This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. Key concepts are defined, such as classes containing data members and methods. Inheritance allows derived classes to inherit properties of base classes. Polymorphism allows calling the correct overridden method at runtime based on the object type. Virtual functions provide late binding so the correct derived class method is called.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including classes, objects, data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that describes their properties and behaviors. An object is an instance of a class. Classes contain data members and member functions. Data hiding is achieved through declaring data members as private while member functions can be public or private. The document also discusses constructors, destructors, operator overloading, inheritance and polymorphism.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
Object-oriented programming uses abstraction and encapsulation through abstract data types (ADTs). An ADT defines a data type and its interface independently of its implementation. This allows information hiding and modular program design. Common languages like C++, Java, and Ruby support ADTs through classes or modules, which package data with methods, support inheritance and polymorphism, and provide visibility control through private/public access specifiers. Parameterized ADTs allow a data type to work with different element types. Namespaces and packages provide separate scopes to avoid naming conflicts.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C++ such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also covers access specifiers like public, private, and protected. Other topics include friend functions and classes, static and non-static members, constructors, destructors, and inheritance.
Object Oriented Programming using C++ Part IIIAjit Nayak
The document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It defines inheritance as a technique where a new subclass inherits attributes and behaviors from an existing superclass without needing to redefine them. This allows code reuse and reduces development costs. The document provides examples of single inheritance with classes like Employee and Manager, and multi-level inheritance with Student, Test, and Result classes. It also discusses polymorphism through method overriding and different types of inheritance like public, private and protected.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. It also covers C++ specific topics like functions, arrays, strings, modular programming, and classes and objects in C++. The document is intended to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of OOP using C++.
In this article we will learn classes and objects in C# programming.
Till now in the past two articles we have seen all the labs which was using functional programming. From now in coming all the articles we will do the programming using classes and objects. As this is professional approach of doing the programming. With classes and objects approach, code it reduces code reading complexity and it improves readability and also offers re-usability.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including classes, objects, data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that describes their properties and behaviors. An object is an instance of a class. Classes contain data members and member functions. Data hiding is achieved through declaring data members as private while member functions can be public or private. The document also discusses constructors, destructors, operator overloading, inheritance and polymorphism.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
Object-oriented programming uses abstraction and encapsulation through abstract data types (ADTs). An ADT defines a data type and its interface independently of its implementation. This allows information hiding and modular program design. Common languages like C++, Java, and Ruby support ADTs through classes or modules, which package data with methods, support inheritance and polymorphism, and provide visibility control through private/public access specifiers. Parameterized ADTs allow a data type to work with different element types. Namespaces and packages provide separate scopes to avoid naming conflicts.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C++ such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also covers access specifiers like public, private, and protected. Other topics include friend functions and classes, static and non-static members, constructors, destructors, and inheritance.
Object Oriented Programming using C++ Part IIIAjit Nayak
The document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It defines inheritance as a technique where a new subclass inherits attributes and behaviors from an existing superclass without needing to redefine them. This allows code reuse and reduces development costs. The document provides examples of single inheritance with classes like Employee and Manager, and multi-level inheritance with Student, Test, and Result classes. It also discusses polymorphism through method overriding and different types of inheritance like public, private and protected.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. It also covers C++ specific topics like functions, arrays, strings, modular programming, and classes and objects in C++. The document is intended to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of OOP using C++.
In this article we will learn classes and objects in C# programming.
Till now in the past two articles we have seen all the labs which was using functional programming. From now in coming all the articles we will do the programming using classes and objects. As this is professional approach of doing the programming. With classes and objects approach, code it reduces code reading complexity and it improves readability and also offers re-usability.
The document discusses key concepts in C++ classes including encapsulation, information hiding, access specifiers, and constructors. It defines a class as a way to combine attributes and behaviors of real-world objects into a single unit. A class uses encapsulation to associate code and data, and information hiding to secure data from direct access. Access specifiers like public, private, and protected determine member visibility. Constructors are special member functions that initialize objects upon instantiation.
Object-oriented programming focuses on data. An object is a basic run-time entity. A class is also known as a user-defined data type. Inheritance provides the idea of reusability. Objects can communicate with each other through message passing. Polymorphism is achieved through operator overloading and function overloading.
This document provides an introduction to classes and objects in C++. It defines key concepts like class, object, member functions, access specifiers, and arrays of objects. It also discusses defining objects of a class, accessing class members, passing objects as function arguments, and the differences between classes and structures in C++.
This document discusses function overloading, inline functions, and friend functions in C++. It defines function overloading as having two or more functions with the same name but different parameters, allowing for compile-time polymorphism. Inline functions have their body inserted at call sites for faster execution. Friend functions are non-member functions that have access to private members of a class. Examples are provided to demonstrate overloaded functions, inline functions checking for prime numbers, and using a friend function to check if a number is even or odd. Important concepts and questions for discussion are also outlined.
This document discusses file handling in C++. It introduces three classes - ofstream, ifstream, and fstream - that allow performing output and input of characters to and from files. The ofstream class is used to write to files, ifstream is used to read from files, and fstream can both read and write. The open() method is used to open a file, specifying the file name and optional file mode. Writing to a file uses the << operator and reading uses the >> operator. Operator overloading allows user-defined types like classes to define the meaning of operators like + when used on their objects.
