A group of mobile devices called as nodes, without any centralized network, communicates with each other over multi-hop links is called as an Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The military battle-field scenarios, Post-disaster rescue efforts, sensor networks, and entrepreneurs in a conference are some of the examples of mobile ad-hoc networks. Since there is no infrastructure in the network, the routing should be handled at every node. To improve the life time of network different routing protocols are consider. In present routing protocols of ad hoc networks, routing is an act of moving information from a source to destination in an internetwork. Route is selected in the route discovery phase until all the packets are sent out. Due to the continuous flow of packets in a selected route leads to the route failure. In order to reduce this problem we consider PRD-based MMBCR and considering the percentage of the optimum value for periodic route discovery. In our research we are going to analyze the performance of different routing protocols like DSR, MMBCR to get maximum optimum value using Network Simulator Software.
Improved aodv based on energy strength and dropping ratioIJLT EMAS
Wireless Sensor Networks are the latest trends in the
market due to the demand for communication and networking
among the wireless network devices. The routing protocols are
used in the Wireless Sensor Networks for efficient
communication of data between sensor nodes. The designs of
routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks are very concern
because they are influenced by many challenging factors. To
design the networks, the factors needed to be considered are the
coverage area, mobility, energy power consumption,
communication capabilities etc.. Broadcasting is an inevitable
operation in the route discovery phase of AODV protocol. A
probability based AODV is proposed, it uses nodes remaining
energy and threshold random delay to generate the
rebroadcasting of route request packet. The route request packet
of AODV is modified to gather nodes remaining energy strength.
The performance of probability based AODV is compared with
AODV over packet delivery fraction, normalized routing
overhead, delay and average acquisition latency.
NS-2 based simulator is used to evaluate the performance of
routing protocol.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
A Study of Routing Techniques in Intermittently Connected MANETsIJORCS
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless. These are a kind of wireless Ad hoc Networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer Ad hoc Network. The routing approach in MANET includes mainly three categories viz., Reactive Protocols, Proactive Protocols and Hybrid Protocols. These traditional routing schemes are not pertinent to the so called Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc Network (ICMANET). ICMANET is a form of Delay Tolerant Network, where there never exists a complete end – to – end path between two nodes wishing to communicate. The intermittent connectivity araise when network is sparse or highly mobile. Routing in such a spasmodic environment is arduous. In this paper, we put forward the indication of prevailing routing approaches for ICMANET with their benefits and detriments
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTICAST ROUTING IN MANET ijac journal
In this paper, we have presented the Modified Multicasting through Time Reservation using Adaptive
Control for Excellent Energy efficiency (MMC-TRACE). It is a real time multicasting architecture for
Mobile Ad-Hoc networks to make their work an energy efficient one .MMC-TRACE is a cross layer design
where the network layer and medium access control layer functionality are done in a single integrated
layer design. The basic design of the architecture is to establish and maintain an active multicast tree
surrounded by a passive mesh within a mobile ad hoc network. Energy efficiency is maximized by enabling
the particular node from sleep to awake mode while the remaining nodes of the same path are maintained
at sleep mode. Energy efficiency too achieved by eliminating most of the redundant data receptions across
nodes. The performance of MMC-TRACE are evaluated with the help of ns-2 simulations and comparisons
are made with its predecessor such as MC-TRACE. The results show that the MMC-TRACE provides
superior energy efficiency, competitive QoS performance and bandwidth efficiency.
A comparative analysis on qos multicast routing protocols in MANETsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Simultaneous transmission of data from one sender to multiple receivers is called multicasting.
Several widely used applications require multicasting at least at the logical level. Examples include audio video
teleconferencing, real time video streaming and the maintenance of distributed databases. In many cases it is
advantageous to implement multicasting at the level of the routing algorithm (other approaches would be oneto-all
unicast or the implementation of multicasting at the application layer). In this paper we are presenting a
comparative analysis on various multicast routing protocols in adhoc networks.
Keywords: multicasting, multicast protocols,dynamic core, performance evaluation,Qos Parameters
Improved aodv based on energy strength and dropping ratioIJLT EMAS
Wireless Sensor Networks are the latest trends in the
market due to the demand for communication and networking
among the wireless network devices. The routing protocols are
used in the Wireless Sensor Networks for efficient
communication of data between sensor nodes. The designs of
routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks are very concern
because they are influenced by many challenging factors. To
design the networks, the factors needed to be considered are the
coverage area, mobility, energy power consumption,
communication capabilities etc.. Broadcasting is an inevitable
operation in the route discovery phase of AODV protocol. A
probability based AODV is proposed, it uses nodes remaining
energy and threshold random delay to generate the
rebroadcasting of route request packet. The route request packet
of AODV is modified to gather nodes remaining energy strength.
The performance of probability based AODV is compared with
AODV over packet delivery fraction, normalized routing
overhead, delay and average acquisition latency.
