Human health has many aspects, we need to feed the diet which provides better nutrition and gives good health, an absence of disease and good behaviour. There are many health-related problems and conditions are responsible for the weak health and sometimes death causing illness, in which cancer is one most common health risk in human healthcare. Cancer is the state in which cell division is uncontrolled which damage the cells and in the last stage, if incurable caused death. There are many reasons why cell got infected due to cancerous infections, in which food habits and quality of foodstuffs are also increased the risk of cancer, like mycotoxins contamination in the food. MSG additives, taste enhancer, food colouring etc. done by the chemical processing which produces toxins inside the during the oxidation process of food. Cancer is causes of death rate higher than other health risks all over the world. The number of cancer cases is likely to rise up to 24 million by 2035. Several studies were performed in the last years in order to explore and analyze associations between diet and risk of cancer. The risk of cancer is depending on the degree of exposure to contaminated food, availability of nutrients in the body, dietary pattern and lifestyle as well as food behaviour. Research from a number of sources provides information that some vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, dietary fibre, certain micronutrients, few fatty acids and physical activity protect against cancers. Whereas poor dietary intake, imbalanced nutrition, less physical activity trances fatty acids, food processing and cooking method may increase risks.
Keywords: Cancer, death, nutrition, fruits and vegetable
Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because of abnormal cells grow out of control.
Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because of abnormal cells grow out of control.
Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes. These changes are also called genetic changes.
Cancer Epidemiology, Risk factors for most common types, mortality, prevention and yeild of cancer prevention. gender, geography, infections, tobacco, environmental riskk factors.
Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes. These changes are also called genetic changes.
Cancer Epidemiology, Risk factors for most common types, mortality, prevention and yeild of cancer prevention. gender, geography, infections, tobacco, environmental riskk factors.
Our bodies are made up of millions of cells, grouped together to form tissues and organs such as muscles and bones, the lungs and the liver. Genes inside each cell order it to grow, work, reproduce and die. Normally, our cells obey these orders and we remain healthy. But sometimes the instructions get mixed up, causing the cells to form lumps or tumors, or spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.
Nursing management of patients with oncological conditionsANILKUMAR BR
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer is caused by external factors and internal factors which may act together to initiate or promote carcinogenesis.
External Factors - chemicals, radiation, viruses, and lifestyle.
Internal Factors – hormones, immune condition, and inherited mutations.
Oncology branch of medicine deals with etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
Onco - is a Greek word meaning tumor .
Introduction to Cancer Epidemiology and CarcinogenesisPUBH 6.docxbagotjesusa
Introduction to Cancer Epidemiology and Carcinogenesis
PUBH 6550/8550
Chronic Disease Epidemiology
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Cancer is a term describing malignant diseases. Cancer should not be thought of as a single disease but rather a group of diseases which may have many characteristics in common but not necessarily the same causative agents, etiology or molecular profiles. In general, cancer defines diseases that have the capacity to invade surrounding normal tissue, metastasize (spread to distant sites) and kill the host in which it originates.
Objectives
What is the definition of cancer?
Benign vs. Malignant
Most common cancer types in men and women
Learn how to obtain cancer-related data using Internet sources
Understand cancer staging
Understand the basics of how carcinogenesis occurs
Describe inherited cancer syndromes
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Causation and Cancer
Examples of Identified Causes and
Future Efforts in Cancer Prevention
Tobacco use and lung cancer
Infectious agents (e.g., HPV) and cervical cancer
Ionizing radiation and leukemia
Designation of a risk factor as “causal” has been the starting point for initiating cancer prevention programs based on reducing exposure to the risk factor
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The concept of causation has long had a central role in the application of epidemiologic evidence for controlling cancer. Designation of a risk factor as “causal” has been the starting point for initiating cancer prevention programs based on reducing exposure to the risk factor. Though the concept of causation remains a matter of continuing discussion, use of the term in public health implies that the evidence supporting causality of association has reached a critical threshold of certainty and that reduced exposure can be expected to be followed by reduced disease occurrence. In other words, if there is “enough” evidence supporting a particular risk factor (or a preventive or prognostic factor), it seems to be considered ‘causal’. Keep in mind, though, that risk factor is the most proper term.
What is cancer?
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in death.
Characteristics: Abnormality, Uncontrollability, invasiveness
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According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in death. Although cancer is often referred to as a single condition, it actually consists of more than 100 different diseases. These diseases are characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer can arise in many sites and behave differently depending on its organ of origin. Breast cancer, for example, has different characteristics than lung cancer. It is important to understand that cancer originating in one body organ takes its characteristics with it even if it spreads to another part of the body. For example, metastatic br.
Running head YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT1YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT2.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT 1
YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT 2
You Are What You Eat
Awesome Doctor
West Coast University
Abstract
Scientist have found evidence that life with cancer can be extended and certain cancers can be prevented by changing dietary habits. People who are influenced by western society and maintain a western diet are in great danger if nothing is done to limit the intake of meat and consumption of process meats. New dietary guidelines are released every 5 years by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the department of Health and Human Services. Both organizations are responsible for reviewing clinical evidence and reports from research, and creating new dietary guidelines for consumers to follow. Critics of the new guidelines argue that the USDA has censored the recommendations to eat less red meat in such a way that only the food corporations funding the research receive benefits. Cancer is caused by multiple factors but mainly from exposure to carcinogens and mutations in DNA. Carcinogens either promote cancer growth or initiate cancer growth. Certain risk factors have been associated with the development of cancers. Air pollution, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, occupational hazards, exposure to radiation, and certain aspects of diet are all risk factors liked to be carcinogenic. The carcinogenic links in diet have been attracting a lot of attention in the scientific community. Scientist working with the national cancer institute, under the national institute of health, have been working together to verify the relationship between consuming meat and processed foods, and the development or progression of cancer. The national cancer institute’s division of cancer prevention, conducted a two-year study that divided 200 people into 2 groups that were diagnosed with colorectal cancer within 3 to 6 months of the study. The control group maintained their normal diet that included eating meat and processed foods while the experimental group eliminated meat and processed foods and maintained a strict vegetarian diet for the life of the experiment. The experiments objective was to test the correlation between meat consumption and the effects of colorectal cancer. The funding assisted with the research needed to find subjects for the study and to transport them to and from facilities rented out to perform colonoscopy or CT scan procedures. Graphs were made to measure the rates of reoccurrence or metastasis. 72 of the 200 participants died during the 24-month long experiment. The participants from the control group suffered a loss of 42%, while the experimental group only lost 30% of its participants before the trial was over. Those who maintained a vegetarian diet displayed an additional 25% chance of not developing metastasis and 26% decrease in polyp reoccurrence. Participants in the study who maintained a vegetarian diet developed end stage cancer or metastasis at slower rates. The informatio ...
