2. Object-Orientation
• A thinking methodology
– Everything is an object.
– Any system is composed of objects (a system is
also an object).
– The evolution and development of a system is
caused by the interactions of the objects
inside/outside a system.
3. Everything is an object
• A student, a professor
• A desk, a chair, a classroom, a building
• A university, a city, a country
• The world, the universe
• A subject such as CS, IS, Math, History, …
4. The development of a system is caused by
interactions
• LPU is defined by the interactions among:
– students
– professors
– staff
– Board governance
– State governance
– … ...
Inside LPU
Outside LPU
6. Reading and Writing Data
• Two operators are introduced in c++ i.e. cout and cin.
• Cout is a predefined object and represents the standard
output stream and this output stream represents the screen.
Cout, equires iostream file
E.g. cout<<“ I love india”;
cout will display this string as such on screen.
7. • << is called insertion or put to operator.
• It is also called bit-wise left -shift operator
• if string is variable then cout can be used to
display the contents of string.
E.g. cout<< string;
• cin is used to read the data.
• cin>>a;
• >> is called extraction operator.
8. The cout Object
• Displays output on the computer screen
• You use the stream insertion operator << to
send output to cout:
cout << "Programming is fun!";
9. The cout Object
• Can be used to send more than one item to
cout:
cout << "Hello " << "there!";
Or:
cout << "Hello ";
cout << "there!";
10. The cout Object
• This produces one line of output:
cout << "Programming is ";
cout << "fun!";
11. The cin Object
• Standard input object
• Like cout, requires iostream file
• Used to read input from keyboard
• Information retrieved from cin with >>
• Input is stored in one or more variables
12. The cin Object
• cin converts data to the type that matches the
variable:
int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;
13. The cin Object
• Can be used to input more than one value:
cin >> height >> width;
• Multiple values from keyboard must be separated by
spaces
• Order is important: first value entered goes to first
variable, etc.
14. Reading Strings with cin
• Can be used to read in a string
• Must first declare an array to hold characters in
string:
char myName[21];
• nyName is name of array, 21 is the number of
characters that can be stored (the size of the array),
including the NULL character at the end
• Can be used with cin to assign a value:
cin >> myName;
15. Class
• A class is a user define data type which holds
both data and function.
• The data included in the class i.e the internal
data is called data member and the functions
included is called the member function.
• These member functions can manipulate the
internal data of the class
16. Object
• Is an instant of a class.
• In terms of variables, class would be the type
and an object would be a variable.
17. Creating Classes in C++
• A class definition begins with the keyword
class.
• The body of the class is contained within a set
of braces, { } ; (notice the semi-colon).
class class_name
{
….
….
….
};
Class body (data member +
methodsmethods)
Any valid
identifier
19. Class name
• Name given to a particular class (any user
define name). It can also be called as tag name
of the class that act as the type specifier for
class using which we can create objects.
• The class is specified by keyword “class”
20. Data Members
• Data type properties that describe the
characteristics of a class.
• We can declare any number of data members
of any type in a class.
E.g. int x;
21. Member functions
• Various operations that can be performed to
data members of that class.
• We can declare any number of member
functions of any type in a class.
E.g. void read();
22. Access Specifiers
• Used to specify access rights for the data
members and member functions of the class.
• Depending upon the access level of a class
member, access to it is allowed or denied.
• Within the body, the keywords private: and
public: specify the access level of the members of
the class.
– the default is private.
• Usually, the data members of a class are declared
in the private: section of the class and the member
functions are in public: section.
24. Private:
only members of that class have accessibility
can be accessed only through member
functions of that class i.e by the functions
declared inside the class only.
Private members and methods are for internal
use only.
25. Public:
• Accessible from both inside and outside the class also i.e
by the functions declared in the main() program also.
Protected:
• Stage between private and public access.
• They can be accessed by the member function or friend
functions of the class. They are similar to private
members in the sense that they cannot be accessed by the
non- member functions of the class.
26. Class Example
• This class example shows how we can
encapsulate (gather) a circle information into
one package (unit or class)
class Circle
{
private:
double radius;
public:
void setRadius(double r); double
getDiameter();
double getArea();
double getCircumference();
};
No need for others classes to access
and retrieve its value directly. The
class methods are responsible for
that only.
They are accessible from outside
the class, and they can access the
member (radius)
27. Methods definition
• The member function of the class can be defined in two
different ways:
1) Inside the class definition:- The member functions are simple
defined inside the class only i.e the body of the function
resides inside the range of class only.
2) Outside the class definition: by using scope resolution
operator, which specifies that the scope of the function is
restricted to the class class_name.
Syntax:- class_name:: function_name
28. Inside the class definition
Eg: class abc
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<“name=“;
cin>>name;
cout<<“rollno=“;
cin>>rollno;
}
void display()
{
cout<<“name=“<<name;
cout<<“rollno=“<<rollno;
}
};
29. Outside the class definition
Eg: class abc
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
public:
void getdata();
void display();
};
void abc :: getdata()
{
cout<<“name=“;
cin>>name;
cout<<“rollno=“;
cin>>rollno;
}
void abc :: display()
{
cout<<“name and rollno=“;
cout<<name<<rollno;
}
30. INLINE AND NON INLINE MEMBER
FUNCTION
• A function defined inside the class is by
default inline function
• A function defined outside the class using
scope resolution operation is non-inline
function. It can be made inline by using
keyword inline before the function definition.
Eg. inline void abc::getdata()
31. Declaring objects
• Defining objects of class data type is known as
class instantiation(instances of class).
• When we create objects during that moment ,
memory is allocated to them.
Ex- class Circle c;
32. class book
{
private:
int p; char n[40];
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<“enter book price”;
cin>>p;
cout<<“enter book name”;
cin>>n; }
void display(); };
void book ::display()
{
cout<<“book name=“<<n;
cout<<“book price=“<<p;
}
void main()
{
class book obj;
obj.getdata();
obj.display();
}
33. Accessing class members
• Public members of class can be accessed using
dot(.) operator with the object name.
• Private members of the class are accessed
inside the public member functions of class.
Eg: obj.getdata();