NS-2 based simulator is used to evaluate the performance of
routing protocol.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
A Study of Routing Techniques in Intermittently Connected MANETsIJORCS
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless. These are a kind of wireless Ad hoc Networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer Ad hoc Network. The routing approach in MANET includes mainly three categories viz., Reactive Protocols, Proactive Protocols and Hybrid Protocols. These traditional routing schemes are not pertinent to the so called Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc Network (ICMANET). ICMANET is a form of Delay Tolerant Network, where there never exists a complete end – to – end path between two nodes wishing to communicate. The intermittent connectivity araise when network is sparse or highly mobile. Routing in such a spasmodic environment is arduous. In this paper, we put forward the indication of prevailing routing approaches for ICMANET with their benefits and detriments
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTICAST ROUTING IN MANET ijac journal
In this paper, we have presented the Modified Multicasting through Time Reservation using Adaptive
Control for Excellent Energy efficiency (MMC-TRACE). It is a real time multicasting architecture for
Mobile Ad-Hoc networks to make their work an energy efficient one .MMC-TRACE is a cross layer design
where the network layer and medium access control layer functionality are done in a single integrated
layer design. The basic design of the architecture is to establish and maintain an active multicast tree
surrounded by a passive mesh within a mobile ad hoc network. Energy efficiency is maximized by enabling
the particular node from sleep to awake mode while the remaining nodes of the same path are maintained
at sleep mode. Energy efficiency too achieved by eliminating most of the redundant data receptions across
nodes. The performance of MMC-TRACE are evaluated with the help of ns-2 simulations and comparisons
are made with its predecessor such as MC-TRACE. The results show that the MMC-TRACE provides
superior energy efficiency, competitive QoS performance and bandwidth efficiency.
A comparative analysis on qos multicast routing protocols in MANETsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Simultaneous transmission of data from one sender to multiple receivers is called multicasting.
Several widely used applications require multicasting at least at the logical level. Examples include audio video
teleconferencing, real time video streaming and the maintenance of distributed databases. In many cases it is
advantageous to implement multicasting at the level of the routing algorithm (other approaches would be oneto-all
unicast or the implementation of multicasting at the application layer). In this paper we are presenting a
comparative analysis on various multicast routing protocols in adhoc networks.
Keywords: multicasting, multicast protocols,dynamic core, performance evaluation,Qos Parameters
IMPROVING PACKET DELIVERY RATIO WITH ENHANCED CONFIDENTIALITY IN MANETijcsa
In Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), the collection of mobile nodes gets communicated without the need of any customary infrastructure. In MANET, repeated topology changes and intermittent link breakage
causes the failure of existing path. This leads to rediscovery of new route by broadcasting RREQ packet.The number of RREQ packet in the network gets added due to the increased amount of link failures. This result in increased routing overhead which degrades the packet delivery ratio in MANET. While designing
routing protocols for MANET, it is indispensable to reduce the overhead in route discovery. In our previous
work[17], routing protocol based on neighbour details and probabilistic knowledge is utilized, additionally
the symmetric cipher AES is used for securing the data packet. Through this protocol, packet delivery ratio
gets increased and confidentiality is ensured. But there is a problem in secure key exchange among the
source and destination while using AES. To resolve that problem, hybrid cryptographic system i.e.,
combination of AES and RSA is proposed in this paper. By using this hybrid cryptographic scheme and the
routing protocol based on probability and neighbour knowledge, enhanced secure packet delivery is
ensured in MANET
Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Ad-Hoc Source Routing ProtocolsNarendra Singh Yadav
Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self-administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction normalized routing load, average end to end delay by varying speed of nodes, traffic sources and mobility.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dvr based hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network application and c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for ...graphhoc
This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanisms.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BROADCASTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING CLUSTER ...ijasuc
Broadcasting is a fundamental service in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Cluster based approach
are proposed in literature to reduce the network collision, to reduce delay of packet transmission, to
reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput. In this paper, a cluster- based
infrastructure is proposed for broadcasting in MANETs. The backbone of the network takes advantage of
the cluster structure and only requires cluster- heads and some selected gateways to forward the
broadcast packet. Each cluster head selects some gateways to forward the packet when it sends the
packet to all the cluster heads in its coverage set. Cluster structures have been simulated using mobile
simulator Glomosim 2.03, which gives better performance to reduce the network collision, to reduce
delay of packet transmission, to reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput.
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with
each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc
network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation
and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive &
hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the
Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed
simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed &
battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other
Cost Effective Routing Protocols Based on Two Hop Neighborhood Information (2...Eswar Publications
Ad hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes communicating with each other using wireless media without any fixed infrastructure. During both route discovery and traversal of route-reply packets from destination to source,
broadcast of packets is required which incurs huge message cost. The present article deals with the message cost
reduction during transmission of route-reply from destination to source. Also the redundancy that is visible within the 2-hop neighborhood of a node is minimized during broadcasting of route-reply. This improves the average lifetime of network nodes by decreasing the possibility of network partition. The scheme of 2NI can be used with any reactive routing protocol in MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Connectivity aware and adaptive multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc ...ijwmn
We propose in this paper a connectivity-aware routing algorithm and a set of related theorems. This algorithm allows nodes in Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Networks (MASNets) to provide the highest connectivity life time to a specific destination since the issuance of data becomes a necessity for MASNets. In the proposed Solution, nodes in MASNets are able to specify the disjointness degree of the available paths allowing the discovery of the optimal set of backup routes and consequently enhance the survivability of the connectivity. These nodes perform an on-demand discovery and a generation of a set of routes, by specifying a disjointness threshold, representing the maximal number of nodes shared between any two paths in the set of k established paths. The proposed multipath routing algorithm, is adaptive, secure, and uses labels to carry the disjointness-threshold between nodes during the route discovery. A set of security mechanisms, based on the Watchdog and the digital signature concepts, is used to protect the route discovery process.
