Digital Transformation of Healthcare through AI and Quantum Computing

Conference Chair: Maëva Ghonda
Conference Co-Chair: Dr. Christoph Zindel

Opening Remarks: U.S. Congressman Bill Foster
Policy Issues in AI and Quantum
Computing
Mr. Killian Gross, European Commission Brussels, Head
of Unit DG CNECT A/2, Artificial Intelligence
The European Commission’s work on Artificial
Intelligence
Mr. Murray Thom, Vice President of Software and Cloud
Services, D-Wave Systems, Inc.
Practical Quantum Computing in Medicine
Conference Keynote: Dr. Christoph Zindel, Board
Member, Siemens Healthineers
Digital Transformation of Healthcare
through Artificial Intelligence
Dr. Gil Alterovitz, Director, National Artificial Intelligence
Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Artificial Intelligence R&D from Lab to Practice
Mr. Taro Shimada, Executive Officer, Corporate Senior
Vice President at Toshiba Corporation
Enabling the Quantum Internet of the Future
Conference Keynote: Maëva Ghonda,
Sustainability Scientist and Editor, IEEE Quantum
Computing Newsletter
Quantum Computing for Sustainability
Dr. Dorin Comaniciu, Senior Vice President of Artificial
Intelligence and Digital Innovation, Siemens Healthineers
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and
Computing Power in Healthcare: From
Diagnosis to Digital Twin
Dr. Michele Mosca, CEO, evolutionQ
Toward Prosperity and Resilience in the
Quantum Era
Closing Remarks: Dr. Paul Lopata, Principal
Director Quantum Science, The Pentagon, Office of
the Under Secretary of the U.S. Department of
Defense
A U.S. Department of Defense Perspective
on Quantum Computing: The Need for
Long-Term Thinking
What’s Next?
CEO Summit on Quantum Computing
1-Dec-2021
Executive Summit on Quantum Computing
for Aerospace
30-Mar-2022
Mr. Mike Brown, Chief Technology Officer, ISARA
Corporation
Preparing Health Care for the Quantum Age
Welcome to the Executive Summit on Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence. We invite the greatest forward-
thinking thought leaders defining the future of Quantum Computing, Cryptography and Artificial Intelligence. This international
conference is the platform for the exchange of thought-provoking ideas by global innovators shaping industries of the future.

Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2021
Digital Transformation
of Healthcare through AI
Christoph Zindel, MD
Member of the Board of Management
Siemens Healthineers

2
Frei verwendbar © Siemens Healthineers, 2021
2
Christoph Zindel

3
Christoph Zindel
3
Every 1.8 seconds
there’s the diagnosis:
Cancer

4
Christoph Zindel
4
There’s no such thing as
“one single” liver cancer:
Cancer is one of the
most complex
diseases
there are many

5
Christoph Zindel
Complex diseases often go along with
complex decision making
5

6
Christoph Zindel
6
Challenging:
Making the right decision after an
18 hours shift …

7
Christoph Zindel
7
… while the need for care is
growing

8
Christoph Zindel
8
Reality for half of mankind
Little or no access
to quality care

9
Christoph Zindel
9
AI is key

10
10
Christoph Zindel
Remote AI-supported diagnostics bring expertise
everywhere …

11
11
COVID-19 data courtesy of CHR East Belgium.
Christoph Zindel
… also during the
pandemic

12
12
Christoph Zindel
17/365

13
Christoph Zindel
13
To keep up with internal
medicine, one has to read
17 articles a day
for 365 days

14
14
AI empowers evidence-based,
individualized decisions for the
best possible
outcome …
AI-Pathway Companion Lung Cancer, AI-Pathway Companion Breast Cancer, AI-Pathway Companion Coronary Artery Disease, and AI-Pathway
Companion Infectious Diseases are under development and not commercially available. Its future availability cannot be ensured.
Christoph Zindel
14

15
15
Christoph Zindel
… and supports
more individualized
treatment planning

16
Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.633611/full
Christoph Zindel
16
You would want the best preparation
for your child’s heart operation,
wouldn’t you?