Understanding Cancer: How Genetics Plays a Rolekinsleyaniston
Genetic testing looks at your DNA to identify changes that cause or may put you at risk for certain diseases or disorders. The results from genetic tests provide information that may help you and your doctor recognize and manage these health conditions. Visit: https://www.genomesmart.com/geno-blog/understanding-cancer--how-genetics-plays-a-role
Amino acid is monomer of protein
Proteins are organic nitrogenous compounds formed of C H O & “N”
Proteins are the polymers of 20 naturally occurring amino acids
Amino acids are organic acids in which one H is replaced by NH3 usually at α carbon (next to COOH group)
All amino acids have in common
central α carbon to which COOH & H & NH2 are attached
They also attached α carbon to a side chain called R group which is different for each
The present time encourages herbal supplements that
provide immune boosters, but they should thoroughly understand
herbal supplements, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics.
Citation: Neelesh Kumar Maurya. “Using the Herb to Treat COVID-19 by Self-medication”. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 5.1 (2020):.In this pandemic of COVID 19, herbs in pharmacopeia should be
revised, and all contraindications should be indicated. Therefore,
it is crucial for governments and agencies involved in the health
sector to take urgent action, such as policy-making and programs,
to raise public awareness of the health hazards of self-medication
with herbal medicines (especially without standardized products)
Studies showed that RBO has important hypocholesterolemic effects. RBO
incorporates a healthy diet and fitness regimen to improve cardiac health
and other health conditions. It is important to remind everyone that RBO is
not a drug, even with minor changes in your lipid profile. This concept
could be beneficial. It is a convenient and cost-effective approach to a well-balanced life and better quality of life.
Studies on Vegetarian and Non- vegetarian food habits during pregnancy periodNeeleshkumar Maurya
The study was conducted on 35 pregnant women who were pregnant at in Attarsuiya at Allahabad (U.P.), India during in the year 2017-18. Anaemia in pregnancy is associated with increased rates of maternal and prenatal mortality, premature delivery, low birth weight, and other adverse outcomes. Hemoglobin is expected to drop during pregnancy. It is normal for hemoglobin to drop to 10.5g/dl during pregnancy. Micronutrients like Iron, copper, pyridoxine, Vitamin-C, Vitamin-B12, the deficiency is may cause of low hemoglobin that is become a reason for Anaemia. The blood was collected from all the subjects to measure the hemoglobin (Hb) during 16-18 weeks, 22-24 weeks, and 34-35 weeks of gestation. According to food habits, it is divided into 2 groups. The first group was vegetarian and the second group was non-vegetarian both groups were taken proper routine check-ups by the gynecologist and consult a nutritionist. Result founded that BMI Mean± SD of vegetarian pregnant women is 23.1±4.1 and on vegetarians was 22.8 ±2.9. Hemoglobin Mean± SD of a vegetarian pregnant lady is 11.9±0.4 and on non-vegetarians was 11.3±1.3. There is no significant difference (p <0.05) was observed value of BMI and hemoglobin in both groups.
Keywords: vegetarian diets, nutrition; pregnancy, anaemia, balanced diet.
Anaemia in Chronic Renal Failure Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis: A across ...Neeleshkumar Maurya
ABSTRACT Chronic renal failure disease is frequently associated with anaemia and the level of anaemia correlates with the stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 44 chronic kidney disease patients in the department of medicine, M.L.B. Medical College, Jhansi during the period January to June, 2018. The study was evaluating the profile of anaemia and to find the association between the severity of anaemia and ckd-5 patients time period of taking on haemodialysis. Haemoglobin, blood urea, serum albumin, serum creatinine levels were examined using standard techniques. There was a significant difference in the haemoglobin of CKD patients taking 30 days regular interval 3 times values (P <0.05). All 44 patients (100%) were anaemic there was no significant correlation between the severity of anaemia and serum creatinine levels (P > 0.82) the most frequent anaemia in chronic kidney disease patients was a malnourished type of a moderate degree anaemic (7 10mg/dl). A significant correlation was not found between the severity of anomie and serum creatinine levels 30 day interval of CKD of patients on haemodialysis. Keywords: - haemodialysis, anomie, serum creatinine, haemoglobin, malnutrition.
DIETARY INTAKE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTSNeeleshkumar Maurya
This study was conducted on 50 CKD-5 patients during the year 2016-17, considered stable from, 3 months of regular dialysis at least 2 times in a week dialysis centre in MLB, Medical College Jhansi. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour recall and analysed after 30 days three times the average dietary intake of 1580.5±164 kcal/day; carbohydrate 204.3±19.0 gm/day; lipid, 49.0±4.6 gm/day, protein 54.0±4.8 gm/day. The significant prevalence was observed for the inadequacy of calories intake and other nutrients. Hemodialysis patients had a lower intake of fruit (77%), vegetable (56%) and dairy products (70%) exchange whereas they had normal intake of oils/fats (95%) and sugars/sweets (97%). This study the reveals that the patient suffered from CKD with dialysis phase were observed loss of appetite and inadequate dietary intake than the recommended, lead to malnutrition, susceptible to various life style diseases and high risk of morbidity.
Keywords: Dialysis, inadequate, dietary intake, malnutrition, morbidity.