IMPROVING PACKET DELIVERY RATIO WITH ENHANCED CONFIDENTIALITY IN MANETijcsa
In Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), the collection of mobile nodes gets communicated without the need of any customary infrastructure. In MANET, repeated topology changes and intermittent link breakage
causes the failure of existing path. This leads to rediscovery of new route by broadcasting RREQ packet.The number of RREQ packet in the network gets added due to the increased amount of link failures. This result in increased routing overhead which degrades the packet delivery ratio in MANET. While designing
routing protocols for MANET, it is indispensable to reduce the overhead in route discovery. In our previous
work[17], routing protocol based on neighbour details and probabilistic knowledge is utilized, additionally
the symmetric cipher AES is used for securing the data packet. Through this protocol, packet delivery ratio
gets increased and confidentiality is ensured. But there is a problem in secure key exchange among the
source and destination while using AES. To resolve that problem, hybrid cryptographic system i.e.,
combination of AES and RSA is proposed in this paper. By using this hybrid cryptographic scheme and the
routing protocol based on probability and neighbour knowledge, enhanced secure packet delivery is
ensured in MANET
Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Ad-Hoc Source Routing ProtocolsNarendra Singh Yadav
Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self-administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction normalized routing load, average end to end delay by varying speed of nodes, traffic sources and mobility.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dvr based hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network application and c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for ...graphhoc
This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanisms.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BROADCASTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING CLUSTER ...ijasuc
Broadcasting is a fundamental service in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Cluster based approach
are proposed in literature to reduce the network collision, to reduce delay of packet transmission, to
reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput. In this paper, a cluster- based
infrastructure is proposed for broadcasting in MANETs. The backbone of the network takes advantage of
the cluster structure and only requires cluster- heads and some selected gateways to forward the
broadcast packet. Each cluster head selects some gateways to forward the packet when it sends the
packet to all the cluster heads in its coverage set. Cluster structures have been simulated using mobile
simulator Glomosim 2.03, which gives better performance to reduce the network collision, to reduce
delay of packet transmission, to reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput.
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with
each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc
network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation
and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive &
hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the
Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed
simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed &
battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other
Cost Effective Routing Protocols Based on Two Hop Neighborhood Information (2...Eswar Publications
Ad hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes communicating with each other using wireless media without any fixed infrastructure. During both route discovery and traversal of route-reply packets from destination to source,
broadcast of packets is required which incurs huge message cost. The present article deals with the message cost
reduction during transmission of route-reply from destination to source. Also the redundancy that is visible within the 2-hop neighborhood of a node is minimized during broadcasting of route-reply. This improves the average lifetime of network nodes by decreasing the possibility of network partition. The scheme of 2NI can be used with any reactive routing protocol in MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Connectivity aware and adaptive multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc ...ijwmn
We propose in this paper a connectivity-aware routing algorithm and a set of related theorems. This algorithm allows nodes in Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Networks (MASNets) to provide the highest connectivity life time to a specific destination since the issuance of data becomes a necessity for MASNets. In the proposed Solution, nodes in MASNets are able to specify the disjointness degree of the available paths allowing the discovery of the optimal set of backup routes and consequently enhance the survivability of the connectivity. These nodes perform an on-demand discovery and a generation of a set of routes, by specifying a disjointness threshold, representing the maximal number of nodes shared between any two paths in the set of k established paths. The proposed multipath routing algorithm, is adaptive, secure, and uses labels to carry the disjointness-threshold between nodes during the route discovery. A set of security mechanisms, based on the Watchdog and the digital signature concepts, is used to protect the route discovery process.
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Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, average end to end delay, throughput by varying number of nodes per sq. km, traffic sources and mobility. Simulation results show that in high
mobility (pause time 0s) scenarios, CBRP outperforms DSR. CBRP scales well with increasing number of nodes.
Clustering effects on wireless mobile ad hoc networks performancesijcsit
A new era is dawning for wireless mobile ad hoc networks where communication will be done using a
group of mobile devices called cluster, hence clustered network. In a clustered network, protocols used by
these mobile devices are different from those used in a wired network; which helps to save computation
time and resources efficiently. This paper focuses on Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source
Routing. The results presented in this paper illustrates the implementation of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance
Vector routing protocol for enhancing mobile nodes performance and lifetime in a clustered network and to
demonstrate how this routing protocol results in time efficient and resource saving in wireless mobile ad
hoc networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
QoS Issues in MANET: A Comparative Study over Different Routing Protocolsrahulmonikasharma
MANETs are composed of autonomous nodes that are self-managed without any existing of infrastructure and centralized administration. Therefore, each node operates not only as an end system but also as a router to forward packets for other nodes. For these reasons, the network has a dynamic topology, so nodes can easily join or leave the network at any time. Routing information differentiates these networks from other ad-hoc networks. The study of QoS issues in Mobile Ad-hoc Network is done by simulation in MATLAB that can help in better understanding of the behavior of various routing protocols. This paper is intended to compare QoS parameters of various routing protocols.
Performance study of adhoc routing protocols for cbr trafficeSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy is a popular routing category for wireless adhoc routing. The primary objective of this paper is to do comparative study of the performance of routing protocols Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) for wireless ad hoc networks in a simulated environment against varying network parameters. The evaluations are done by means of simulations using NS-2 network simulator. The study was done on the basis of performance metrics: throughput, packet delivery function, end-to-end delay, routing overhead and packet lost. Simulation results show that despite in most simulations reactive routing protocols DSR and AODV performed significantly better than proactive routing protocol DSDV for the CBR based traffic. Keywords- component; Mobile Adhoc Network, Routing protocol, DSR, AODV, DSDV
Energy Saving DSR and Probabilistic Rebroadcast Mechanism are used to Increas...IJTET Journal
Abstract- MANETs are infrastructure less and can be set up anytime anywhere. Due to high mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), there exist frequent link breakages which lead to frequent path failures and route discoveries. The overhead of a route discovery cannot be neglected. In a route discovery, broadcasting is a fundamental and effective data broadcasting mechanism, where a mobile node blindly rebroadcasts the first received route request packets unless it has a route to the destination, and thus it causes the broadcast storm problem and without consider the nodes energy level of route selection it leads to reduce the network lifetime. In this paper proposed to focus is on a two mechanism ESDSR and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast to overcome those problems. A Energy Saving Dynamic Source Routing in MANETs (ESDSR) which will efficiently utilize the battery power consideration in the route selection time of mobile nodes in such a way that the network will get more life time and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast mechanism, which can significantly decrease the number of retransmissions so as to reduce the routing overhead, and can also improve the routing performance. The simulation was carried out using the NS-2 network simulator.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Change is the only thing which is constant in this
today’s era. Constant technology updates demand building up
and falling down of infrastructure along with cost involvement.
