The crust is the solid outer layer of the Earth that is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle below. This movement results in crustal deformation over time, as evidenced by bent and displaced rock strata and fossils. Precise measurements of benchmarks also show horizontal and vertical displacement of the Earth's surface over decades and centuries. Most crustal activity like earthquakes and volcanoes occurs along plate boundaries, especially around the Pacific Ocean. During an earthquake, underground movement along a fault at the focus causes the ground to shake at the epicenter.

1. Name:____________________ Date;____/____/____
Earth Science Rabbi Goldberg
Dynamic Crust
Vocabulary
1. _______________- solid rock outer zone of the earth
2. _______________- Earth movement resulting in the a change of
position of rock layers
3. ________________- bend in the rock layers made during the
mountain building process
4. _________________ crack in the crust of the Earth
5. _________________- layers of rock materials
6. __________________- sinking or settling of rock strata
7. __________________- permanent brass or cement marker in the
ground to help measure Earth movement.
8. __________________ - large pieces of Earth crust
9. ___________________- sudden trembling or shaking of the ground
caused by a movement along a fault in rock layers
10. ___________________- point of origin of an Earthquake
11. ___________________- point in the Earth’s surface directly above
the focus
I. Crustal Activity
a. Introduction
i. The crust is the __________________________________
_______________________________________________.
ii. This crust is ____________________________________.
1. There is proof that __________________________
___________________________________________
a. Some of these changes can be directly
observed such as
i. ________________________
ii. ________________________
b. Dynamic Lithosphere
i. The lithosphere is _________________________________
________________________________________________
ii. It is always _____________________
1. This is to maintain ___________________________
2. Dynamic equilibrium is ______________________
___________________________________________
iii. These include
1. ________________________
2. ___________________________________________

2. c. Deformed rock Strata
i. Sedimentary rocks appear to ________________________
________________________________________________
ii. However, if we look carefully ________________________
________________________________________________
1. These changes include
a. __________________-___________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
b. __________________- __________________
_____________________________________
c. ___________________-_________________
____________________________________
iii. Displaced fossils
1. marine fossils suggests _______________________
2. The proof
a. _____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
iv. Subsidence
a. is the ________________________________
_____________________________________
b. The proof ____________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________.
v. Displaced Strata
a. Strata is ______________________________
b. _____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
vi. Horizontal Displacement ( faulting)
a. This happens when ____________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

3. vii. Vertical displacement
1. this happens when __________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
a. ex:___________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
viii. Benchmarks
1. Benchmarks are the __________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
d. Areas of Crustal Activity
i. _______________ &______________ occur mainly in
specific zones or regions
ii. Usually along the borders ___________________________
________________________________________________
1. most of the zones are along the borders of the Pacific
Ocean
iii. These zones mark the boundaries of large pieces of the
earth’s crust called ___________________________.
iv. An Earthquake is _________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
v. When an earthquake occurs _________________________
________________________________________________
vi. Focus-________________________________________
vii. Epicenter______________________________________
viii. Seismograph- __________________________________