Renewable Energy: An Assessment of Public Awareness in Jhansi Neeleshkumar Maurya
India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy from renewable sources (solar light, bio gas, hydro, bio diesel, wind etc). Jhansi city has a very good scope to generate renewable energy due to their geographical situation and environmental factors. Diffusion methods are a key factor in promoting renewable energy production. Present time Indian government uses different types of effective extension education and diffusion method a deep gap which needs to be addressed in the area of energy education and awareness in India. This study aims to address the awareness of renewable energy and running Indian government different subsidy scheme like Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), Government Yojana: Solar Energy Subsidy Scheme, UDAY Scheme, SECI scheme, ROOFTOP scheme. Methodology used sample size was 250 respondents from Jhansi three different local area were chosen Shiva Ji Nagar, Veerangana, Kochha Bhanwar its duration from November 2018 to February 2019. Questionnaire based on self-structured questionnaires including demographic data that includes gender, age, income, education, area of residence, life quality, and interest of implementation. The statistical analysis used percentage and ratio, stated that middle class and rural respondents were more (76%)interested to use renewable energy, government launched different schemes but 96 % respondent had no knowledge. The government needs to improve its diffusion method that changes Indian people’s view of renewable energy not only economically but eco-friendly and helpful in various type of health issues. Keywords: Awareness -Renewable Energy, Diffusion method, government subsidy, eco-friendly
India is the second rank in population and developing in the world. It leads to other countries by own Scio-economic, cultural way. Any country health affects growth in their average expectancy and various socioeconomic indicators like Human Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index, and Gross Domestic Product per capita other way reducing the burden of disease. Children, pregnant and lactating women are the most affected with a reduction in cognitive and physical growth and prone to unhealthy which directly affect the productivity of the country. After independence in Indian constitute have a provision in part -IV (Article -45, 47) development of nutritional strategies and intervention in the five-year plans. Hence Government has devised several nutrition programmes like National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme, National Goitre Control Programme, National, Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme, Midday Meal Programme, Applied nutrition Programme, Akshaya Patra Program. The activities in each program have been seen and its impact assessed by various evaluation programs and it was found that these programmes helped the nation. They helped to provide the proper nutrition to the children and women. The implementation of these principles, together with intensification of public health and primary care services, offers an approach to ensure more equitable health care for India’s population. Keywords: India, nutritional programs, Article-45, 47
Novel Protein Foods: Alternative Sources of Protein for Human Consumption Neeleshkumar Maurya
Proteins are a major macronutrient of the human diet needed for survival. Its crucial function in nourishment is to provide sufficient amounts of amino acids to the body as these amino acids work as anaplerotic substrates in the building block of the body. As the growth of population increases continuously, the demand for protein also increases over the next decades, and it is very important to search alternative sources of protein for human consumption. The present food industrialists aim to develop a cheaper, protein rich that have almost essential amino acids with highest bioavailability and more convenient food products. Single cell protein from algae and fungi, leaf protein extract and many insects could be an alternative of protein, because they have almost all the essential amino acids required for the human body for the survival.
ABSTRACT Emblica officinalis commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is perhaps the most important medicinal plant in the Indian traditional system of medicine, the Ayurveda.Vitamin C, tannins and flavonoidspresent in amla have powerful antioxidant activities. Due to rich Vitamin C content, amla is successfully used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.It is one of the oldest Indian fruits and considered as “wonder fruit for health”. Amla pulp of fresh fruit contains 200–900 mg/100 g of vitamin C.Ascorbic acid retention was found to be decreased with increase in temperature. The fruit is highly perishable in nature and is available for short period from October to January. Theamla fruit possess excellent nutritive and therapeutic value. Processed forms of Amla fruit are murabbas, candy, dried chips, jelly, sauce, pickle, squash and syrup. Therefore, present study was undertaken to develop a value addedamla products.Amlabhujiawas prepared from gram flour, amla pulp or amla powder with spices.Amlawas incorporated at different forms (powder and pulp).Amlabhujia was prepared by using nine point hedonic scale. The Comparison of three samples B1 (Gram flour with amla pulp), B2 (Gram flour, amla powder, spices, oil with citric acid) and B3 (Gram flour,amla powder, without citric acid).The result of study revealed that according to sensory evaluation of amlabhujia, sample B1 (gram flour with aonla pulp) was found to be highly acceptable by the judges. Keywords:Amla, Medicinal uses,Diseases, Vitamin C,Sensory evaluation
Proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes are important elements of health care office infection control programme. Pyperharin treatment and disposal of biomedical waste play a vital role in the hospital infection control programme. Objectives of BMW (Biomedical waste) management mainly involves preventing transmission of disease from patient to patient, from patient to health worker and vice versa to present injury to the healthcare worker and workers in support services, while handling biomedical waste, to prevent genital exposure to the harmful effects of the cytotoxic, genotoxic ,Anatomical Waste, Bio Technology Waste and chemical biomedical waste generated in hospitals. If properly designed and applied, waste management can be a relatively effective and effective compliance related practice. This review article discusses the collection situation, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste and its various types Hospital are one of the complex institutions which are frequently visited by people from every standard of life without any distinction between age, sex, race and religion. Most of these hospitals and health clinics produce waste which is increasing in its amount and type and leading to risk for patients and personnel who handle their wastes and the low threat to public health and environment.
KEYWORDS: Awareness, biomedical waste management, hospital waste management, anatomical waste, chemical waste, bio Technology Waste.
Impact of Malnutrition on Lipid Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in...Neeleshkumar Maurya
The present study was carried out to identify the role of malnutrition and its relationship for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients taking hemodialysis. We conducted an analytical study with 100 patients. It was carried out over one-year period, from February 25, 2017 to March 30, 2018. The inclusion criteria were the patients who have been on hemodialysis for at least past three months period and at least more than 18-year-old. All the patients were divided into two groups: first group of patients have both CVD and CKD and other group of patients have only CKD. Patients were subjected to biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Out of hundred patients, about 60 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight women and 52 men with the age range from 18 to 80 years with 49±10.2years as mean age. We found that higher level of cholesterol, triglyceride, low protein intake and low energy conception in CKD alone patients is directly associated with malnutrition. The association between cholesterol levels and CKD would be altered by the presence of malnutrition. Low level of protein and total energy intake also confirms the presence of malnutrition in CKD patient developed the CVD.