This document outlines the course content for a Programming in C++ course, including 12 topics that will be covered: 1) principles of object oriented programming, 2) beginning with C++, 3) tokens, expressions, and control structures, 4) functions in C++, 5) classes and objects, 6) constructors and destructors, 7) operator overloading and type conversions, 8) inheritance, 9) pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 10) managing console I/O operations, 11) working with files, and 12) templates and exception handling. Students will write programs based on the curriculum and six reference books are provided.
The document discusses various concepts related to inheritance in C++ including types of inheritance (single, multiple, hierarchical, multilevel, hybrid), defining derived classes, visibility modes (private, public), constructors and destructors in derived classes, virtual base classes, virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract base classes. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
Namespace defines a scope for identifiers used in a program. Reference variables provide an alias for previously defined variables, and their main purpose is passing arguments to functions. C++ defines new and delete operators for allocating and freeing memory. The main() cannot directly access private data members; they must use member functions. A private member function can only be called by another member function of its class. A static member function can be called using the class name as class-name::function-name.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in C++, including:
1) C++ adds object-oriented programming capabilities to C while maintaining C's power and flexibility. It was created in 1979 to provide object-oriented programming features to C.
2) Object-oriented programming encourages breaking problems into constituent parts called objects that contain related instructions and data. The three main traits of OOP are encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance.
3) C++ supports both traditional and modern styles, with newer headers placed in the std namespace. Keywords like class, public, and virtual allow defining classes and controlling access to members. Functions can be overloaded if their signatures differ.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
This document provides an introduction to C++, covering key topics such as data types, operators, control statements, functions, and structures. It begins with learning outcomes and then discusses C++ characteristics, object-oriented programming principles, and how a C++ program is translated and its general structure. Subsequent sections cover C++ tokens like identifiers, keywords, literals, and operators. Input/output operators and control statements like selection and iteration are also introduced. The document concludes with explanations of data types and type conversion.
C++ Notes by Hisham Ahmed Rizvi for Class 12th Board Examshishamrizvi
The document provides an overview of key concepts in C++ including:
- Data types like int, char, float, and double
- Variables, constants, and escape sequences
- Operators like assignment, arithmetic, relational, and logical operators
- Control structures like if/else, switch, for, while, and do-while loops
- Functions like main(), exit(), get(), put(), and getline()
- Input/output streams like cin, cout, and file streams
The document covers fundamental C++ concepts to help prepare for board exams.
This document discusses function overloading, inline functions, and friend functions in C++. Function overloading allows functions to have the same name but different parameters, enabling polymorphism. Inline functions have their body inserted at call sites for efficiency. Friend functions can access private members of a class but are external functions without object access. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.
Here is a Python class with the specifications provided in the question:
class PICTURE:
def __init__(self, pno, category, location):
self.pno = pno
self.category = category
self.location = location
def FixLocation(self, new_location):
self.location = new_location
This defines a PICTURE class with three instance attributes - pno, category and location as specified in the question. It also defines a FixLocation method to assign a new location as required.
Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are used for initializing objects and cleaning up resources. Constructors are called automatically when an object is created and are used to initialize member variables. Destructors are called when an object is destroyed in order to clean up resources. There are different types of constructors like default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors can be invoked implicitly, explicitly, or through initialization. Destructors have the same name as the class preceded by a tilde and are used to de-allocate memory allocated by the constructor.
Programming Fundamentals With OOPs Concepts (Java Examples Based)indiangarg
This presentation gives you various types of programming models, A clear concept of object oriented languages, Classes and Object Concept, Different types of programming paradigms, program tokens, statements, expressions, Concepts of Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism, Interface etc.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an incremented version of C with classes added. Some key differences between C and C++ are that C++ uses object-oriented programming with classes that can contain both data and functions, while C focuses more on procedures/functions and allows any function to access data. The document then discusses the basic concepts of object-oriented programming in C++ including classes, objects, polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, and data abstraction. It provides examples of classes, objects, reference variables, default arguments, and dynamic memory allocation in C++.
C# is an object-oriented programming language where programs consist of objects that interact through methods. The document discusses C# program structure, sample code, how code is executed, and data types in C#. It provides details on value types like integers and floats, reference types like strings, and pointer types. Key features of C# include being case sensitive and requiring semicolons. The document also covers operators, variables, and keywords in C#.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and data hiding. It explains key OOP concepts like classes define custom data types with attributes and methods, objects are instances of classes, encapsulation groups related data and code, inheritance creates specialized classes from general classes, polymorphism allows one interface for multiple forms. It also discusses concepts like abstract classes, interfaces, constructors, destructors, operator overloading and access modifiers for data hiding. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to fundamental OOP principles in C++.
Basic file operations in C++ involve opening, reading from, and writing to files. The key classes for input/output with files are ofstream for writing, ifstream for reading, and fstream for both reading and writing. A file must first be opened before performing any operations on it. Common operations include writing data to files with put() or write(), reading data from files with get() or read(), and closing files after completion. Proper opening modes and error handling should be used to ensure successful file input/output.