17
17
This product/feature is based on research. It is not yet commercially available.
Due to regulatory reasons its future availability cannot be guaranteed.
Christoph Zindel
Digital twins
could allow treatment simulations

18
18
The concepts and information presented in this slide deck are based on research results that are not commercially available.
Christoph Zindel
Digital twin
Lifelong, personalized physiological
model updated with each scan, exam
18
Person-centric prevention
and holistic treatment

19
Christoph Zindel
19
Digitalizing healthcare requires
computing power
and expertise …

20
… but also trust
and security
Christoph Zindel
20

21
Christoph Zindel
21
Personal health data
needs to stay
private

22
Christoph Zindel
22
Remote diagnostics and treatment
needs to be secure

23
Christoph Zindel
23
Our answer is
data security
by design

24
Christoph Zindel
24
1903
Wright Flyer

25
Christoph Zindel
25
2005
Airbus A380

26
Christoph Zindel
26
1885
First car
1888
First route 121 miles
Source: https://www.daimler.com/konzern/tradition/geschichte/1885-1886.html

27
2005
99% autonomous driving
9 days, 3,400 miles
Christoph Zindel
27
Source: https://www.wired.com/2015/04/delphi-autonomous-car-cross-country/

28
Christoph Zindel
28
1941
Z3
First functional
digital computer

29
29
Christoph Zindel
Quantum
computing
The next big thing
in healthcare?

30
30
Christoph Zindel
30
“I think I can safely say
nobody understands
Quantum Mechanics”
Richard P. Feynman
The Messenger Lectures
1964, MIT

31
31
Christoph Zindel
Healthcare might be
at the dawn of a
revolution

32
32
Christoph Zindel
Alice, Bob & Medtech must
rethink communication

33
33
Christoph Zindel
Research is underway for secure
Post Quantum
Cryptography
Source: “nature” / https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2401-y

34
34
Christoph Zindel
Time is brain: stroke patients will profit from real time
traffic flow optimization
Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16339467/

35
35
Christoph Zindel
35
Thank you
for your attention!

The European Commission’s
work on Artificial Intelligence
Kilian Gross, DG CONNECT

The White Paper on AI & follow-up
The forthcoming legislative framework for AI
The Coordinated Plan on AI 2021 Review
Agenda
1
3
2

The White Paper on Artificial
Intelligence & follow-up

White Paper on AI
A European approach
to excellence and trust
A European approach to trust
Foster citizens’ confidence in AI and provide legal
certainty for users by ensuring compliance with EU
rules, including fundamental and consumer rights.
A European approach to excellence
Mobilising resources to promote research and
innovation as well as the adoption of AI-based
solutions, including by SMEs.
Towards Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in
the European Union

Fostering an ecosystem of excellence
Support
excellence and
testing centres
Digital
Innovation
Hubs with high
degree of AI
expertise
New
Public-Private
Partnership in
AI
Networks of
leading
universities
Coordinate
with Member
States
Adopt AI
Programme for
public sector
Scale-up
equity fund for
AI in InvestEU
Key actions to accelerate AI development, application and use

Completed In progress In progess
Analyse responses
to the public
consultation, incl.
Member States
input
Review the
Coordinated Plan
together with the
Member States
Drafting the
regulatory
proposal on AI
Publication of a revised
Coordinated Plan and a
proposal for a regulatory
framework
TIMELINE
Fist half of 2021
Following up on the White Paper on AI

A public consultation on the AI White Paper
gathered broad participation
1 215
Responses
received
February –
June 2020
406 citizens
352 business and industry
160 civil society
… 72 other
152 academia
73 public authorities