Keywords: Malnutrition, hemodialysis patients, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD)
PATIENT-GENERATED SUBJECTIVE GLOBAL ASSESSMENT (PG-SGA): A REVIEW Neeleshkumar Maurya
The present investigation, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and its different variants are being widely used as a nutritional status or risk assessment tool in clinical and hospital practice for myriads of disease including life-threatening one such as cancer, chronic kidney diseases. SGA is based on measurement and observation of several parameters such as weight change, dietary intake change, gastrointestinal symptoms, functional capacity, co morbidities related to nutritional condition and physical examination. However, the tool is not devoid of limitation and is being constantly improved for the optimization of its use in various other diseases. Therefore, clinicians need an easy to use and interpret, low cost, reliable tool to assess nutritional status. The PG-SGA is a more sensitive tool than other versions of SGA and is successfully being used as a screening tool in diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, HIV and chronic kidney disease (CKD) etc. According to the theory of “reverse epidemiology”, a patient with better nutritional status is supposed to have increased scope of survival. Therefore, it is increasingly being used patients who are at the pre-dialysis stage or being treated with dialysis. The review will summarize the basics of the nutritional assessment tool, its indications, and limitation of use in clinical practice etc. Moreover, the review will summarize the recommendations for use of PG-SGA in CKD and a brief review of existing literature to understand the scope of use and future perspective of the application of this tool for using in CKD patient population. Key Words: SGA, PG-SGA, Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis, nutrition
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF SOYA BEAN CHUNKS SUPPLEMENTION DURING HEMODIALYSISNeeleshkumar Maurya
The present study was conducted during the year 2016-17 on 30 ckd-5 patients on hemodialysis admitted in various medical wards of the MLB, Medical College, Jhansi (U.P.) India. The primary data were obtained from all CKD patients 30 days intervals and three times first time proper medication with hemodialysis therapy and second time same condition patients with additional dietary counseling. The data was collected in all the patients, thorough anthropometric measurement, dietary history and blood are collected for analysis of Hb, serum albumin, blood urea, cholesterol and cretonne. The Proper dietary counseling along with high biological protein (20 gm) given during hemodialysis superior the nutritional value of undernourished chronic kidney disease patient. About proper diet counseling of the patients showed significant statistical positive (<0.005) response in a various nutritional factor like BMI, MUAC, Serum Albumin, hemoglobin, total calorie intake while the only medication and dialysis therapy showed an undergoing undernourished in their nutritional value. The patients undergoing hemodialysis often develop protein-energy malnutrition which is related to mortality and morbidity rate increases. Special nutritional care is required for the dialysis patient to improve the net protein anabolism. The nutritional value of soya bean chunks in patients on HD requirements more attention providing one-to-one nutrition psychotherapy could be improvements in the patients. Key words : Dialysis, malnutrition, soybean chunks, high biological protein.
Renewable Energy: An Assessment of Public Awareness in Jhansi Neeleshkumar Maurya
ABSTRACT India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy from renewable sources (solar light, bio gas, hydro, bio diesel, wind etc). Jhansi city has a very good scope to generate renewable energy due to their geographical situation and environmental factors. Diffusion methods are a key factor in promoting renewable energy production. Present time Indian government uses different types of effective extension education and diffusion method a deep gap which needs to be addressed in the area of energy education and awareness in India. This study aims to address the awareness of renewable energy and running Indian government different subsidy scheme like Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), Government Yojana: Solar Energy Subsidy Scheme, UDAY Scheme, SECI scheme, ROOFTOP scheme. Methodology used sample size was 250 respondents from Jhansi three different local area were chosen Shiva Ji Nagar, Veerangana, Kochha Bhanwar its duration from November 2018 to February 2019. Questionnaire based on self-structured questionnaires including demographic data that includes gender, age, income, education, area of residence, life quality, and interest of implementation. The statistical analysis used percentage and ratio, stated that middle class and rural respondents were more (76%)interested to use renewable energy, government launched different schemes but 96 % respondent had no knowledge. The government needs to improve its diffusion method that changes Indian people’s view of renewable energy not only economically but eco-friendly and helpful in various type of health issues. Keywords: Awareness -Renewable Energy, Diffusion method, government subsidy, eco-friendly.
Prevalence of infertility gravitates to increase due to different factors. Causes of male infertility could be varicocele, idiopathic infertility, testicular insufficiency, obstruction, ejaculation disorder, medicineradiation effect, undescended testis, immunological mechanisms, endocrine dysfunction such as diabetes, excessive taking of alcohol, smoking and environmental toxins such as pesticides, mercury and lead. It is furthermore understood that person, obesity, be deficient in of nutrition and habits of utilizing time for example too much use of, laptop, mobile phones, computers and sauna, etc., as for women, age, smoking, too much consumption of alcohol, having a skinny or overweight body and having been exposed to physical or mental stress fruition in amenorrhea might be the causes of infertility. The progress in infertility prevalence draws attention to the effects of factors such as lifestyle, dietetic habits and environmental factors. Male infertility originates from mostly as a result of the association between oxidative stress and antioxidants. A review of these areas will provide researchers with a more noteworthy understanding of the compulsory participation of these nutrients in male reproductive processes. This review also caustic out gaps in recent studies which will require further investigations.
Keywords: Nutrition; spermatogenesis, oligospermia, infertility, antioxidants, reproductive
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can result from a wide variety of different kidney diseases. Currently, 90% of patients reaching CKD have chronic diabetes mellitus, glomerulonephritis or hypertension. With CKD comes a myriad of problems related to the kidney's inability to excrete waste products leads to symptoms of uraemia. The treatments of CKD require dialysis or kidney transplantation. In this review, an attempt has been made to explain the nutritional management of CKD along with various dialysis treatment and the complications related to the dialysis method. It is important to maintain optimal nutritional status so that the patient will be a good candidate to respond to the treatment effectively.Kidney Patients necessitate following a blanced diet plan to retain normal protein stores and to avoid metabolic complications. This article deals with the therapeutic aspects of nutrition in CKD patients and will improve the quality of life Keywords: ESRD, CKD, Dialysis, Nutritional management.
Rice bran is fabricated from the rice milling enterprise and contains about 10% of the entire weight of rough rice. It is especially composed of aleurone, pericarp, subaleurone layer, and germ. Rice bran is a fertile supply of nutrients, minerals, vital fatty acids, dietary fiber, and different sterols. The quantification of γ-oryzanol in rice bran can be conducted by many methods that require drawing out of rice bran oil (RBO) from the bran, accompanied by way of evaluation of the quantity of γ-oryzanol in the RBO with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography. RBO is the oil drain out of the outer rigid surface of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is identified for its excessive smoke factor of 232°C (450°F) and soft taste, making it pleasant for excessive-temperature cooking strategies such as blend and deep frying. It is healthy for human expenditure, which is employed in the system of vegetable ghee. Wax was drawn out of RBO and palpanese extract, which is employed for carnauba wax in makeup, confectionery, shoe lotions, and sharpening compounds. It is accepted as a food preparation oil in numerous Asian countries, along with Bangladesh, Japan, India, and China. Regarding the importance of RBO, this overview intends to pay attention at the phytochemistry and therapeutic functions of RBO.
