:
• void circle(int r)
• {
• radius=r;
• cout<<3.14*radius*radius;
• }
• void rectangle(int l,int w)
• {
• lenght=l;
• width=w;
• cout<<lenght*width;
• }};

16. Continue….
• int main()
• {
• shape_class c,r;
• int z,x,y;
• cin>>z>>x>>y;
• c.circle(z);
• r.rectangle(x,y);
• getch();
• }

17. Constructor
• A constructor is a member function that is
executed automatically whenever an object is
created. (The term constructor is sometimes
abbreviated ctor, especially in comments in
program listings.)

18. • Constructors are special type of functions that
have same name as class.
• Constructors have no return type.

19. Shape_class Program using
Constuctors
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class shape_class
• {
• private:
• int radius,lenght,width;
• float cir_area,rect_area;
• public:
• shape_class(int r)
• {
•
• radius=r;
• cout<<3.14*radius*radius;
• }
• shape_class(int l,int w)
• {
• lenght=l;
• width=w;
• cout<<lenght*width;
• }

20. continue
• int main()
• {
• shape_class c(3),r(4,5);
• getch();
• }

21. Destructors
• We’ve seen that a special member function—the
constructor—is called automatically when an
object is first created. You might guess that
another function is called automatically when an
object is destroyed. This is indeed the case. Such a
function is called a destructor. A destructor has
the same name as the constructor (which is the
same as the class name) but is preceded by a
tilde.

22. • class Foo
• {
• private:
• int data;
• public:
• Foo() //constructor (same name as class)
• {int data=0; }
• ~Foo() //destructor (same name with tilde)
• { }
• };

23. • Like constructors, destructors do not have a
return value. They also take no arguments
(the assumption being that there’s only one
way to destroy an object).
• The most common use of destructors is to
deallocate memory that was allocated for the
object by the constructor.

24. Constructor overloading
• Constructors that have same name but
different number of arguments is called
constructor overloading.
• Like simple function constructor can be
overloaded.

25. • If we have a class name shape_class then
overloaded constuctor may be the following
• Shape_class();
• Shape_class(variable_1);
• Shape_class(variable_1,variable_2);
• Shape_class(variable_n1,………,………);

26. Objects as an function arguments
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class add
• {
• private:
• int number1,number2;
• int sum;
• public:
• add()
• {
• sum=0;
• }
• void addition(add a,add b)
• {
• cin>>a.number1;
• cin>>a.number2;
• sum=a.number1+a.number2;
• cout<<sum;
• }
• };
• main()
• {
• add q,w;
• add t;
• t.addition(q,w);
• }

27. Friend Functions
• A friend function is a function that is not a
member of a class but has access to the class's
private and protected members.
• Keyword friend is used before friend function.
• Friend function take class objects as
aruguments.

28. Example
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class add
• {
• private:
• int number1,number2;
• public:
• add(int a,int b)
• {
• number2=b;
• number1=a;
• }
• friend int sum(add obj);
• };
• int sum(add obj)
• {
• int d=obj.number1+obj.number2;
• return d;
• }
• main()
• {
• add r(8,9);
• cout<<sum(r);
• }

29. Operator Overloading
• Adding extra functionality to a c++ operators is
called operator overloading.

30. Overloading Unary Operators(++,--)
• Syntax:
• Class_name operator ++or - - ()

31. ++ operator overloading
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class opr_ov
• {
•
• private:
• int count;
• public:
• opr_ov()
• {
•
• count=0;
• }
• opr_ov operator ++ ()
• {
• ++count;
• Cout<<count;
• }
•
• };

32. • main()
• {
• opr_ov c1,c2;
• ++c1;
• ++c2;}

33. Binary operator overloading
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class op_ol
• {
• private:
• int num1,num2,value;
• public:
• void set_value()
• {
• cin>>num1;
• }
• op_ol operator - (op_ol ob)
• {
• op_ol t,p;
• t.value=num1-ob.num1;
• cout<<t.value;
• }
• };
• main()
• {
• op_ol obj1,obj2,result;
• obj1.set_value();
• obj2.set_value();
• result=obj1-obj2;
• }

34. INHERITANCE
• Inheritance is one of the key feature of object-
oriented programming including C++ which
allows user to create a new class(derived
class) from a existing class(base class). The
derived class inherits all feature from a base
class and it can have additional features of its
own.

36. Type of Inheritance:
• Public Inheritance: When deriving a class from a public
base class, public members of the base class become public
members of the derived class and protected members of
the base class become protected members of the derived
class. A base class's private members are never accessible
directly from a derived class, but can be accessed through
calls to the public and protected members of the base
class.
• Protected Inheritance: When deriving from a protected
base class, public and protected members of the base class
become protected members of the derived class.
• Private Inheritance: When deriving from a private base
class, public and protected members of the base class
become private members of the derived class.

37. Multiple inheritance
• Multiple inheritance is a feature of some
object-oriented computer programming
languages in which an object or class can
inherit characteristics and features from more
than one parent object or parent class.