Novell Netware Protocol suite
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The document summarizes the Novell Netware protocol suite. It describes the hierarchical model and compares it to the OSI reference model. The key protocols covered include IPX for routing, RIPX for dynamic routing, SPX for service publication, and Watchdog for host monitoring. Upper layer protocols like Netware Shell and RPC redirect I/O operations to lower network layers. The document provides technical details on addressing, encapsulation types, and the functions of various Netware protocols.
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Similar to Novell Netware Protocol suite
Ipx protocol slide share
IPX is a networking protocol originally used by Novell Netware Operating System to interconnect networks using Novell clients and servers. It is a connectionless datagram protocol that operates at the Network layer of the OSI model. IPX addresses network interfaces using a combination of physical addresses, network numbers, and socket numbers. While it was high performing in LANs, IPX is not suitable for wide area networks due to packet reordering issues.
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This document discusses client-server networking and the TCP/IP protocol stack.
It begins by explaining the client-server model and how servers manage resources for clients. It then describes the layers of a computer network from SAN to WAN. The document discusses how Ethernet segments, bridges, and routers connect local area networks. It introduces the concepts of internet protocols and how they provide naming and delivery of packets across incompatible networks. The roles of IP, TCP, UDP, and sockets in client-server communication are summarized. Finally, it provides examples of functions like getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() for host and service name resolution.
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This document provides an overview of telecommunications and network security concepts. It discusses data network types like LANs, WANs, intranets and extranets. It describes the OSI reference model and its layers. Wireless network technologies like FHSS, DSSS and OFDM are explained. Security issues with early WLAN standards like WEP are covered. Improved security protocols like WPA and WPA2 are also summarized. Common network attacks such as DNS poisoning, SYN floods, ARP poisoning and DDoS attacks are defined. Finally, the document outlines virtual private network concepts and components of intrusion detection systems and firewalls.
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Unit 2 ppt-idc
The document discusses network devices, communication protocols, and related topics. It describes the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, detailing the layers and functions of each. It provides information on IP addressing, DNS, and gateway addressing. The OSI model has 7 layers including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers comprising network interface, internet, transport, and application layers.
Network protocol
The document discusses several network protocols used at different layers of the OSI model. It introduces NetBIOS/NetBEUI which provides name registration and connection-oriented/connectionless communication over LANs. TCP/IP is described as a layered protocol suite used widely on the internet, with IP, TCP, UDP operating at the network and transport layers. ARP and RARP are discussed as protocols that resolve logical to physical addresses. ICMP and IGMP are control protocols that provide error reporting and multicast group management. IPX/SPX is presented as an alternative to TCP/IP used in Novell networks. HDLC and SDLC are synchronous data link protocols used for communication over WAN links.
Network Protocol
Networking began in the 1960s when the US Department of Defense developed early computer networks to withstand a nuclear attack. The document then discusses the basics of networking including definitions of networking and common network types. It also explains the OSI model and its seven layers. Finally, it provides examples of DCS networks from Siemens and ABB that incorporate both Ethernet networks and high-speed serial networks to connect control system devices.
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TCP/IP is the standard communication protocol on the internet. It is comprised of several layers including application, transport, internet, and link layers. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP which provide connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission respectively. TCP ensures reliable data delivery through features like connections, acknowledgments, and flow control. IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol which addresses the shortcomings of IPv4 like limited address space. IPv6 features include a larger 128-bit address space, simplified header format, built-in security, and autoconfiguration capabilities.
Packet Analysis - Course Technology Computing Conference
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CHI is an evolution of the ACE protocol and part of the AMBA architecture. It was designed to improve performance and scalability for applications in mobile, networking, automotive and data center systems. CHI uses a layered architecture with protocol, network and link layers. It supports coherency across processor clusters and memory with topologies like ring, mesh and crossbar. Key nodes include request nodes, home nodes and subordinate nodes. The system address map routes transactions between nodes using unique node IDs.
Unit04
Protocol stacks define how devices communicate over a network. The most common protocol stack is TCP/IP, which includes TCP for reliable connections and IP for addressing. Other protocol stacks include IPX/SPX for Netware networks, AppleTalk for Macintosh networks, and NetBEUI for older Windows networks. TCP/IP became the standard due to its flexibility, interoperability, and support on many platforms. [/SUMMARY]
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IPv6 transition and coexistence techniques allow IPv6 and IPv4 to operate simultaneously on networks. There are three main categories: dual stack allows support for both IPv4 and IPv6; tunnels encapsulate IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets to pass through IPv4-only networks; and translation allows communication between IPv4-only and IPv6-only hosts. Common techniques include dual stack, 6in4 and 6to4 tunnels, and Teredo for hosts behind NATs. Softwires and 6RD aim to provide universal IPv6 connectivity over IPv4 networks.
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The document provides an overview of the OSI model layers and their associated protocols. It discusses the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. For each layer, it describes the main functions and examples of protocols used. Key points covered include physical layer components like cabling, data link layer protocols like Ethernet, switches and spanning tree, network layer addressing and routing, transport layer protocols TCP and UDP, and wireless network security standards.