FORMULATION OF VALUE ADDED LOW-CALORIE, HIGH FIBRE BISCUITS USING FLAX SEEDS ...Neeleshkumar Maurya
Worldwide scientists are focusing on developing functional food products which are healthy and low in calories. The possibility of incorporating roasted flax seeds flour (RFF) and substituting sugar with Stevia rebaudiana leaves powder (SLP) for developing nutritious, healthier and high quality biscuits has been investigated. Overall six biscuit formulations were designed besides control. SLP was used as a natural sweetener and RFF was used as a source of dietary fibre. Standardisation was done by evaluating the sensory quality of the formulated biscuits prepared from a mixture of blends. As soon as standardisation of blends was completed, the standardised flour mix was used to formulate biscuits by substituting sucrose with SLP at levels of 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5% and 8%. The treatment (T4) was found to be the best among different variations on the basis of sensory evaluation with incorporation of 8% (RFF) and 7% (SLP) resulted in increased moisture (7.57%), ash (3.69%), protein (18.88 g/100g), fat (10.97 g/100g), fibre (4.52 g/100g), calcium (408.23 mg/100g), phosphorus (445.03 mg/100g) and iron (10.01 mg/100g) content in comparison to control (T0) which was high in calories (384 Kcal/100g) and carbohydrate (62.34g/100g) content. Thus, results signify that incorporation of RFF at 8% and SLF at 7% enhance the functional properties of developed biscuits by reducing the calorie density and improving the health benefits.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Nutrients in diet that effective in cancer prevention
1. ~ 2296 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2019; 8(2): 2296-2304
E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
JPP 2019; 8(2): 2296-2304
Received: 11-01-2019
Accepted: 15-02-2019
Sangeeta
Assistant Professor, Home
science Ramabai Govt Women
P.G College Akbarpur,
Ambedkarnagar, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Neelesh Kumar Maurya
Institute of Home Science,
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
Uttar Pradesh, India
Correspondence
Neelesh Kumar Maurya
Institute of Home Science,
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
Uttar Pradesh, India
Nutrients in diet that effective in cancer
prevention
Sangeeta and Neelesh Kumar Maurya
Abstract
Human health has many aspects, we need to feed the diet which provides better nutrition and gives good
health, an absence of disease and good behaviour. There are many health-related problems and conditions
are responsible for the weak health and sometimes death causing illness, in which cancer is one most
common health risk in human healthcare. Cancer is the state in which cell division is uncontrolled which
damage the cells and in the last stage, if incurable caused death. There are many reasons why cell got
infected due to cancerous infections, in which food habits and quality of foodstuffs are also increased the
risk of cancer, like mycotoxins contamination in the food. MSG additives, taste enhancer, food colouring
etc. done by the chemical processing which produces toxins inside the during the oxidation process of
food. Cancer is causes of death rate higher than other health risks all over the world. The number of
cancer cases is likely to rise up to 24 million by 2035. Several studies were performed in the last years in
order to explore and analyze associations between diet and risk of cancer. The risk of cancer is depending
on the degree of exposure to contaminated food, availability of nutrients in the body, dietary pattern and
lifestyle as well as food behaviour. Research from a number of sources provides information that some
vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, dietary fibre, certain micronutrients, few fatty acids and physical
activity protect against cancers. Whereas poor dietary intake, imbalanced nutrition, less physical activity
trances fatty acids, food processing and cooking method may increase risks.
Keywords: Cancer, death, nutrition, fruits and vegetable
Introduction
Cancer cells do be unsuccessful away at the natural point in a cell's life cycle. Cancer is a
broad term. Carcinogenesis is the term used for initial cancer. Oncology is a medical branch
that study of all forms of cancer. It describes the disease that marks when cellular metabolic
changes origin the uncontrolled growth and division of cells [1]
. Usual cells take notice to
signals from nearest cells and discontinue growing when they infringe on nearby tissues
something called contact inhibition. Cancer cells take no perceive of these cells and invade
close by tissues [2]
. Benign tumours have a fibrous capsule. Carcinogenesis has appeared in
different form like visible out cell growth called tumours and internal forms like leukaemia.
Each cell has definite functions and predetermined lifespan [3]
. While apoptosis is a state in
which normal cells died and form a new cell is natural and benefits phenomena. This process
makes healthier cells and destroys the damaged cell so that function if the organ could perform
the best action directed by the brain. Cancerous cells are lacking in the mechanism that
instructs them to stop dividing and to die. Needless nutrients utilize by a cancerous cell that
nutrient use in optimal growth for other cell and repair tissue. As a result, they fabricate up in
the body, using oxygen and nutrients that would usually nourish other cells. Cancerous cells
can outward appearance tumours, impair the immune coordination and reason other changes
that prevent the body from performance frequently. Cancerous cells may originate in one area
and then expand via the lymph nodes [1, 3]
.
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Source: Nastasia Belc and Gabriel Mustatea 2018 [4]
.
Fig 1: Cancer growth and progression
Causes
The accurate origin of cancer is not well known but diverse
factors are likely at active play. Inheritance factor consider the
major risk of prognosis of cancer but genetic factors have
been concurrent to certain types of cancers, study reveals that
less than 10 percent of cancers are inherited, not more than 10
percent of breast cancers are connected with mutated genes
known as BRCA1 and BRCA2. These two inherited genes
report for in relation to 50 percent of the inherited forms of
breast cancer. The most of the cancer are stated due to the
genetic mutations of cells that occur due to the lifestyle and
environmental factors such as food habits, cigarette smoking
and exposure to radiation [5, 6]
.
Source: Nastasia Belc and Gabriel Mustatea 2018[ 4 ]
Revelation to the following ecological factors cans Origin
cancer
Tobacco smoking: Smoking caused lung cancer and is also
linked with an increased risk for cancers of the larynx,
oesophagus, mouth cancer, bladder, and cervix cancer [7, 8, 9]
.
Chemicals: Chemical contact with industrial dyes, asbestos,
and benzene are correlated with cancer [8]
.
Ionizing radiation: An association between ionizing
radiation and cancer has been made, but the accurate amount
of radiation exposure that increases the risk of cancer is still.
Not well known [8, 10]
.
Viruses: Certain types of viruses like HIV AIDS, Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome is responsible for increasing
the risk of cancer, like hepatic cancer, lymphomas, and
sarcomas [8, 11]
. HPV viruses are responsible for the cervical
and anal cancer.
Sunlight: Long time exposure directly in sun light which
contains too much Ultraviolet rays causes skin damage and
may result skin cancer [8]
.