Today there is a need of adaptive infrastructure called Ad hoc
network.
Ad hoc network is a collection of two or more nodes with
wireless communication having network capability that they can
communicate without centralized manner. So, at any time host
devices may act as a router or as a node. Ad hoc networks can be
erected as wireless technology, comprising of Radio Frequency
(RF) and infrared frequency.
Wireless Ad hoc network is Temporary, Infrastructure less,
Decentralized, self-organized packet switched network. In this
network topology changes dynamically which can results change
in link failure or broken. In this paper we evaluate the
performance parameters like Throughput, End-to-End Delay and
Packet Delivery Ratio of AODV (ad hoc on Demand Vector) and
DSDV (Destination Sequential Distance Vector) protocol. The
simulation tool used is Network Simulator 2 -2.35
Energy efficiency cross layer protocol for wireless mesh networkIJCNCJournal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel emerging tec
hnology that will change the world more effectively
and efficiently. It is regarded as a highly promisi
ng technology being increasingly important in mobil
e
wireless networks of the future generation. In this
paper, we consider energy management for wireless
mesh networks from a point of view that started rec
ently to attract the attention means the conservati
on of
energy for operational and the environment reasons
which is known as the Green Networking. This paper
discusses different routing protocols to establish
a protocol which considers energy efficiency. The e
xisting
protocols are compared using the basic functions of
routing and the suggest protocol is designed to
overcome some of their shortcomings. We are focusin
g on the conception of the cross-layer routing
protocol that is implemented in TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) wireless mesh networks based
MAC protocol.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANETIOSR Journals
Abstract : A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are carried out using the ns-2 network simulator. Keywords – AODV, DSR, MANET, NS-2, Reactive routing protocols, Survey.
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANETIOSR Journals
A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any
network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes
are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The
main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy
is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides
a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to
reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV
are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is
needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are
carried out using the ns-2 network simulator
Throughput Maximization using Spatial Reusability in Multi Hop Wireless Networkijtsrd
Energy is a valuable resource in wireless networks. For many multi hop networking scenarios, nodes require power for performing their operation, so requiring capable power management to make certain connectivity across the network. Though when wireless networks are attached outside power source due to obstruction between lively links the network may demand excessive energy per unit time Power due to this the overall performance is reduced. Since network life time or network capacity is depend on the power efficiency, many efforts to study energy efficient networks in the wireless network community. In multi hop wireless networks well organized routing algorithms are significant for network performance. We dispute that by carefully considering spatial reusability of the wireless communication media, we can reduce the overhead in multi hop wireless networks. To support our argument, propose Broadcast Tree Construction BTC and compare them with existing routing and multi path routing protocols, respectively. Our estimate outcome shows that proposed protocols significantly improve the end to end throughput compared with existing protocols. We also introduce the sleep scheduling approach for energy consumption and hybrid cryptography for security of data that can be prevent the data leakage and jammer attacks. Twinkal P. Dudhagawali | Prof. L. K. Gautam | Prof. V. P. Vaidya ""Throughput Maximization using Spatial Reusability in Multi Hop Wireless Network"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23489.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/23489/throughput-maximization-using-spatial-reusability-in-multi-hop-wireless-network/twinkal-p-dudhagawali
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
Abstract: A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive & hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed & battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other.
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Novel Routing Protocol Based on Periodic Route Discovery for Mobile Adhoc Networks
1. V.Jai KumarAssociate.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -4) December 2016, pp.74-81
www.ijera.com 74 | P a g e
Novel Routing Protocol Based on Periodic Route Discovery for
Mobile Adhoc Networks
V.Jai KumarAssociate1
, Dr.Ch.Balaswamy2
, T.Gowri Kishore3
, N.China Babu4
1
Professor, QISCET
2
Professor and HOD, QISCET
3
Assistant Professor, QISCET
4
PG Student, QISCET
ABSTRACT
A group of mobile devices called as nodes, without any centralized network, communicates with each other over
multi-hop links is called as an Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The military battle-field scenarios, Post-disaster
rescue efforts, sensor networks, and entrepreneurs in a conference are some of the examples of mobile ad-hoc
networks. Since there is no infrastructure in the network, the routing should be handled at every node. To
improve the life time of network different routing protocols are consider. In present routing protocols of ad hoc
networks, routing is an act of moving information from a source to destination in an internetwork. Route is
selected in the route discovery phase until all the packets are sent out. Due to the continuous flow of packets in a
selected route leads to the route failure. In order to reduce this problem we consider PRD-based MMBCR and
considering the percentage of the optimum value for periodic route discovery. In our research we are going to
analyze the performance of different routing protocols like DSR, MMBCR to get maximum optimum value
using Network Simulator Software.