Need for new legislation
All respondents, excl. no answer
Breaching fundamental rights Discriminatory outcomes
90% 87%
Main concerns of respondents:
Focussed on high-risk?
• Only 3% think that current
legislation is fully sufficient.
• 33% find that the current legislation
may have some gaps.
• 42% say there is a need for a new
legislation
• 43% of respondents agree that
compulsory requirements should
be limited to high-risk AI
applications.
• 31% do not agree with the limitation
to high-risk
Public consultation: Ecosystem of trust

A legislative framework for
Artificial Intelligence

Creating an ecosystem of trust
“
We want a set of rules that puts
people at the centre. Algorithms
must not be a black box and there
must be clear rules if something
goes wrong.
President von der Leyen
State of the Union address, 16/9/2020
Risks for safety and fundamental rights need to be addressed.

A risk-based and proportionate approach to
regulation
Creating an innovation-friendly legal framework by focusing on
high-risk uses of AI.
A risk-based and proportionate
regulatory approach could entail:
• Identification of AI systems posing a
particularly high risk to the safety and
fundamental rights of citizens
• Mandatory requirements and
ex-ante conformity assessment
for high-risk AI systems
• Specific rules for remote biometric
identification
✔ Training data
✔ Data and record keeping
✔ Information to be provided
✔ Robustness and accuracy
✔ Human oversight
The requirements may be further
specified through standards.
Possible requirements for
high-risk AI systems

Ensuring safety and fundamental rights
compliance through conformity assessments
Public Consultation
on the AI White Paper
49%
…of respondents explicitly
advocated mandatory
third-party conformity
assessments or
self-assessments for high-risk
AI.
Ex ante conformity assessments are necessary to
verify compliance with the high-risk requirements.
They could entail procedures for testing and inspection,
including checks of testing and training data.
Should be part of existing
conformity assessment
mechanisms where
available.
Where not available, new
mechanisms need to be
established (drawing on
SSOs and standards)

The Coordinated Plan on AI
2021 review

Why a 2021 review?
The Coordinated Plan on AI 2021 review
► Some 70 individual forward-looking
actions
► Developed together with the Member
States
► Member States were encouraged to
develop national AI strategies
► Set up as a rolling plan to be updated
regularly
The Coordinated Plan 2018
► Covid-19 pandemic
► Policy alignment with new priorities (e.g.
Green Deal)
► The Recovery and Resilience Facility (+ Digital
Europe Programme and Horizon Europe) as a
game changer
► Policy alignment with the White Paper on AI
► Take into account technological developments
► Lessons learned from last two years of
implementation
The Coordinated Plan represents a joint commitment (Commission & Member States):
by working together, Europe can maximise its AI potential to compete globally.

The Coordinated Plan on AI 2021 review
To shape
development of
trustworthy AI to
benefit all citizens
and business
To mobilise
resources for AI in
Europe to succeed
and grow.
OBJECTIVES
To create enabling
conditions for the
development and
uptake of AI
To advance the
EU’s global
position and
reputation in AI

Thank you
© European Union 2020
Unless otherwise noted the reuse of this presentation is authorised under the CC BY 4.0 license. For any use or reproduction of elements that are
not owned by the EU, permission may need to be sought directly from the respective right holders.
Slide xx: element concerned, source: e.g. Fotolia.com; Slide xx: element concerned, source: e.g. iStock.com

Practical
Quantum Computing
Copyright © D-Wave Systems Inc.

Built for business
Murray Thom
Vice President of Product Management
Apr 7, 2021

Reflections On The Field of
Medicine
“Medicine is what has been tested and works,
everything else is just tea.”
-- credit to a forgotten comedian

• Protein design pioneer Menten AI has developed the first process using hybrid quantum
programs to determine protein structure for de novo protein design with very encouraging
results often outperforming classical solvers.
• Menten AI’s unique protein designs have been computationally validated, chemically
synthesized, and are being advanced to live-virus testing against COVID-19.
Drug Discovery

Routing & Mobility
• DENSO used the Advantage system in the Leap quantum cloud service for a
vehicle routing problem, to find the best routing scheme for multiple vehicles
that achieves the lowest cost under various circumstances.
• With Advantage and the hybrid solver service, they could optimize 20 delivery
vehicles, delivering to 160 customers, in 29 time slots. This real-world sized
problem that used 44,520 logical qubits.

