Classical organizational theory developed in the early 20th century and focused on identifying the most efficient and productive ways to structure and manage organizations. The two main perspectives were scientific management, championed by Frederick Taylor, which aimed to optimize workers' motions; and administrative management, developed by Henri Fayol and others, which addressed overall organizational structure. Taylor studied manufacturing processes to determine the most efficient workflows, while Fayol identified five core management functions and 14 principles for effective administration. Max Weber later described bureaucracy as the ideal organizational form, based on hierarchy, rules, impersonality and merit-based promotion. Critics argue classical theory may reduce employee autonomy and creativity.