The document discusses key concepts in C++ classes including encapsulation, information hiding, access specifiers, and constructors. It defines a class as a way to combine attributes and behaviors of real-world objects into a single unit. A class uses encapsulation to associate code and data, and information hiding to secure data from direct access. Access specifiers like public, private, and protected determine member visibility. Constructors are special member functions that initialize objects upon instantiation.
Object-oriented programming focuses on data. An object is a basic run-time entity. A class is also known as a user-defined data type. Inheritance provides the idea of reusability. Objects can communicate with each other through message passing. Polymorphism is achieved through operator overloading and function overloading.
This document provides an introduction to classes and objects in C++. It defines key concepts like class, object, member functions, access specifiers, and arrays of objects. It also discusses defining objects of a class, accessing class members, passing objects as function arguments, and the differences between classes and structures in C++.
This document discusses function overloading, inline functions, and friend functions in C++. It defines function overloading as having two or more functions with the same name but different parameters, allowing for compile-time polymorphism. Inline functions have their body inserted at call sites for faster execution. Friend functions are non-member functions that have access to private members of a class. Examples are provided to demonstrate overloaded functions, inline functions checking for prime numbers, and using a friend function to check if a number is even or odd. Important concepts and questions for discussion are also outlined.
This document discusses file handling in C++. It introduces three classes - ofstream, ifstream, and fstream - that allow performing output and input of characters to and from files. The ofstream class is used to write to files, ifstream is used to read from files, and fstream can both read and write. The open() method is used to open a file, specifying the file name and optional file mode. Writing to a file uses the << operator and reading uses the >> operator. Operator overloading allows user-defined types like classes to define the meaning of operators like + when used on their objects.
This document outlines the course content for a Programming in C++ course, including 12 topics that will be covered: 1) principles of object oriented programming, 2) beginning with C++, 3) tokens, expressions, and control structures, 4) functions in C++, 5) classes and objects, 6) constructors and destructors, 7) operator overloading and type conversions, 8) inheritance, 9) pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 10) managing console I/O operations, 11) working with files, and 12) templates and exception handling. Students will write programs based on the curriculum and six reference books are provided.
The document discusses various concepts related to inheritance in C++ including types of inheritance (single, multiple, hierarchical, multilevel, hybrid), defining derived classes, visibility modes (private, public), constructors and destructors in derived classes, virtual base classes, virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract base classes. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
Namespace defines a scope for identifiers used in a program. Reference variables provide an alias for previously defined variables, and their main purpose is passing arguments to functions. C++ defines new and delete operators for allocating and freeing memory. The main() cannot directly access private data members; they must use member functions. A private member function can only be called by another member function of its class. A static member function can be called using the class name as class-name::function-name.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in C++, including:
1) C++ adds object-oriented programming capabilities to C while maintaining C's power and flexibility. It was created in 1979 to provide object-oriented programming features to C.
2) Object-oriented programming encourages breaking problems into constituent parts called objects that contain related instructions and data. The three main traits of OOP are encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance.
3) C++ supports both traditional and modern styles, with newer headers placed in the std namespace. Keywords like class, public, and virtual allow defining classes and controlling access to members. Functions can be overloaded if their signatures differ.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
This document provides an introduction to C++, covering key topics such as data types, operators, control statements, functions, and structures. It begins with learning outcomes and then discusses C++ characteristics, object-oriented programming principles, and how a C++ program is translated and its general structure. Subsequent sections cover C++ tokens like identifiers, keywords, literals, and operators. Input/output operators and control statements like selection and iteration are also introduced. The document concludes with explanations of data types and type conversion.
C++ Notes by Hisham Ahmed Rizvi for Class 12th Board Examshishamrizvi
The document provides an overview of key concepts in C++ including:
- Data types like int, char, float, and double
- Variables, constants, and escape sequences
- Operators like assignment, arithmetic, relational, and logical operators
- Control structures like if/else, switch, for, while, and do-while loops
- Functions like main(), exit(), get(), put(), and getline()
- Input/output streams like cin, cout, and file streams
The document covers fundamental C++ concepts to help prepare for board exams.
This document discusses function overloading, inline functions, and friend functions in C++. Function overloading allows functions to have the same name but different parameters, enabling polymorphism. Inline functions have their body inserted at call sites for efficiency. Friend functions can access private members of a class but are external functions without object access. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.
Here is a Python class with the specifications provided in the question:
class PICTURE:
def __init__(self, pno, category, location):
self.pno = pno
self.category = category
self.location = location
def FixLocation(self, new_location):
self.location = new_location
This defines a PICTURE class with three instance attributes - pno, category and location as specified in the question. It also defines a FixLocation method to assign a new location as required.
Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are used for initializing objects and cleaning up resources. Constructors are called automatically when an object is created and are used to initialize member variables. Destructors are called when an object is destroyed in order to clean up resources. There are different types of constructors like default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors can be invoked implicitly, explicitly, or through initialization. Destructors have the same name as the class preceded by a tilde and are used to de-allocate memory allocated by the constructor.