Keywords: Ad hoc network, Route discovery phase, optimum value.
I. INTRODUCTION
Communication is activity of conveying
information from source to destination. The proper
communication should be maintain with the help of
communication channel, the communication channel
classified into two categories like wired
communication channel and wireless communication
channel. In present technologies improve Bandwidth
capability, higher frequency signals and
consideration of the losses the wireless
communication channel is efficient than the wired
communication channel.
To maintain proper communication good
communication network is needed. In
communication process the network is called heart
of communication system because in human body
the heart is doing work circulation of blood to
different organs as usually in communication
process network can do passing the information
from source to destination. Considering the
different wireless communication networks like
Infrared network, Bluetooth network, Wi-fi (wireless
fidelity),Wimax (Wireless microwave
access),Wireless sensor networks ,Adhoc
networks(Infrastructure less network-Advanced
Developers Hands on Conference). We are working
in the field of Mobile Adhoc networks- Lifetime
enhancement by considering different protocols like
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing Protocol), MMBCR
(Minimum Maximum Battery Cost Routing),
MMBCR-PRD (Minimum Maximum Battery Cost
Routing–Periodic Route Discovery). The issues
related to protocol layer in ad hoc networks is
observed. The communication between the nodes in
a packet data network must be defined to ensure
correct interpretation of the packets by receiving
intermediate and end systems. Packet exchange
between the nodes is called protocols. The routing
involves two things: Firstly determining optimal
routing paths, secondly transferring the information
groups (called packets) through an internet
work.Routing protocols use several metrics to
calculate the best path for routing the packets to its
destination.Unsurprisingly, designing good protocols
with few packets collision will reduce power
consumption. At the network layer, the routing
protocols can be designed such that there is an
increase in the network life time by distributes the
forwarding load over multiple different paths. The
main objective of this paper to investigate the
performance of routing in ad-hoc network. A group
of mobile devices called as nodes, without any
centralized network, communicates with each other
over multi-hop links is called as an Ad-hoc Network
(MANET). A MANET is a collection of self
organized mobile users which are free to act
independently that communicate over relatively
bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the
nodes are mobile, the network topology may change
quickly and cannot be predicted over time. Figure
2.3 shows the flowchart for working of general ad-
hoc network.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. V.Jai KumarAssociate.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -4) December 2016, pp.74-81
www.ijera.com 75 | P a g e
Figure 1.1 Working of general ad-hoc network
Classification of routing protocols:
Routing protocols for ad-hoc networks can
generally be divided into three types. (i) Proactive
Routing also known as table driven routing protocols
(ii) Reactive routing also knows as on-demand
routing protocols (iii) Hybrid routing protocols.
Each and every node has limited life spam.
To maximize the life time of nodes in a network, the
energy consumption rate of each node must be
evenly distributed. Section II describes the
theoretical analysis, Section III analyses the existing
energy efficient routing protocols, and Section IV
presents the proposed mechanisms to increase the
network lifetime. Section V describes about the
experimental results and lastly section VI gives the
conclusion.
II. THEORITICAL ANALYSIS
Performance analysis between routing
protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks we are
considering different routing protocols like DSR-
Dynamic Source Routing, MBCR-Minimum Battery
Cost Routing, MMBCR-Minimum Maximum
Battery Cost Routing.
The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
protocol is a simple and efficient routing protocol
designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless
ad-hoc networks of mobile nodes. Using DSR, the
network is completely self-organizing and self-
configuring, requires no existing network
infrastructure or administration. Network nodes co-
operate to forward packets for each other to allow
communication over multiple "hops" between nodes
which are out of wireless transmission range from
one another. As nodes in the network move about or
join or leave the network, all routing is automatically
determined and maintained by the DSR routing
protocol.
Since the number or sequence of
intermediate nodes needed to reach any destination
may change at any time, the resulting network
topology may be quite rich and rapidly changing. In
DSR protocol overheads are very low and able to
react very quickly to changes in the network. The
DSR protocol provides highly reactive service in
order to help ensure successful delivery of data
packets in spite of node movement or other changes
in network conditions.
The DSR protocol is composed of two main
mechanisms that work together to allow the
discovery and maintenance of source routes in an ad-
hoc network:
Route Discovery: It is the mechanism by which a
node S wishing to send a packet to a destination
node D obtains a source route to D. Route Discovery
is used only when S attempts to send a packet to D
and does not already know a route to D.
Route Maintenance: It is the mechanism by which
node S is able to detect, while using a source route to
D, if the network topology has changed such that it
can no longer use its route to D because a link along
the route no longer works. When Route Maintenance
indicates a source route is broken, S can attempt to
use any other route it happens to know to D, or it can
invoke Route Discovery again to find a new route
for subsequent packets to D. Route Maintenance for
this route is used only when S is actually sending
packets to D.
In DSR, Route Discovery and Route
Maintenance each operate entirely "on demand". In
particular, unlike other protocols, DSR requires no
periodic packets of any kind. For example, DSR
does not use any periodic routing advertisement, link
status sensing, or neighbor detection packets. This
entirely on-demand behavior and lack of periodic
activity allows the number of overhead packets
caused by DSR to scale all the way down to zero,
when all nodes are approximately stationary with
respect to each other and all routes needed for
current communication have already been
discovered. As nodes begin to move more or as
communication patterns change, the routing packet
overhead of DSR automatically scales to only what
is needed to track the routes currently in use.