Genetic factors: Studies observed that genetic factors can
contribute to the progress of cancer. A person's genetic code
programmed their cells when to divide and expire. Mutation
in the genes can go ahead to faulty instructions, and cancer
can consequence. Genes also persuade the cells’ transcription
and translation, assembly of proteins, and proteins transmit
many of the information for cellular growth and division
Some genes alter proteins that would typically repair damaged
cells. This can direct to cancer. If parents have these genes,
they may get ahead of on the altered directives to their
offspring. Some genetic changes occur after birth, and
environmental factors such as smoking and sun exposure can
enhance the risk. Previous changes that can consequence in
cancer take place in the chemical signals that conclude how
the body deploys, or "expresses" specific genes
Types of cancer
Oncologists have divide cancer into types based on where its
prognosis. Four main types of cancer are:
Carcinomas: A carcinoma origin in the skin or the tissue that
covers the surface of internal organs and glands. Carcinomas
more often than not form solid tumours. They are the most
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
common type of cancer. Examples of carcinomas include lung
cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer.
Sarcomas: A sarcoma begins in the tissues that hold up and
connect the body. A sarcoma can spread in all cells of body if
not cured on time. It may damage the muscles, bones, nerves
system, etc.
Leukaemia: Leukaemia is cancer of blood cells, which
damage the cells shape in uncontrolled way and destroy the
blood cells the four most important types of leukaemia are as
follows,
● Acute lymphocytic leukaemia.
● Chronic myeloid leukaemia.
● Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and
● Acute myeloid leukaemia.
Lymphomas: Blood contains lymphocytes which increase the
immunity of the body, it present in the lymph nodes, spleen,
bone marrow, even the cancerous cells infect the lymphocytes
it spreads if another part body, and in other organs and
tissues. Lymphoma can, however, spread to other parts of the
body.
The two most important types of lymphoma are Hodgkin
lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cure options include
chemotherapy and radiation. In various cases, lymphomas are
curable [4]
.
Cancer spreads
As a cancerous tumour grows, the bloodstream or lymphatic
system may bring cancer cells to other parts of the body.
During this process, known as metastasis, the cancer cells
grow and may expand into new tumours. One of the first
organs cancer often spreads is to the lymph nodes. Lymph
nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection.
They are located in clusters in different parts of the body,
groin area, such as the neck, and under the arms [13, 14]
.
Cancer may also spread through the bloodstream to far-away
parts of the body. These parts may include the bones, lungs,
hepatic, renal or brain. Frequently, a diagnosis begins when a
person visits a clinic about an unusual symptom. The
oncologist will have a discussion with the person about his or
her medical history and symptoms. Then the oncologist will
perform various clinical, biochemical, genetic tests to find out
the cause of these symptoms. Although many people with
cancer have no symptoms. For these people, cancer is
diagnosed during a medical test for another issue or condition
[15]
.
Sometimes an oncologist diagnoses cancer after a cancer
screening test in an otherwise healthy person. Screening tests
include colonoscopy, mammography, and a Pap test. A person
may need additional tests to confirm or disprove the result of
the screening test. Biopsy test confirms the person has cancer
or not[16]
.
Treatments
Novel research has fuelled the development of new
medications and treatment technologies. Oncologist usually
prescribes treatments based on the type of cancer, its phase at
diagnosis, and the people in general health. The side effects of
chemotherapy include hair loss, lack of appetite [4]
.
Approaches to cancer treatment
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy target to destroy cancerous
cells with medications that target speedily dividing cells. The
drugs can also help reduce in size tumours, but the side effects
can be cure [17]
.
Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy involves taking
medications that change how certain hormones work or
interfere with the body's ability to produce them. When
hormones play a significant role, as with prostate and breast
cancers, this is a frequent approach [18]
.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy uses medications and
other treatments to boost the immune system and encourage it
to fight cancerous cells. Two examples of these treatments are
checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell transfer [4, 17]
.
Personalized medicine: Personalized medicine is a newer,
developing approach. The principal of personalized medicine
are using genetic testing to decide the finest treatments for a
person's particular presentation of cancer. Researchers have
yet to show that it can effectively treat all types of cancer [19]
.
Radio nucleotide therapy: Radiation therapy like radio
nucleotide therapy uses radioisotopes X- rays’ gamma high-
dose radiation to abolition cancerous cells. Also, an
oncologist may recommend using radiation to shrink a tumour
before surgery or reduce tumour-related symptoms [20]
.
Stem cell transplant: Stem cell transplant can be in
particular beneficial for people with blood-correlated cancers,
such as leukaemia or lymphoma. It involves removing cells,
such as red or white blood cells, that chemotherapy or
radiation has ruined [21]
.
Surgery: Surgery is frequently a part of a treatment plan
when a person has a cancerous tumour. Also, a surgeon may
get rid of lymph nodes to reduce or prevent the disease's
spread.
Targeted therapies carry out functions within cancerous cells
to stop them from multiplying. They can also help to boost the
immune system. Two examples of these therapies are widely
used by oncologist small-molecule drugs and monoclonal
antibodies [4]
.
The role of Diet: In Cancer. Diet plays important role in
cancer treatment. Antioxidant rich foods protect the body
from few types of cancer. Healthy nutrition inhibits the
growth of cancerous cell inside the body and keeps healthy
for long time. Nutrition may alter the carcinogenic process at
any stage. Transcription and translation affected by nutrients
during pregnancy and childhood, all over the life span.
Oncologist revealed that developed country low physical
activity high risk of the diverse type of cancer. Various types
of chemicals are found in a normal diet, some carcinogenic
factors are measurable but numerous factors are not yet near
useable. Some dietary carcinogenic are naturally occurring
pesticides or herbicides produced by crops for preventing
action against harmful pests, rodents, fungus, algae, etc.
secondary metabolite like Aflatoxin, fumonisins, ochratoxin-
A and food preservative chief factor of induces cancer[22]
.
Consuming the particular types of foods that having
antioxidants prior to, during, and after treatment can assist
patients to get the greatest assistance from treatment,
including feeling healthier and stronger. Proper and balance
diet intake is very difficult in cancer patients. A lot of the side
effects of treatment, such as nausea, vomiting, poor appetite
or mouth sores, can deter patients from eating regularly.