Programming Fundamentals With OOPs Concepts (Java Examples Based)indiangarg
This presentation gives you various types of programming models, A clear concept of object oriented languages, Classes and Object Concept, Different types of programming paradigms, program tokens, statements, expressions, Concepts of Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism, Interface etc.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an incremented version of C with classes added. Some key differences between C and C++ are that C++ uses object-oriented programming with classes that can contain both data and functions, while C focuses more on procedures/functions and allows any function to access data. The document then discusses the basic concepts of object-oriented programming in C++ including classes, objects, polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, and data abstraction. It provides examples of classes, objects, reference variables, default arguments, and dynamic memory allocation in C++.
C# is an object-oriented programming language where programs consist of objects that interact through methods. The document discusses C# program structure, sample code, how code is executed, and data types in C#. It provides details on value types like integers and floats, reference types like strings, and pointer types. Key features of C# include being case sensitive and requiring semicolons. The document also covers operators, variables, and keywords in C#.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and data hiding. It explains key OOP concepts like classes define custom data types with attributes and methods, objects are instances of classes, encapsulation groups related data and code, inheritance creates specialized classes from general classes, polymorphism allows one interface for multiple forms. It also discusses concepts like abstract classes, interfaces, constructors, destructors, operator overloading and access modifiers for data hiding. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to fundamental OOP principles in C++.
Basic file operations in C++ involve opening, reading from, and writing to files. The key classes for input/output with files are ofstream for writing, ifstream for reading, and fstream for both reading and writing. A file must first be opened before performing any operations on it. Common operations include writing data to files with put() or write(), reading data from files with get() or read(), and closing files after completion. Proper opening modes and error handling should be used to ensure successful file input/output.
This document discusses file handling in C/C++. It begins by defining a computer file and explaining why file handling is important in programming. It then outlines the five main steps for file handling in C++, which are to include header files, declare file stream variables, associate streams with files, perform read/write operations, and close files. Various C++ file stream functions like open(), close(), getline(), and >> and << operators are described. Code snippets are provided as examples to read from and write to text files, appending data to files, and getting all data from a file.
This document contains 17 programming problems and their solutions involving object oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, functions, arrays, pointers etc. The problems cover basic concepts like calculating factorial, checking prime number, Fibonacci series, arithmetic operations using menus. More advanced concepts covered include sorting, searching, function overloading, complex numbers, class/object concepts like constructors, destructors and member functions to maintain student records.
Type header file in c++ and its functionFrankie Jones
This document lists common C++ header files and standard functions. It provides a brief description of functions in headers like cassert, cctype, cmath, cstdlib, cstring, and others. Functions like assert, isalnum, ceil, atoi, strcat, and cout are described. The document serves as a reference for commonly used C++ functions organized by header file.
File Handling is used in C language for store a data permanently in computer.
Using file handling you can store your data in Hard disk.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/cprogramming/c-file-handling
This document discusses object-oriented programming (OOP). It begins by explaining the software crisis and issues like productivity, quality and managing schedules that OOP aims to address. It then covers procedural programming and its limitations. The key concepts of OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained. Popular OOP languages support these concepts to different degrees. Finally, the benefits of OOP like code reuse, modularity and managing complexity are highlighted.
This document discusses file handling in C++. It begins by explaining that files allow data to be stored permanently on secondary storage devices like hard disks, unlike variables in memory. It then covers key topics like:
- The different types of files, such as text files containing readable characters and binary files containing raw data.
- Classes used for file input/output like ifstream, ofstream, and fstream.
- Opening, closing, reading from, and writing to files using functions like open(), close(), get(), put(), seekg(), tellg(), seekp(), and tellp().
- File pointers that track read/write positions and functions to manipulate them.
- Examples of creating
Practical Class 12th (c++programs+sql queries and output) Aman Deep
Just download this and do some specific changes in the name section and roll no section . and submit it as it is to your teacher this will surely work and help you out your class 12th board practicals exam . no worries ! ENJOY :) !
This document summarizes key concepts about file input/output in C++. It discusses what files are, how they are named and opened, and the process of reading from and writing to files. Specific functions and operators covered include open(), close(), << to write data, and >> to read data. It also discusses checking for open errors, formatting output, and detecting the end of a file. Program examples demonstrate how to open, read from, write to, and close files using C++.
Revision notes for exam 2011 computer science with C++Deepak Singh
This document provides an overview of computer science concepts in C++ for CBSE Class 12, including structures, classes and objects, constructors and destructors, inheritance, file handling, pointers, arrays, and data structures. It covers basic syntax and examples for each topic, along with assignments and questions for practice. The document is from www.cppforschool.com and is intended to help students prepare for their CBSE board exam by revising key C++ concepts.
The document discusses file input/output in C++. It covers the header file fstream.h, stream classes like ifstream and ofstream for file input/output, opening and closing files, reading/writing characters and objects to files, detecting end of file, moving file pointers for random access, and handling errors. Functions like open(), close(), get(), put(), read(), write(), seekg(), seekp(), tellg(), tellp(), eof(), fail(), bad(), good(), and clear() are described.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
This document discusses files and streams in C++. It explains that the fstream library allows reading from and writing to files using ifstream, ofstream, and fstream objects. It covers opening, closing, writing to, and reading from files, noting that files must be opened before use and should be closed after. The standard openmode arguments and open(), close(), write, and read syntax are provided. Examples of reading from and writing to files are included.