In response to a single Route Discovery, a
node may learn and cache multiple routes to any
destination. This support for multiple routes allows
the reaction to routing changes to be much more
rapid, since a node with multiple routes to a
destination can try another cached route if the one it
has been using should fail. This caching of multiple
routes also avoids the overhead of needing to
perform a new Route Discovery each time a route in
use breaks. The sender of a packet selects and
controls the route used for its own packets, which,
together will support for multiple routes.
3. V.Jai KumarAssociate.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -4) December 2016, pp.74-81
www.ijera.com 76 | P a g e
2.1. The minimum battery cost routing (MBCR):
This protocol was proposed in which use
remaining battery capacity of each host as a metric
to describe the lifetime of each host.
c
cf t
i
t
ii
1
)( ….. (2.1.1)
Where, )(cf
t
ii
is a battery cost function
of a host ni. Now, suppose a node’s willingness to
forward packets is a function of its remaining battery
capacity. The less capacity it has, the more reluctant
it is. As the battery capacitydecreases, the value of
cost function for node ni will increase. The battery
cost Rj for route i, consisting of D nodes, is
1
0
Dj
i
t
iij cfR ….. (2.1.2)
Therefore, to find a route with the
maximum remaining battery capacity, we should
select a route i that has the minimum battery cost.
AjRR jj
min …. (2.1.3)
Where, A is the set containing all possible routes.
Advantage of MBCR: In MTPR, if the minimum
total transmission power routes are via a specific
host, the battery of this host will be exhausted
quickly, and this host will die of battery exhaustion
soon. Therefore, the remaining battery capacity of
each host is a more accurate metric to describe the
lifetime of each host. But, in MBCR since battery
capacity is directly incorporated into the routing
protocol, this metric prevents hosts from being
overused, thereby increasing their lifetime and the
time until the network is partitioned. If all nodes
have similar battery capacity, this metric will select
a shorter-hop route.
Disadvantage of MBCR: Because only the
summation of values of battery cost functions is
considered, a route containing nodes with little
remaining battery capacity may still be selected. For
example, in Figure 2.12 there are two possible routes
between the source and destination nodes. Although
node 3 has much less battery capacity than other
nodes, the overall battery cost for route 1 is less than
route 2. Therefore, route 1 will be selected, reducing
the lifetime of node 3, which is undesirable.
2.2The min-max battery cost routing (MMBCR):
This protocol was proposed in at first, in
each possible route from source to destination, the
maximum battery cost will be selected from
Equation (2.2.1). Among this set of maximum
battery costs, the minimum battery cost will be
selected according to Equation (2.2.2). The battery
of each host will be used more fairly than in
previous schemes.
Battery cost Rjfor route j is redefined as
cfR t
ii
jroutei
j max
_
…… (2.2.1)
Similarly, the desired route i can be obtained from
the equation
AjRR jj
min .….(2.2.2)
Advantage: Since this metric always tries to avoid
the route with nodes having the least battery capacity
among all nodes in all possible routes, the battery of
each host will be used more fairly than in previous
schemes.
Disadvantage: The disadvantage is that since the
minimum total transmission power is not considered
in MMBCR, the power consumption may be more to
transmit user traffic from a source to a destination,
which actually reduces the lifetime of all nodes.
In MMBCR (Min-Max Battery Cost
Routing) we first find the node having minimum
battery capacity in each node of the possible routes
and select the route having the maximum value
among the selected routes. That means the route
having maximum life time is selected. But themain
demerit of MMBCR is that it does not consider the
transmission powers of the nodes. In MMBCR, the
updated information is not considered for route
selection. So, two mechanisms are proposed to
overcome this disadvantage. The first is MMBCR-
route reply, where the cost function is calculated in
route reply phase instead of in route request phase
for selecting the route.
And the other is MMBCR with periodic
route discovery to get more updated information
about the routes. In this method periodically the
route discovery process is done. If there are any
changes in the route, the route information is
updated. Because of this method, different routes are
used for transmission of data packets and periodic
shifting between the routes which avoids the over
usage of nodes and node exhaustion leading to the
increase of the life time of the network.
2.3 Performance Metrics:
The following performance metrics are evaluated:
Packet delivery ratio: The ratio of the data packets
delivered to the destinations to those generated by
the CBR sources. Received packets and sent packets
number could be easily obtained from the first
element of each line of the trace file.
Average end-to-end delay: This includes all possible
delays caused by buffering during route discovery
latency, queuing at the interface queue,
4. V.Jai KumarAssociate.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -4) December 2016, pp.74-81
www.ijera.com 77 | P a g e
retransmission delays at the MAC, and propagation
and transfer times.
Packet delivery ratio(%) =(received packets/sent
packets)*100
For each packet with id (Ii) of trace level
(AGT) and type (cbr), we can calculate the send (s)
time (t) and the receive (r) time (t) and average it.
Routing overhead: It is the ratio of the routing
packets sent and the total packets sent. Each hop-
wise transmission of a routing packet is counted as
one transmission.
Calculation of the routing overhead:
Routing overhead = routing packets sent / total
packets sent
2.4 Experiment Environment:
Hardware: Laptop: CPU Intel Celeron M processor
370, 256MB Memory.
Operating System: Red hat 4, Windows XP
Network Simulator: ns-2, version 2.30 with CMU
MANET extension.
Graph generator: gnu plot 4.20
III. EXISTING ROUTING
MECHANISMS ROUTE SELECTION
BY DSR, MBCR AND MMBCR
3.1 Route Selection by DSR
Let us consider a 7-node network shown in
figure 3.1the route discovery process is started at 38
sec to find the route from node 1 to node 4. Since
DSR does not consider the energies of the nodes and
it only considers the minimum hop, the route 0-5-4
is selected and the data packets are moving from 0 to
5 and from 5 to 4 as shown in the figure 5.5. Even
though, there is less energy in the node 5 shown by
the red circle, the DSR does not consider it and it
selected the route 0-5-4 since it is the shortest route
with minimum hop.