Studies observed that weight loss or loss of appetite so strong
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
that they can technically be declared anorexic an unfortunate
reality that only emphasises the importance of good nutrition
[23]
. There are several nutrients essential to helping the body
maintain the strength it needs in the fight against cancer, fat,
protein, Cancer patients typically necessitate more protein
than usual during treatment. Protein not only aids the immune
system during treatment, but it also helps to refurbish body
tissue without breaking down muscle for fuel. Effective
together with your cancer care team can help better identify
nutrition goals, and plan strategic ways to help you meet them
during treatment. Though there’s no evidence to concretely
prove that eating certain foods can prevent or cure cancer,
there are healthy habits that are recommended, both prior to
and after diagnosis [22,23]
.
Sources: Clarissa Gerhäuser 2012[5]
.
Diet is a significant changeable risk factor for cancer.
Adequate diet modification may play a key role in reducing
the incidence of a number of cancers. The increasing body of
epidemiological evidence recommended links of some
nutritional exposures with individual cancers [4, 23]
.
Types of diet preventive role of carcinogenesis
1. Dietary patterns
Nutritional epidemiologists make use of multivariate
statistics, such as principal components analysis and factor
analysis, to measure how patterns of dietary behaviour control
the risk of just beginning cancer. Based on their dietary
pattern score, epidemiologists categorize people into
quantises [22, 24]
. To estimate the influence of dietary behaviour
on the risk of cancer, they measure the association between
quintiles and the distribution of cancer prevalence in case-
control studies and cancer incidence in longitudinal studies.
They more often than not include other variables in their
statistical model to account for the other differences between
people with and without cancer confounders. For breast
cancer, there is a replicated trend for women with an
additional "prudent or healthy" diet, i.e. higher in fruits and
vegetables, to have a lower risk of cancer. A "drinker dietary
pattern" is also connected with higher breast cancer risk,
while the association is inconsistent between a more
westernized diet and prominent risk of breast cancer. Pickled
foods are concurrent with cancer [4]
.
2. Restrictive Diets
A number of diets and diet-based regimes are claimed to be
useful against cancer. Well-liked types of "anti-cancer" diet
include the Garson therapy; Breuss diet the Budwig protocol
and the macrobiotic diet. None of these diets has been found
to be effective, and some of them have been found to be
harmful [22, 25]
.
3. Dietary components
A. Alcohol abstaining
Biochemist observed by many cases and cohort studies
Alcohols regular consumption elevated the risk of cancer it is
a major cause or considerable contributing factor to numerous
types of cancers. Ethanol affects the metabolism of anticancer
drugs. It significantly increases the risk of viral hepatitis and
liver cancer. Researchers have hypothesized various ways that
alcohol may amplify the risk of cancer, including:
Metabolizing breaking down ethanol: - In alcoholic drinks to
acetaldehyde, which is a toxic chemical and a possible human
carcinogen; acetaldehyde can damage both DNA and proteins,
Generating [26]
.
Reactive Oxygen Species chemically reactive molecules that
contain oxygen: - which can harm DNA, proteins, and lipids
fats in the body through a development called oxidation
impairing the body’s capacity to break down and take up a
variety of nutrients that may be connected with cancer risk,
including vitamin A; nutrients in the vitamin B complex, such
as folate; vitamin C; vitamin D; vitamin E; and carotenoids.
Alcoholic beverages having a lot of carcinogenic factors this
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
factor contaminated during handling and processing, during
fermentation and production, such as asbestos fibres,
nitrosamines, phenols, and hydrocarbons [27]
.
B. Energy intake and body weight
Overweight is a major risk factor of cancer and may account
14 to 20% of all cancer-related mortality Kushi et al, 2012 [28]
.
The relationship between body weight, body mass index BMI,
or relative body weight and site-specific cancer has been
observed in various studies, a significant association has been
seen with cancers of the oesophagus, pancreas, gallbladder,
renal, colon, and rectum. Bariatric surgery or any weight loss
methods shows significant effect decreases oxidative stress
and cancer. The optimal adult BMI should be between 21 and
23, depending on the normal ranges with a different
population. Ligibel et al. 2014 concluded that overweight and
obese cancer surviving are at risk for reoccurrence and for
developing additional problem surgery including impaired
wound healing, lymphedema after lymph node dissection,
second cancers, heart disease and diabetes[29]
.
C. Avoid Processed and red meat
Research shows that eating more than 18 ounces of red meat
per week increases the risk of colorectal cancers. Beef, lamb
and pork are all red meats. Researchers do not yet recognize
precisely how red meat affects the development of colorectal
cancer. Red meat contains compounds that have been
revealed to damage the lining of the gut and possibly
encourage cancer. Cooking red meat at high temperatures can
also create other cancer-causing compounds. Processed meats
are meats that have been preserved by smoking, salting,
curing or adding other preservatives. Sliced turkey and
bologna deli meats, bacon, ham, and hot dogs are all
processed meats. Research shows that several amount of
processed meat eaten frequently increases the risk of both
stomach and colorectal cancers. The International Agency for
Research on Cancer IARC has classified processed meat as a
carcinogen, something that causes cancer. And it has
classified red meat as a probable carcinogen, something that
probably causes cancer [30]
. Processed meat includes hot dogs,
ham, bacon, sausage, and some deli meats. It refers to meat
that has been treated in some way to preserve or flavour it.
Processes include salting, curing, fermenting, and smoking.
Red meat includes beef, pork, lamb, and goat [4, 30]
.
D. Fibre, fruits and vegetables
The research data on the effect of dietary fibre on the risk of
colon cancer is various with some types of evidence showing
an advantage and others not. Clinical studies found that
regular fruit and vegetables minimize the risk of cancer.
Different study found fruit but not vegetables protected
against upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. While fruit,
vegetable and fibre protected against colorectal cancer and
fibre protected against liver cancer[31]
.
Table 1: Different food groups of nutrients and their dietary sources [31, 32]
.
Nutrients in diet Mode of actions Food sources
Vitamins C and E,
carotenoids,
polyphenols
Antioxidant defence against oxidative damage to
DNA, cellular macromolecules and membranes.
Fruit and vegetables generally: especially yellow and citrus fruit;
berries, orange.
Dithiolthiones,
isothiocyanates, allium
compounds
Increases Type II detoxifying enzymes e.g.
glutathione S transferase.
Cruciferous vegetables:
broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi; alliums
vegetables: onions, leeks, chives.
Vitamin C, allium
compounds
Reduces bacterial formation of nitrosamines
from nitrate in stomach. Decreases Type 1
activating enzymes e.g. aryl hydroxylase.
All fruit and vegetables Vitamin Particularly:
blackcurrants, guava, citrus, kiwi fruit, broccoli, sprouts; allium
vegetables: onions, leeks, chives.