Esoft Metro Campus - Programming with C++
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Overview of C++ Language
C++ Program Structure
C++ Basic Syntax
Primitive Built-in types in C++
Variable types
typedef Declarations
Enumerated Types
Variable Scope
Constants/Literals
Storage Classes
Operators
Control Constructs
Functions
Math Operations in C++
Arrays
Multi-dimensional Arrays
Strings
C++ Pointers
References
Date and Time
Structures
Basic Input / Output
Classes and Objects
Inheritance
Overloading
Polymorphism
Interfaces
Files and Streams
Exception Handling
Dynamic Memory
Namespaces
Templates
Preprocessor
Multithreading
Chemistry Practical Record Full CBSE Class 12 Muhammad Jassim
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses file handling in C++. It describes how programs can store data permanently in files on secondary storage devices. It explains the different stream classes like ifstream, ofstream and fstream that are used for file input, output and input/output operations. It provides details on the general steps to open, use and close files. It also discusses concepts like file pointers, reading and writing data to files, and updating records in sequential access files.
The document outlines file handling in C++, including the need for data files, types of files (text and binary), basic file operations for each type, and the components used in C++ for file handling like header files, classes, and functions. It discusses opening, reading, writing, and closing files, as well as file pointers and random vs sequential access.
The document contains the code for a menu driven C++ program that performs various operations on matrices such as calculating row and column sums, finding the transpose, and checking if two matrices are equal. It defines functions to perform these operations and contains a main function that inputs the matrices, displays a menu, and calls the appropriate functions based on the user's selection.
The document is a physics investigatory project report by a 12th grade student on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their operation, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed to investigate the relationship between input/output voltage and primary/secondary coil turns, uses of transformers, conclusions drawn, and sources cited. The student successfully completed the project under a teacher's guidance to fulfill curriculum requirements.
This document discusses various concepts related to classes and objects in C++, including member functions, data members, constructors, destructors, friend functions, and nested classes. It provides examples of defining member functions inside and outside the class, different access specifiers for data members, examples of friend functions and classes, returning objects from functions, arrays of objects, and nested classes. It also discusses constructors in more detail, including overloaded constructors, copy constructors, dynamic initialization of objects, constructors for primitive types, and constructors with default arguments.
The document discusses various object-oriented programming concepts in C++ like classes, objects, member functions, data members, constructors, destructors, friend functions, and namespaces. It provides examples of defining classes with data members and member functions, declaring objects of a class, and using constructors and destructors. It also explains concepts like overloaded constructors, copy constructors, nested classes, dynamic initialization of objects, and friend functions.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts in C++ including classes, objects, data members, member functions, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, access specifiers, and constructors. It provides examples of defining a class with private, public, and protected data members and member functions. Constructors such as the default, parameterized, and copy constructor are demonstrated. Inheritance concepts such as the base class, derived class, types of inheritance and visibility modes are explained.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including classes, objects, constructors, destructors, and friend functions. It begins by explaining that classes are abstract data types that contain data members and member functions. It then provides examples of declaring a class, creating objects, and accessing class members. It also covers topics like static class members, arrays of objects, constructor and destructor definitions and uses, and declaring friend functions to allow non-member functions access to private class members.
This is the object oriented lecture nmbr 3rd , if you want lecture 2 or 1 u can check it my account , this is the programing tutorial, please follow me and thank you
The document discusses classes and objects in C++. It defines what a class is - a blueprint for an object that contains data members and member functions. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory. The document explains how to define a class with public and private members, create objects of a class, and access class members through objects using dot operators. It also covers constructors and how they initialize objects automatically upon creation.
- A class is the most important feature of C++ that supports object-oriented programming (OOP). It allows a program to be designed using classes which are a collection of data and functions.
- When an object of a class is declared, memory is allocated for that object's data members. However, defining a class alone does not allocate memory - it only specifies the data members and member functions.
- Member functions can access and manipulate the class's data members. They are called through an object using the dot operator. Constructors are special member functions that initialize an object's data members when it is created.
The document provides information about object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including class, object, constructor, destructor, access specifiers, data members, member functions, static members, and friend functions. It defines each concept, provides syntax examples, and explains how to create a class, make objects, and access members. Constructors are used to initialize objects while destructors deallocate memory. Access specifiers determine public, private, and protected access.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It also covers procedural programming in C++ and compares it with OOP. Examples are provided to demonstrate creating classes, objects, functions, constructors and destructors. The document contains information on basic C++ programming concepts needed to understand and implement OOP principles in C++ programs.
This document discusses key concepts of classes and objects in C++ including access specifiers, constructors, destructors, mutators and accessors, inline functions, polymorphism through operator and function overloading, static class members, friend functions and classes, inheritance, and virtual functions. It provides examples of how these concepts are implemented in C++ code.
