This document summarizes the different types of pre-modifiers that can be used in noun phrases, including determiners, adjectives, and other nouns. It discusses predeterminers like multiplying expressions and fractions, central determiners like articles, and postdeterminers like cardinal and ordinal numerals. Adjective phrases and genitive noun phrases are also presented as common pre-modifiers. Syntax tree diagrams are used to illustrate how pre-modifiers slot into noun phrases and expand them.

1. The Noun Phrase (Pre-modification )Presented by RanaHummaied Al-lehyaniInstructor Dr. ShadiaBanjarLANE 334SyntaxRana Al-lehyani

2. Pre-modificationConstituents which pre-modify nouns are determiners, adjective phrases and nouns.DeterminersDeterminers are of three types ,Predeterminers:Specify quantity in the noun which follows them ,and they are of three major types:1. Multiplying expressions , e.g. twice my salary2. Fractions , e.g. half my salary3. The words all and both , e.g. all my salaryRana Al-lehyani

3. Rana Al-lehyaniCentral determiners :The definite article the and the indefinite article a/an.e.g. all the book– half a chapterPostdeterminers:Cardinal and ordinal numerals occupy the postdeterminer slot. e.g. the two children Other determiners are :- Demonstratives: this , that ,these ,thosee.g. this door is big- Quantifiers: some ,any ,each , every, no ,etc.e.g. some trees are cut- possessives: my , your , her, his ,its ,our ,theire.g. Her job is hard - WH-Determiners: whose ,what , which

4. GenitivesThe possessive determiner can also be realized as a phrase , for example:-This boy’s clothes are very dirty-Kate’s babyis cryingWhere there is an NP (this boy , kate )+’s. These possessive phrases (POSS) or genitives take the sentence position normally occupied by the determiner as in :TheThis boy’s clothes are very dirtyRana Al-lehyani

5. The analysis will be as follows S NP VP DET N Vgp AP POSS [intens] NP AUX V AdvP ADET N TENSE degThis boy ‘s clothes (pres) are very dirty S P sCRana Al-lehyani

6. Adjective PhrasesAdjective phrases are also used to pre-modify nounsAdjective phrases (AP)AP (AdvP)+ AFunction: 1.sC 2.oCe.g. 1. the dog is (quite disgustingly ) fat 2. John made Kate angryORFunction : pre-modifier within NPe.g. The fat brown dog chased a girlRana Al-lehyani

7. The adjective fat slots in between the determiner (the) and the noun (dog) so that the noun phrase is expanded:- The dog chased a girl -The fat dog chased a girl In the sentences, the noun phrases are the subjects and the entire noun phrase with or without a pre-modifying adjective phrase is analyzed as such.Rana Al-lehyani

8. To show that we will substitute a pronoun for the noun phrase , using the pronoun it for the subject :The dog chased a girl The fat dog chased a girl It chased a girlS P dORana Al-lehyani

9. This how it shows on a tree diagram: S NP VPDET AP N Vgp NP [trans] A AUX V DET NThe fat dog (past) chased the girl S P dORana Al-lehyani

10. Nouns Nouns also serve to pre-modify other nouns . For example :I bought a new computer game

11. The electricity board sent her a nasty letter In these cases the noun pre-modifier is closely connected to the head noun that the two can almost be considered one word. This illustrates that when nouns pre-modify other nouns they always come next to the head noun ; nothing else can come between them:* I bought a computer new game Rana Al-lehyani

12. the tree diagram is as follows : S NP VP PRO Vgp NP [trans] AUX V DET N’ TENSE AP N A N N I (past) bought a new computer gameRana Al-lehyani