OLED Materials
• OTI develops new materials for Organic LEDs used in consumer products
• Developed hybrid quantum-classical workflows for their complex electronic
structure calculations yielding precise results
• Able to realize an industrial benefit by reducing the time solution in their use of
these hybrid workflows

The Forefront Of A Maturing
Quantum Industry
• Already supporting commercial
applications
• 20,000+ developers in Leap
• Entrepreneurs are building
businesses based on quantum
• Service providers tooling up
• New cloud offerings
• Incubators and universities are
producing quantum start-ups
Amazon Braket

8 Copyright © D-Wave Systems Inc.
The past 20 years
Quantum computing is
highly theoretical, impractical
and only available to a
small group within the
scientific community
PHASE 1
PHASE 4
100x speedup over
best classical heuristics
Speed-Up On
Benchmark Problem
3Mx speedup over best
classical heuristics
Quantum Advantage
Quantum computers
demonstrate absolute
advantage on real
world problems
PHASE 2 Speedup on Physics Problems
You Are
Here
Customer Advantage
Professional services go-to-market yielding
business applications running in production
with demonstrated ROI
Theoretical Foundation
Strengthened
PHASE 3
250+ Early
Applications
8
The Future is Now

Better Together
In-production applications at business scale
The quantum cloud service
built for business
Immediate access
Integrated IDE
1 million variable hybrid solver
Collaboration
The quantum computer
built for business
New processor
More complex problems
5,000+ qubits
2.5x qubit connectivity

The only real-time quantum cloud access and quantum application environment
D-Wave Advantage Cloud-based Real-time access User interface
Real-time cloud access
Programming model
Open-source tools and templates
Interactive tools and visualization
Community support
Online training and resources
Cloud access to the
D-Wave quantum computer

Hybrid Solvers
In Leap
• Binary quadratic model solvers
• Up to 1,000,000 variables
• Enables enterprise-scale problem solving
• Accepts problems with binary variables
• Discrete quadratic model solvers
• Expands into new problem types
• Enables optimization with option selection: e.g.,
Choose one of 11, 19, 29
• Accepts discrete multi-level variables
Solvers that run problems
on a combination of quantum
and classical resources
BUSINESS APPLICATION
HYBRID
Classical Computing

Get immediate access
cloud.dwavesys.com/leap
Check out customer presentations:
www.youtube.com/user/dwavesystems
Unlock Quantum
• 1,000,000 variables
• Hybrid solvers accept more
problem forms
• Real-world applications
• Access to Advantage in
Leap today

© 20XX Toshiba XXX Corporation
Taro Shimada
Corporate SVP & Chief Digital Officer
Toshiba Corporation
April 7, 2021
IEEE Executive Summit on Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence
Enabling the Quantum Internet of the future

1
© 2021 Toshiba Corporation
This presentation material is copyright protected.
The materials provided in this presentation and any comments or
information provided by the presenter are for educational purposes only.
Toshiba and Toshiba logo are trademarks of Toshiba Corporation
Notice

2
Visionary - Beginning of Internet Evolution
Internet Quantum Internet
Multi $T
Industry Revolution
Web
1970
PC
Mobile Phone
SNS/Smart Phone
1990 2000 2010 2020
IoT
One Billion
Users
…
Four
Billions
Users
$Trillions
All in One
“Super Fast & Secure” Quantum Internet
Quantum
Computer
Quantum
Comms
& Crypto
Quantum
Sensing
Fast Secure
Finance
Healthcare
Government
Home
Enterprise
Birth of
Internet
Global Comms Backbone
ICT Infrastructure Social Infrastructure
Next 50 Years
Quantum Computing, Sensing, Communications & Cryptographies