The document discusses classes and objects in C++. It defines a class as a collection of objects that have identical properties and behaviors. A class binds data and functions together. It then explains class declarations and definitions, access specifiers (private, public, protected), member functions defined inside and outside the class, arrays as class members, objects as function arguments, difference between structures and classes, and provides an example program to calculate simple interest using classes and objects.
1. Inline functions are small functions whose code is inserted at the call site instead of generating a function call. This avoids overhead of function calls but increases code size.
2. Function overloading allows different functions to have the same name but different parameters. The compiler determines which version to call based on argument types.
3. C++ classes allow defining data types that bundle together data members and member functions that can access them. Classes support data hiding and inheritance.
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
The document discusses object-oriented programming and class-based design. It explains that object-oriented programming focuses on modeling real-world objects as software objects with both data fields (attributes) and methods to operate on that data. A class defines a blueprint for objects, describing their attributes and methods. Objects are instances of classes that package both data and behaviors together. The document outlines key concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and UML class diagrams.
Object Oriented Programming involves modeling real-world entities as objects that encapsulate both data and behavior. Classes define these objects by grouping related data members and functions together, and objects are instantiated from classes. Some key aspects of OOP include:
1. Encapsulation which involves hiding implementation details within classes and exposing a public interface.
2. Inheritance which allows a derived class to extend a base class while retaining shared properties.
3. Dynamic binding which enables polymorphic behavior where derived classes can exhibit different behavior than base classes in the same context.
Object Oriented Programming involves modeling real-world entities as objects that encapsulate both data and behavior. Classes define these objects by grouping the data (attributes) and functions (methods) that operate on that data. In C++, classes use access specifiers like public and private to control whether data and methods can be accessed from outside the class or only within the class. Methods are defined either inside or outside the class using the scope resolution operator. Objects are instantiated from classes and their methods and data can be accessed using dot or arrow operators.
Here is the implementation of the DayType class with the required operations:
[CODE]
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class DayType {
private:
string day;
public:
DayType(string d="Sun") {
day = d;
}
void setDay(string d) {
day = d;
}
void printDay() {
cout << day << endl;
}
string returnDay() {
return day;
}
string nextDay() {
if(day == "Sat")
return "Sun";
else {
int index = 0;
if(day == "Sun")
index = 0;
The document outlines the course content for a C++ introductory course, including introductions to OOP concepts like classes and objects, pointers, functions, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also covers basic C++ programming concepts like I/O, data types, operators, and data structures. The course aims to provide students with fundamental C++ programming skills through explanations and examples of key C++ features.
Here is a C++ program that implements a Polynomial class with overloaded operators as specified in the question:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Term {
public:
int coefficient;
int exponent;
Term(int coeff, int exp) {
coefficient = coeff;
exponent = exp;
}
};
class Polynomial {
public:
Term* terms;
int numTerms;
Polynomial() {
terms = NULL;
numTerms = 0;
}
Polynomial(Term t[]) {
terms = t;
numTerms = sizeof(t)/sizeof(t[0]);
}
~Polynomial() {
delete[] terms;
}
Polynomial
The document discusses structures and classes in C++. It defines a structure called student with data members like name and roll number. It then defines a class called person with data members name and number and demonstrates creating an object of the class and accessing its members. The document also discusses concepts like defining member functions inside and outside classes, access specifiers, nesting member functions, and making outside member functions inline.
1. CSCI 5448- Object OrientedAnalysis and Design
By – ManaliTorpe
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
USING C++
2. Fundamentals of OOP
Class
Object
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Reusability
3. C++ as an OOP language
C++ : C with classes
Multi-paradigm language
As Object oriented language, it offers bottom to top approach
As Procedural language, it offers top to bottom approach
4. Classes and objects (I)
Class- user defined data type. Fundamental packaging unit of
OOP technology
Class declaration is similar to struct declaration
Keyword‘class’ followed by class name.
Object is an instance of class
Object combines data and functions
Object is created as a variable of class type using class name
Members of class
Data members / attributes
Member functions / methods
6. Data members
Data members can be any of the following types
Primary data types : int, float, char, double, bool
Secondary data types : arrays, pointers, class objects etc.
Data members classified into two groups
Regular : every object gets its own copy of data members
Static: all objects share the same copy of data member
7. Static Data Members
Variable declaration preceded by keyword‘static’
Only one copy of static variable is created.All the objects share the same
copy
Initialized to zero when first object is created. No other initialization
permitted.
Should be defined outside the class definition after declaring them
inside the class in this way – datatype classname :: varname
They are normally used to maintain values that are common to the
entire class, e.g., to keep a count of number of objects created.