Fig. 3.1 A snapshot showing the route 0-5-4 is
selected by DSR
This is the disadvantage of the DSR. The
route does not exists longer time, since the energy of
the node 5 exhausts quickly.
3.2 Route Selection by MBCR
Consider the same network as shown in fig
3.2, route discovery process starts at 38 sec by
MBCR protocol. At this time, according to the trace
file generated in the NS2 simulator for the TCL
script 1, the energy levels of all the nodes are Node 0
– 1.288755, Node 1 - 1.237033, Node 2 – 1.239923,
Node 3 – 1.250182, Node 4 – 1.290121, Node 5 –
0.096358 and Node 6 – 1.288979. The
corresponding cost functions are Node 0 – 0.776266,
Node 1 – 0.808429, Node 2 – 0.806545, Node 5 –
10.385178, Node 6 – 0.775945, and Node 3 –
0.799978. The total cost function along the route 0-
2-3-4 is 2.382789, the total cost function along the
route 0-5-4 is 11.16144, and the total cost function
along the route 0-1-6-4 is 2.360640. Here, the route
0-1-6-4 has minimum total cost in the sense it has
maximum battery capacity compared to the route 0-
2-3-4. Since MBCR selects the route with minimum
total cost (with maximum battery capacity), the route
0-1-6-4 is selected as shown in figure 3.2.
Fig. 3.2 A snapshot showing the route 0-1-6-4 is
selected by MBCR
3.3 Route Selection By MMBCR
Consider the same network as shown in fig
3.3, route discovery process starts at 38 sec by
MMBCR protocol. At this time, according to the
trace file generated in the NS2 simulator for the
same TCL script 1, the energy levels of all the nodes
are Node 0 – 1.288755, Node 1 - 1.237033, Node 2
– 1.239923, Node 3 – 1.250182, Node 4 – 1.290121,
Node 5 – 0.096358 and Node 6 – 1.288979. The
corresponding cost functions are Node 0 – 0.776266,
Node 1 – 0.808429, Node 2 – 0.806545, Node 5 –
10.385178, Node 6 – 0.775945, and Node 3 –
0.800080. The MMBCR selects maximum battery
cost (minimum battery capacity) in a route and
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stores. So, the maximum cost function in the route 0-
2-3-4 is 0.806545, the maximum cost function in the
route 0-5-4 is 10.385178, and the maximum cost
function in the route 0-1-6-4 is 0.808429. Since
MMBCR selects the route with minimum cost
function (maximum battery capacity) stored among
all routes, the route 0-2-3-4 is selected as shown in
figure 3.3. The advantage of MMBCR is that it
avoids the route which has a node with minimum
battery capacity which leads to exhaust quickly.
Fig. 3.3 A snapshot showing the route 0-2-3-4 is
selected by MMBCR
IV. PROPOSED ROUTING
MECHANISMS
In this mechanism we consider two things.
They are 1) MMBCR-Route reply and 2) PRD-
Based MMBCR.
In, MMBCR the cost function is calculated
and stored in route request packet header while
going from source to destination. The decision of the
route selection is made by the destination. Here the
destination waits for some time to collect all the
RREQ’s.After making decision, it takes some time
for RREP to reach the source. In between changes
may occur in the energies of the network. The
updated information is not considered in MMBCR
for route selection. This can be overcome by
calculating the cost function in RREP instead of in
RREQ for route selection.Now, we are considering
MMBCR-Route reply. Here the decision of route
selection is made by the source node. The
destination node simply replies to all the RREQs that
reach it. Let us consider the source node which
initializes the route request (RREQ).In between
intermediate nodes plays a prominent role for the
route selection. The intermediate node simply
forwards the RREQ packet. And the destination
node receives the RREQ packet to the corresponding
route and responds immediately without any delay.
The RREP and the intermediate node calculate their
cost function and record the corresponding values in
the RREP packet. And same method is followed and
observed in the MMBCR of RREQ phase. The
source node waits for some time and receives the
entire RREP packet and selects the route with
maximum life time and sends data packets through
the route.
The main advantage in this method is
the updated information about the nodes is known
and the best route is selected for the packets to
transfer. One more advantage of this mechanism is
that the source node receives all the possible routes
for the destination. It stores the values in the cache
memory for the future usage. But this process is not
observed in MMBCR where the source receives only
one route from the destination. The problem
observed in the existing MMBCR protocol is that
once the route is selected in the route discovery
phase. And the selected route is used until all the
data packets are sent out or until the selected route
fails due to the exhaustion of node’s battery. If any
node in the selected route with less energy is
observed then that node will certainly die out
causing route failure and hence the total network
lifetime is failed. And the main point observed is the
nodes in the selected route suffer lot continuously
due to the packets coming from other nodes. To
reduce this problem a mechanism of periodic route
discovery process is introduced. In this mechanism
the route discovery process is initialized periodically
to increase the network life time.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Keeping in view of the above advantages,
the DSR is selected to implement energy efficient
routing protocols. An example network is created as
show in the figure 5.1 which consists of 7 nodes
where node 0 acts as source and node 6 acts as
destination.
Fig 5.1. Broadcasting in the phase of route discovery
in DSR
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The source 0 broadcasts the packets to find
out the route and DSR selects the route 0-4-5-6 as
shown in the figure 5.2.