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This document discusses various techniques for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 and enabling their coexistence, grouped into three categories: dual stack, tunnels, and translation. Dual stack allows simultaneous support of IPv4 and IPv6, while tunnels encapsulate IPv6 packets in IPv4 and translation converts between the two protocols. Common tunneling methods include 6in4, 6to4, Teredo and Softwires. Translation via NAT-PT is discouraged due to imperfections requiring ALG support. CGNAT/NAT444 allows sharing IPv4 addresses but breaks many applications. Fully deploying IPv6 is preferable to work around IPv4 exhaustion issues.
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The document discusses fundamentals of computer networking, including definitions of key terms like networks, protocols, and packet switching. It explains networking concepts such as the layered OSI model and TCP/IP stacks. Examples of different types of networking devices, protocols, and technologies are provided such as Ethernet, IP addressing, DNS, WiFi, and Bluetooth.
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The document discusses Internet protocols and their history. It describes how Internet protocols were first developed in the 1970s by DARPA to facilitate communication between research institutions. This led to the development of TCP/IP, which later became the foundation for the Internet and World Wide Web. The document then provides details on various Internet protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and application-layer protocols. It describes features of each protocol and how they enable communication over the Internet.
WIFI MODEM Part-22
Wi-Fi (or WiFi) is a local area wireless computer networking technology that allows electronic devices to network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands.
The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network" (WLAN) product based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1] However, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN" since most modern WLANs are based on these standards. "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. The "Wi-Fi Certified" trademark can only be used by Wi-Fi products that successfully complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing.
Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, in order to print a document.
Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections, such as Ethernet, precisely because an intruder does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use TLS are secure, but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks .
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Novell Netware Protocol suite
- 1. Novell Netware Protocol suite Omar Adnan Isaid
- 2. Novell Netware Protocol suite • Novel Netware suite is a hierarchical model • We Will explain it with OSI reference
- 3. Network Access Layer • Support multiple LAN and WAN encapsulations standards • PPP,IEEE 802.3 , Token Ring 802.5,FDDI ,ARCnet
- 4. Network Layer • Mainly implemented of IPX protocol.We will talk about : 1.IPX (internetwork packet exchange)protocol 2.RIP IPX protocol 3.SPX (sequenced packet exchange)protocol 4.Watchdog protocol
- 5. IPX (internetwork packet exchanged) • Developed from IDP (internet datagram protocol) in the previously developed XNS • Get the RIP IPX support to provide routing service • IPX address 1.32 bits long(8 hexadecimal digits) 2.IPX is a unique address 3.Assigned by the network administrator
- 6. IPX addressing • Logical networks are assigned a unique 32-bit hexadecimal address in the range of 0x1 - 0xFFFFFFFE. • Hosts have a 48-bit node address which by default is set to the network interface card's MAC address. The node address is appended to the network address to create a unique identifier for the host on the network. • Network number 00:00:00:00 means current network • Broadcast address is FF:FF:FF:FF
- 7. IPX & different encapsulation’s types
- 8. RIP IPX OR RIPX • Routing protocol • Dynamic distance vector or Link-state protocol • Best-path routing desicion according to route’s tick • Each tick is 1/18 second • Tie of having same tick for two routes is solved by the least hop count • RIPX sends its routing updates each 60 seconds
- 9. RIPX • Discover neighbors ,that speaking RIPX • Collect routes • Choose best-path route , according to compromising , between ticks
- 10. Service procedure exchange (SPX) protocol • Completely produced by Novell corporation • Netware 3.11 and earlier networks uses this protocol to built SPX tables in their routers • Servers uses SPX to publish their identifiers , called SPX identifiers • SPX publishes SPX identifiers every 60 seconds
- 11. HOW can WORKSTATIONS can get their demands of SPX identifiers ? 1. Local routers publish SPX tables every 60 seconds 2. End-station can solicit SPX identifiers
- 12. 1. Local routers publish SPX tables every 60 seconds 1. SPX servers publish SPX tables routers every 60 seconds 2. Routers at Netware networks , receive them and build SPX tables 3. the routers in turn publish SPX table every 60 seconds to their stub networks
- 13. 2. End-station can solicit SPX identifiers 1. Simply the end-user (OMAR-PC for example) sends Query about specific SPX identifier(s) to local router 2. Local router process the Query and return the request
- 14. Watchdog protocol • Diagnostic protocol helps to identify the active hosts , from their fail down • This protocol useful for gateways and management systems • Diagnostic done periodically using handshaking methodology
- 15. Upper-layer protocols (session, presentation and application layers) • We will talk about : 1.Netware shell 2.NetWare RPC protocol
- 16. Netware shell protocol • Netware application services produces trap due to I/O operation , that handled by this protocol • This protocol can pass the I/O to lower layers if network access is needed, else request passed to local I/O resources • This protocol can modify operating system vector table to handle the different traps concerns with the SPX/IPX suite services on application level
- 17. NetWare RPC protocol • Do the same as Netware shell Protocol • Different when that redirect mechanism can support in end-to-end communication is RPC
- 18. Netware application layer services • Netware MHS (Message handling service) • NDS (Netware directory service)
- 19. Netware MHS • Have to do with e-mail transport
- 20. NDS (Netware directory service) • Service provide distributed database • E-Directory has been trusted for its scalability, compatibility, reliability, manageability and security • NDS can be consulted to get SPX identifiers in Netware 4.0 and following versions • SPX still needed to locate NDS when client boot up
- 21. IPv4 & IPX (Formats of their datagrams) IPX format IPV4 format