8. Methods (I)
Function defined inside a class declaration is called as
member function or method
Methods can be defined in two ways - inside the class or
outside the class using scope resolution operator (::)
When defined outside class declaration, function needs to be
declared inside the class
10. Methods (III)
Types of functions in a class
Regular functions
Overloaded functions
Inline functions
Friend functions
Static functions
Constructors
Destructors
Virtual functions
11. Inline Function (I)
It is a function defined with a keyword‘inline’
Compiler replaces the function call with function definition
It can not be recursive
It can not contain any types of loops
It can not have switch cases or nested if’s
It can not have static variable or goto statements
Main() can not be inline
12. Inline Function (II)
All the inline functions must be defined before the call,
because compiler needs to go through definition before
the call
13. Friend Function (I)
Non-member function
Has access to private and protected data of class. It gets the access
through declaration in the class with keyword‘friend’
It can be declared anywhere in class, i.e., private/public scope
It has minimum one object of the class as its parameter because it
accesses data members with the object name
It can not be called by an object, because it is not a member function
One function can be friend of any number of classes.
15. Friend function (III)
Uses of Friend function
Useful when overloading certain types of operators
Useful when two or more classes contain members that are
interrelated to other parts of program
Enhances encapsulation. Only programmer who has access to
the source code of class, can make a function friend of that class
16. Friend Classes
They are used when two or more classes need to work together
and need access of each other’s data members without making
them accessible by other classes.
17. Static and Const Member Functions
Static member functions-
Can have access to only static members of the same class
Can be called using class name as –
classname :: functionname ();
Const member functions-
Function declaration followed by keyword‘const’,
e.g., void put() const {statements……..}
It ensures that it will never modify any data members
Can be invoked for both const and non-const objects
18. Constructors (I)
Special member function to initialize the objects of its class
Automatically called when an object is created
Data members can be initialized through constructors
Have the same name of the class
They can have any number of parameters
Do not have return types, because they are called
automatically by system
A constructor can only be called by a constructor
19. Constructors (II)
Three types of constructors-
Default constructors - constructor with no parameters. Compiler supplies
default constructor by itself if not defined explicitly.
e.g. Circle() {} . In main function, Circle c.
Parameterized constructors- constructors with parameters. Used for
initializing data members
e.g. Circle(float x) {r =x;} . In main function, Circle c(3.5);
Copy constructors- used when one object of the class initializes other object.
It takes reference to an object of the same class as an argument.
e.g. Circle (Circle &x) { r=x.r;} .
in main function, Circle c1(3.5); Circle c2=c1;
20. Constructors (III)
Ways of calling the constructors-
Implicit call – Calling the constructor by its object. we do not specify
the constructor name (Circle(3.5))
e.g. Circle c(3.5);
Explicit call – constructor is called by its name with parameters
E.g. Circle c = Circle(3.5);
Dynamic initialization – first memory is allocated to the object using
default constructor.Then parameterized constructor is called to
initialize data members
E.g. Circle c; float x; cin>>x;
c= Circle(x);
21. Destructors
Special member function that is called implicitly to de-
allocate the memory of objects allocated by constructor
Has same name of the class preceded by (~)sign
E.g. ~ Circle() {}
Only one destructor in class
Can never have parameters and cannot be called explicitly
No return type
Is called by itself when object goes outside its scope
Called in reverse order of constructors
22. Function Overloading
Functions with same name but different parameters
All the functions are defined in the same class
Binding is done during compile time
23. Operator Overloading (I)
Mechanism in which we give an additional meaning to
existing operators when they are applied to user defined
data types e.g. objects
When an operator is overloaded, its original meanings
are not lost
Improves readability of code and increases scope of
operator.
24. Operator overloading (II)
General rules of operator overloading-
Only existing operators can be overloaded
Overloaded operator must have at least one user defined
operator
Operator function can not have default arguments
All binary arithmetic overloaded operator functions explicitly
return a value
Precedence of operators can not be altered. E.g. * has higher
precedence over +
25. Unary Operator Overloading (I)
Unary operator acts on single operand(++,--)
Can be overloaded either through non-static member
function or friend function
Member function – takes no parameter. E.g. x.operator++()
Friend function - takes one parameter. E.g. operator++(x)
Increment(++) and decrement(--) have two versions, prefix
and postfix.To differentiate between them, a dummy
parameter of type int is used in postfix
27. Binary Operator Overloading (I)
Binary operator is an operator that requires two operands e.g. +,-,=
Member function –
takes one parameter e.g. c.operator+(Circle x).
Left hand side operand becomes calling object. R.H.S. becomes passing object.
e.g. c=c1+c2; -> c = c1.operator+(c2);
Left hand operand can not be primary data type as it can not call the function
E.g. c=100+c1; //error because c=100.operator+(c1) not possible
Friend function –
takes 2 parameters. One parameter has to be user-defined data type. Other can be either
secondary or primary data type
e.g. operator+(Circle c, int n)
Both L.H.S and R.H.S. are passed as objects, L.H.S. as 1st parameter and R.H.S. as 2nd
parameter
e.g. c=c1+100; -> c= operator+(c1,100)
In case of one of the operands being primary data type, object may appear on either left or right
side of operator.
e.g. C=100+c1; -> c=operator+(100,c1)
Return type in general is the object of the class
28. Binary Operator Overloading (II)
Assignment operators – e.g. =,+=,-=,*= etc
Assignment operator functions do not return any value. Changes are
made in L.H.S. operand
In case of friend function, first parameter must be an reference to the
object
e.g. Speed operator+=(Speed &x, Speed y)
s1+=s2; -> operator+=(s1,s2);
If an object is assigned to another object at the line of declaration, then
copy constructor is called.