3
Four essential technologies will pave the road to the quantum internet.
1. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) will provide security on a fiber optic
infrastructure.
2. Entangled Photon Source (solid state for miniaturization and economy) will
enable quantum computer scaling on the fiber infrastructure of the quantum
internet.
3. Quantum Repeater with Memory will provide store and retrieval functionality
solving the current distance limitations without exposing clear text as in today’s
Trusted Nodes.
4. Key Management Networking Software will provide point to-multipoint mesh
networking capability with redundancy and survivability.
Road to Quantum Internet

4
Global QKD Market Outlook
Source: Toshiba estimates based on analysis of market reports
単位：M$
2018 2020 2025 2030 2035
Beijing – Shanghai
QKD Backbone
Quantum Xchange
QKD Service Network
OpenQKD
Testbeds
$3B
SoM
Scale to
$20B
TAM
China US Europe
2018 2020 2025 2030 2035
2035 2030
Target
25%
SoM
Toshiba
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
Global QKD Market

5
QKD technologies have advanced as;
QKD deploying globally
QKD Advancements
2000 2010 2020
R&D in labs Commercially deployable
Field tests
Toshiba QKD technologies on the courses of;
2010 2020
R&D in Cambridge, UK Various field tests
including Tokyo
QKD Network
2014
2003
UK Quantum Communications Hub
2015
Actual use case
developments in Sendai, Japan
QKD platform products introduced

6
No.1 QKD Patents Holder
Source: EU Joint Research Centre
Technical Report, 2019, EUR29614 EN
Toshiba
Highest
Number

7
QKD Platform Product Release (Oct., 2020)
Specifications Long Distance (LD) Multiplexed (MU)
Key Rate 300 kb/s @ 50 km 40 kb/s @ 50km
Range (ideal SM fibre) 120 km 70 km
Fibre Requirement two fibres one or two fibres
Multiplexing - multiplex data in C-band
Key Exchange Protocol BB84 protocol with decoy states and phase encoding
Security Parameter key failure probability < 10-10
Detection Technology proprietary self-differencing semiconductor detectors
Dimensions Standard 19’’ rack mount, 3U height
World Leading Performance
Highest secure
key rates
Longest range Operation on data
carrying fibre
Auto set-up
and alignment
Integrated network
key delivery
ETSI standardised
interface

8
QKD service platform by Toshiba for regional QKD service providers
Recruiting regional service partners
QKD Service Platform – Future Release
Encryption
Key
Service
Platform
QKD Systems Encryption Key Service SW
+
Government Financial Healthcare
Users
Key
Distribution
API
Encryption Key
Service
Layer
QKD
Systems
Key distribution physical links
Encryption key and
encrypted connection
for End-to-End
communication

9
More news to come
Recent Developments and Deployments
Toshiba has
participated in QKD
demonstration by
Verizon
Communications Inc.
in alliance with
Quantum Xchange.
September, US
BT and Toshiba has
installed UK’s first
quantum-secure
industrial network
between key UK smart
production facilities of
NCC (*1) and CFMS (*2)
October, UK
Nomura, NICT (*4),
NEC and Toshiba has
started joint
verification tests on
quantum
cryptography
technology to
enhance cybersecurity
in the financial sector,
December, Japan
TDSL (*3) has been
awarded the contract
from the NICT (*4) to
deploy and manage
the QKD systems that
will be installed at
multiple locations on
their networks.
October, Japan
*1. NCC: National Composite Centre
*2. CFMS: Centre For Modelling & Simulation
*3. TDSL: Toshiba Digital Solutions Co.
*4. NICT: National Institute of Information
and Communications Technology

