Spain declined as a power in the late 17th century while France rose. In the 18th century, reforms in Portugal and colonies led to unrest and rebellion, with Jesuits and natives opposing loss of authority. Independence movements emerged in Latin America in the early 19th century, led by priests and common people, culminating in declarations of independence in Mexico and Brazil.

2. 1665-1700: Spain slips into second rank power. Charles II is a weak imbecile. French Bourbon dynasty would come to rule Spain.