E.g. Speed s1=s2;
If it is done on the next line of declaration, then = operator is called.
E.g. Speed s1;
S1=s2;
29. Inheritance (I)
It is a concept in which the properties of one class are
available to another
The class that is being inherited is called as superclass or
baseclass
The class that inherits the properties and functions of
base class is called as subclass or derived class
Derived class inherits all the properties of baseclass
without making any changes to it. So facilitates code
reuse, hence reusability
30. Inheritance (II)
An access specifier defines a boundary to member of a class.
A class can have 3 types of member access specifiers:
Private: members of class accessible only by members & friends of class. By
default, all members are private
Protected: members of class accessible only by members and friends of
derived class.
Public: members of class accessible by any function in the application
31. Inheritance (III)
Base-class access specifier determines access status of base class members inside
derived class
3 types of base class access specifiers:
Private – all public, protected members of base class become private in derived
class. Inaccessible by derived class objects
Protected – all public, protected members of base class become protected in
derived class.Accessible only by members and friends of derived class
Public – public members become public in derived class, hence accessible by
derived class objects. Protected remain protected.
32. Inheritance (IV)
Class can inherit properties of one or more classes or from
more than one level.
Depending on the number of base classes and number of
levels, 5Types of inheritance:
Single inheritance
Multilevel inheritance
Multiple inheritance
Hybrid inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
33. Single Inheritance
Derived class has only one base class
All properties of base class are available in derived class.
But vice versa not true
Object of derived class can access all public properties of
base class
34. Multilevel Inheritance
Derived class becomes base class to another class
Here B is called intermediate base class
All the public properties ofA are available in C
Private properties of A not accessible in C
35. Multiple Inheritance
Derived class has more than one base class
Derived class has all the public and protected properties
of all the base classes
Each base class can be inherited with any visibility mode.
All are separated by a comma
36. Hybrid Inheritance
Derived class has multiple base classes
These intermediate base classes have a common base class
To avoid getting multiple copies of common base class in the derived class,
intermediate base classes inherit the base class as virtual
Hence only one copy of base class will be given in derived class
37. Hierarchical Inheritance
Different derived class inherits one level of inheritance
Additional members are added in each derived class to extend the
capabilities of class
Each derived class serves as base class for lower level of classes
38. Constructors and Destructors in
Inheritance
Single and multilevel inheritance – base class constructors are
called first, then derived class constructors are called
E.g. class B : public A
Constructor of A is called first, then of B.
Multiple inheritance – base class constructors are called from left
to right as specified in derived class inheritance list.Then derived
class constructors are called.
E.g. class C : public A, public B
Here constructor of A is called first, then constructor of B is called
and then of derived class C
Destructors are called in the reverse order of constructors
39. Encapsulation
Means of data hiding
Binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both
safe from outside interference.
Tells exactly what user can access and can not access through
public and private access specifiers
Prevents hacking of code.
40. Function Overriding (I)
Functions with same name and same parameters and same
return type
Defined in base class and derived classes
When derived class object calls the function, it calls
overridden function in the derived class
When base class object calls the function, it calls the base
class copy of the function
42. Virtual Functions (I)
Member function preceded by keyword‘virtual’ in base class
and overridden in derived class
If object of base class invokes virtual function, then copy of
base class is invoked and if derived class object invokes it,
then copy of derived class is invoked.
Virtual functions are declared to specify late binding.
When base class pointer points at derived class object, c++
determines which copy to be called depending upon the type
of the object at run time
They are resolved at run time not at compile time
43. Virtual Functions (II)
General rules while defining virtual function:
Must be member of some class
Accessed using object pointers
Can be friend of another class
Prototype of base class and derived class virtual function must
be identical
No need to use keyword‘virtual’ in definition if its is defined
outside the class
Can not be a static member
44. Polymorphism (I)
Function overriding with base class function declared virtual
Always needs to be called with base class pointer or reference
When derived class object is assigned to base class pointer,
base class pointer will access the overridden derived class
function during run time
This is know as run time polymorphism / dynamic binding
46. Pure Virtual Function
Virtual member function of base class without definition and
forces derived class to give definition for it
Should be overridden in all the derived classes
Is initialized to 0.“=0” indicates that code for the function is
null pointer.
E.g. class Shape
{ virtual void area() = 0;
};
If derived class fails to provide definition for the function,
then it becomes an abstract class and instance of it can not be
created then.
47. Abstract Class (I)
Contains at least one pure virtual function
Object of abstract class can not be created, because it
contains one or more pure virtual functions without
definition.
A reference or pointer can be created to support run
time polymorphism
All the pure virtual functions of abstract class must be
overridden in derived class.
Can be used to create generic, extensible libraries for
programmer to use in their own implementations
48. Abstract Class (II)
Example of abstract class. Similarly, another sub classTriangle
can also be added.
49. Overview
We learnt the basics of object-oriented programming using
C++ language
Following key features were explained with examples:
Inline functions
Friend functions
Operator overloading
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Virtual functions
Abstract class