The document discusses the theory of nuclear winter proposed in 1982, which suggests that a large-scale nuclear war could cause environmental damage and global climate change resulting in catastrophic consequences for life on Earth. A nuclear winter could be triggered by massive fires caused by nuclear explosions, which would release dust and smoke into the upper atmosphere that would block sunlight for months or years, causing plummeting temperatures, lack of photosynthesis, and the eventual collapse of food chains and extinction of most plant and animal life. The duration and severity of a nuclear winter would depend on factors like the location, season, and intensity of the nuclear explosions.

1. Nuclear winter

2. Hiroshima
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxJN4uAPI9I
• Caused due to Nuclear Explosions
• It is a theory proposed by Carl Sagan and his
collegues in the year 1982.
• One of the environmental collateral damage
• Noontime darkness, plummeting
temperatures
• Lack of Photosynthesis
• Eventual death of line on planet earth

3. Classes of Nuclear winter
• Minimal
• Marginal
• Nominal
• Substantial
• Severe
• Extreme
Increasing severity

4. Nuclear winter formation
Destruction of Human Race
Collapse of food chain
Temperature drop
Sunlight Blocked
Ash spread by winds all around earth in stratosphere
Dust/ash released into atmosphere
Nuclear explosion

5. Dangerous consequences
• Oxygen regeneration cease
• Carbondioxide accumulates
• Earth’s radiation balance and heat budget is
altered drastically
• Seasonal Monsoon and tropical rains
disappear
• The duration and extent of nuclear winter
scenario depends on location, season and
intensity of explosion

6. Volcanoes
• Potential cause of nuclear winter when a pole
shift causes a buckling in earth’s crust and
volcanoes become hyperactive
• Sulfur rich gas emitted would combine with
water vapor to produce clouds of sulfuric acid
• Sunlight would be absorbed and reflected off
of acid droplets which would block sunlight
and reduce temperature

7. Can Refer
• http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/NuclearWint
er.html

8. Atom Bomb
• A weapon with great explosive power that
results from the sudden release of energy
upon the splitting, or fission, of the nuclei of a
heavy element such as plutonium or uranium.

9. Chain Reaction

10. Beta Particle
• A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta
radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-
speed electron or positron emitted by the
radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during
the process of beta decay. There are two
forms of beta decay, β− decay and β+ decay,
which produce electrons and positrons
respectively.

11. Positron
• Positron, also called positive electron,
positively charged subatomic particle having
the same mass and magnitude of charge as
the electron and constituting the antiparticle
of a negative electron. The first of the
antiparticles to be detected, positrons were
discovered by Carl David Anderson in cloud-
chamber studies of the composition of cosmic
rays (1932).

12. Hydrogen bomb
• A hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of
uncontrollable nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion
is the process where the nuclei of two light
atoms combine to form a new nucleus.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQo_2A3
kZnU
• Need Deuterium and tritium, isotopes of
hydrogen
• Also called as Thermonuclear bombs

13. • Occurs at few Million degree celsius
•When uncontrolled fusion takes place
a large amount of energy is suddenly
released resulting in an explosion
• TNT equivalent is a convention for
expressing energy, typically used to
describe the energy released in an
explosion
In other words, for each gram
of TNT exploded, 4184 joules (or one
large Calorie = 1,000 calories) of
energy is released.
Symbol: t or ton of TNT
Unit of: energy
CGS: 109 calorie
•Temperature necessary to initiate
fusion reaction is generated by fission
reaction within the hydrogen bomb

14. 63TJ 84TJ 1191TJ 3360TJ