Folic acid
Preserve integrity of DNA and ensure optimum
DNA methylation.
Green leafy vegetables; avocado; oranges.
Carotenoids, Flavonoids Induction of cell differentiation.
Yellow/orange fruits and vegetables:
carrots, sweet potato, mango, pumpkin, red capsicum, rock melon,
paw, tomato;
Dark green vegetables:
silver beet, spinach, broccoli, dark green lettuce, Chinese greens e.g.
book Choy, kale, parsley, basil.
Soluble fibre, resistant
starch
Decreases concentrations of secondary bile acids,
which modify the enzyme activities of intestinal
bacteria.
Fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty
acids that may inhibit carcinogenesis via effects
on colonic pH and increased availability of
butyrate.
All fruits and vegetables including legumes particularly:
Soluble fibre such as dried apricots, dried figs, prunes, quince, okra,
cabbage, carrot, broccoli, leeks, Brussels sprouts, beetroot, leeches,
peas, mulberries, asparagus, lemons, oranges, Swede, parsnip, dates,
plums.
Resistant starch such as corn, bananas, peas, potato, sweet potato,
broad beans.
Insoluble fibre
Dilutes carcinogens by increasing faecal bulking.
Reduces interaction of carcinogens with mucosal
cells by increasing stool transit time.
All fruits and vegetables, particularly
guava, quince, peas, dried figs, corn, broad beans, berries, dates,
pears, prunes, cabbage, spinach, pineapple, broccoli, onion, leek,
asparagus, turnip, Swede, beetroot, squash, Brussels sprouts, okra,
carrots, pumpkin, rhubarb, green beans.
4. Flavonoids
Flavonoids such as the catechins are the most frequent group
of polyphenols compounds in the human diet and are found
ubiquitously in plants. While some research has observed
Flavonoids may have a role in cancer prevention, others have
been inconclusive or suggested they may be harmful [34]
.
6. ~ 2301 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Table 2: Different groups of Flavonoids and their dietary sources.
Flavonoid group Subgroup Major sources Anti-cancer properties
Fvanols
Flavan-3-ols: catechins,
gallocatechin, catechin-3-gallate,
epicaechin, epigallocatechin
Flavan-4-ols
Flavan-3,4-diols
Chocolate, green and black tea, beans, cherry,
strawberries, cocoa, apple
Human oral, rectal and prostate
cancer
Flavones
Apigenin, chrysin, luteolin Parsley, celery, capsicum, pepper, broccoli
Lung cancer, leukaemia,
stomach, colon, thyroid, oral and
laryngeal cancer, breast cancer
Flavones: kaempferol, myricetin,
quercetin, rutin
Brussels sprouts, apples, onion, curly kale,
leek, beans, cherries
Flavanones: eriodictyol,
hesperidins, naringenin
Orange juice, grape fruit juice, lemon juice
Flavanonols: taxifolin
Milk thistle, red onion, aecia palm, Siberian
larch tree
Anthocyanidins
Cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin,
petunidin, peonidin, pelargonidin
Aubergine, black berries, black currant, blue
berries
Colorectal cancer
Isoflavonoids
Isoflavones: daidzein, genistein,
glycitein
Isoflavane: equal
Soy flour, soy beans, soy milk, miso, tempeh,
beer Metabolized from daidzein by intestinal
bacteria
Breast cancer, prostate cancer,
colon, kidney and thyroid cancer
Source: Vidak M, Rozman D & Komel R 2015[ 33 ]
.
Table 3: Natural sources of chemo preventive petrochemicals and theirs chemical structures
Sources:N. Haque 2010 [34]
.
5. Mushrooms: Mushrooms and the immune system. Some
studies seemed to show that these mushrooms could stimulate
the immune system to fight disease. There is some evidence
from a Japanese study that people who eat a particular type of
mushroom all their lives have a lower risk of getting cancer.
AHCC and Cancer. Two small studies suggest that AHCC
may improve outcomes among patients with liver cancer.
Active hexode correlated compound is a widely sold health
supplement extracted from Basidiomycete mushrooms that is
purported to improve immune function. In Asia, there are
more than 100 types of mushrooms used to treat cancer. Some
of the more common ones are Ganoderma lucidum.Trametes
Versicolor Curious versicolor Lentinus edodes and Grifola
frondosa [35]
.
7. ~ 2302 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
6. Nutrient bioactive: Laboratory experiments have
concluded that turmeric might have an anti-cancer effect.
Although trials are ongoing, large doses would necessitate to
be taken for any effect. It is not known what, in any,
constructive effect turmeric has for human beings with cancer
[4]
.
Sources: http://www.lavaldichiana.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/immagine2.jpg [36].
8. ~ 2303 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Table4: Recommendations for avoid Cancer risks
Body fatness
Be as lean as probable within the normal range of body weight
Physical activity
Be physically full of life as part of everyday life
Foods and drinks that encourage weight gain
Limit consumption of energy-dense foods and avoid sugary drinks
Plant foods
Eat foods predominantly of plant origin
Animal foods
Minimum intake of red meat and avoid processed meat
Alcoholic drinks
Limit alcoholic drinks
Preservation, processing, preparation
Limit consumption of salt
Avoid moldy cereals grains or pulses legumes
Dietary supplements
intend to meet nutritional needs through diet alone
Breastfeeding
Mothers to breastfeed; children to be breastfed
Cancer survivors
Pursue the recommendations for cancer prevention
Source: NastasiaBelc and Gabriel Mustatea 2018[4].
Conclusion
Nutritional intake are considered to be imperative
environmental factors, so scientists have revealed that dietary
and nutrients might play a significant role in cancer
development. The associations between diet and cancer are
multifaceted. The risk of cancer is depending on the extent of
exposure to infected food, availability of nutrient to the body,
dietary pattern and way of life and food behaviour there are
no end of evidence about particular contaminants known as
cancer aspect risks but a definite diet with an effective
defending role is still unidentified. Numerous manifestation of
confirmation show that nutrients and non-nutrients in the diet
have the potential to influence cancer development, but much
work remains in identifying specific factors. Future diet
studies with information on genotype will define whether
targeted intervention is necessary and will help establish or
exclude causality for nutritional factors. The ability to
characterize tumours by stage, grade, histological subtype,
and molecular subtype will also clarify the role of modifiable
factors in cancer prevention. Advances in genotyping and
biomarker technologies, combined with maturing large
studies of diet and biomarkers in humans, will be integral in
moving the field of diet and cancer forward.
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