Fig 5.2. The route 0-4-5-6 is selected in DSR
Due to continuous flow of packets from the
source node 0 to source node 6 via the selected route
0-4-5-6, the node 4 is ready to be exhausted at time
17.06 sec as shown in the figure 5.3. The node 4 got
exhausted at time 27.66 sec as shown in the figure
5.4. To overcome this disadvantage of getting the
node exhausted quickly, a novel method is proposed
and the results are shown in the figure 5.5 and 5.6.
Due to continuous flow of packets from the
source node 0 to source node 6 via the selected route
0-4-5-6, the node 4 is ready to be exhausted at time
17.06 sec as shown in the figure 5.3. The node 4 got
exhausted at time 27.66 sec as shown in the figure
5.4. To overcome this disadvantage of getting the
node exhausted quickly, a novel method is proposed
and the results are shown in the figure 5.5 and 5.6.
Fig 5.3. Node 4 is ready to be exhausted at 17.06
Sec in DSR
Fig 5.4. Node 4 is exhausted at 27.66 Sec in DSR
Fig 5.5. Route discovery phase in MMBCR-PRD
After every period of sending packets, the
route discovery phase is activated to find new route
with maximum battery capacity at that particular
instant of time. Since the nodes are mobile, the
nodes may move from one location to another
location and the new nodes may join in the network
at any instant of time. The MMBCR-PRD gives the
better node with maximum battery capacity
periodically causing the enhancement of the network
life time. The figure 5.7 shows the node 1 is ready to
be exhausted at 24.86 sec in MMBCR-PRD. The
figure 5.8 show the node 1 is exhausted at 41.39 sec.
Fig 5.6. The route 0-1-2-3-6 is selected in MMBCR-
PRD
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Fig 5.7. Node 1 is ready to be exhausted at 24.86
Sec in MMBCR-PRD
Since the proposed routing protocol PRD
based - MMBCR will activate the route discovery
process at periodic times, the burden on a single
route is avoided, and many packets will be sent by
the source node and the route failure time extends
compared to DSR. The results of the route failure
times of DSR and PRD based - MMBCR using NS2
simulator are shown in the figure 5.9.
Fig 5.8. Node 1 got exhausted at 41.39 sec in
MMBCR-PRD
Figure 5.9: Comparison of the route failure times of
DSR, and PRD based - MMBCR
From the above results, it is evident that the
PRD based MMBCR performed well compared to
the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol in the case of
life-time of the network.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, two mechanisms are proposed
to increase the network life time. The first is
MMBCR-Route reply, where the cost functions are
calculated in route reply phase instead of in route
request phase and the other is MMBCR with
periodic route discovery. In this if there is any
updated information about the routes can be
modified. And different route are used for the
transmission of the data packets and periodic
shifting between the routes is observed which avoids
the over usage of nodes and node exhaustion leading
to the increase of the network life time. The
simulation results show that the proposed
mechanism PRD-based MMBCR performs better in
case of node failure time and the optimum period is
investigated for PRD based-MMBCR to get higher
node failure time.
REFERENCES
[1]. Mohammed Tarique, Kemal E. Tepe, and
Mohammad Naserian, “Energy Saving
Dynamic Source Routing for Ad Hoc
Wireless Networks”, Int. Proc. Of WIOPT,
2005.
[2]. S. Singh and C.S. Raghavendra, “PAMAS-
Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol with
signaling for Ad Hoc Networks”, ACM
Common. Rev., July 1998.
[3]. S. Singh, M. Woo, and C.S. Raghavendra, “
Power Aware routing in Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks,
[4]. “Proc. Mobicom’ 98, Dallas, TX, Oct 1998.
[5]. C.K. Toh, “Maximum Battery Life Routing
to support ubiquitous Mobile computing in
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks”, IEEE
Communications Magazine, June 2001.
[6]. W. Cho and S.L. Kim, “A fully distributed
routing algorithm for maximizing lifetime
of a wireless ad hoc network, “4th Int.
Workshop on Mobile and Wireless
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pp. 670-674.
[7]. The Network Simulator NS-2,
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[8]. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial
About Authors:
V. Jai Kumar received the B.Tech degree in ECE
from SSN Engineering College,
Ongole in the year 2003. He did
his M.Tech in Bapatla
Engineering College in 2008.
Pursuing Ph.D in 2012 in JNTUA,
Anantapur in the area of
Computer Networking.
8. V.Jai KumarAssociate.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -4) December 2016, pp.74-81
www.ijera.com 81 | P a g e
Dr. CH.BALASWAMY received the B.E degree in
ECE from S.R.K.R. Engineering
College, Bhimavaram in 1998.
He received the M.Tech degree
in ECE from Inad College of
Engineering , Hassan, India in
2001. He received his Ph.D from
JNTU Ananthapur in 2010. He
has 15years experience in teaching for U.G and P.G
students. He guided many B.tech and M.Tech
projects. He has published Seventeen International
Journals and Ten Research papers in National and
International Conferences. His area of Interest is
Mobile Adhoc Networks, Micro Processors
&Controllers and Embedded System.
T.Gowri Kishore received his B.Tech from Lord
Venkateswara Engineering College,
Kanchipuram in the year 2009.
M.Tech from RMK Engineering
College, Chennai in the year 2011.
He has four years of teaching
experience
N.China Babu got his B.Tech Degree from QIS
College of Engineering and
Technology, Ongole in the year
2014. Presently he is pursuing his
M.Tech in the same college since
2014. He is doing his M.Tech in
the specialization of Degital
Electronics and Communication
Systems.