10
In Japan: Initiative of Metro Open QKD Platform

11
• Short Term: Become a corporate sponsor of CQE to demonstrate Toshiba
quantum innovations to US government and enterprises.
• Mid Term: Intended inclusion in the Q-NEXT network https://www.q-next.org/
• Mid to Long Term: Intended expansion into DoE laboratory quantum internet
program eventually to all labs.
• Long Term: Industrial collaboration in Quantum Internet development and
enablement
In US: Collaboration with CQE (Chicago Quantum Exchange)

12
Global: A Global Quantum Secure IT Platform
Toshiba develops a global platform for quantum information technology and deploys it globally with partners.
Large-scale networks
combining QC and PQC
TF-QKD (and Q.Repeater)
for continental fibre links
SWaP: Size, Weight and Power; TF-QKD: Twin-Field QKD
Low SWaP, certified
quantum security devices
Satellite QKD for
intercontinental links

13
Thank you

Preparing Health Care for the
Quantum Age
MIKE BROWN
APR
2021

2
Urgent enterprise
need triggering
massive
cyber-security
investment
Quantum Computers Are Coming Fast.
The Threat to Enterprise Security Is Huge.
2
In 5-10 years, quantum computers will
break all existing cryptography
at the core of every secure information exchange
and transaction conducted today
Anyone that wants to make sure that their data is
protected for longer than 10 years
should move to alternate forms of encryption now.
− ZDNet 2018

3
The Path to Quantum
▪
Time
Complexity
1. Operations on single physical qubits
2. Algorithms on multiple physical qubits
3. QND measurements for error correction and control
4. Logical memory with longer lifetime than physical qubits
5. Operations on single logical qubits
6. Algorithms on multiple logical qubits
7. Fault-tolerant quantum computation

4
Type Algorithm
Key Strength
Classic (bits)
Key Strength
Quantum
(bits)
Quantum
Attack
Asymmetric
RSA 2048 112
0
Shor’s
Algorithm
RSA 3072 128
ECC 256 128
ECC 521 256
Symmetric
AES 128 128 64 Grover’s
Algorithm
AES 256 256 128
Quantum Breaks the Math Cybersecurity Relies on
▪ Quantum computers will be able to solve the
hard math problems used in current public
key cryptography, which we rely on to secure
everything that connects and transacts today
▪ This is an unprecedented threat the security
industry has never faced before, and it’s what
drives the ISARA team everyday to create
mitigation solutions

5
Quantum Eﬀect on Trust Infrastructure
Quantum Threat Facts:
• 7 to 15 years: quantum scientists agree that
Shor’s algorithm running on a large-scale
quantum computer will break public key
cryptography
• Impacts: Perfect undetectable identity forgeries.
Every key agreement rendered transparent
• Introduces widespread vulnerabilities throughout
the Internet
• NIST is evaluating quantum-safe algorithm
candidates and will publish standards between
2022 and 2024

6
Quantum and Health Care
▪ The Good
– Drug discovery
– Materials science
– Big Data Analytics of Genetic Information
▪ The Bad
– Software updates for medical devices
– Long term confidentiality of patient records
– Access to hospital systems
– Remote access to Electronic Records

7
What’s Vulnerable?
PRODUCTS
VPNs, PKIs, IoT Devices, Vehicles, Apps & CPUs
PROTOCOLS
TLS, IKE, SSH, S/MIME
CRYPTOSYSTEMS
RSA, ECC, DH
Confidentiality
Roots of Trust
Identity
Management

8
Future-Proof
Communications
Authenticated
Software OTA
Updates
Identity & Access
Management
Migration
What Systems are at Risk?

9
HIGH RISK: Confidential Communications
VPN Session
Handshake Data Exchange
Key Establishment Ciphertext
Quantum attack using
Shor’s algorithm Obtain private key
Decrypt using
extracted key
Plaintext
Protection: Use FIPS compliant hybrid key establishment today

11
HIGH RISK: Authenticated Software Updates
What’s at risk?
Durable connected devices
(IoT) with long in-field lives
Forged software updates by
quantum-enabled adversaries
What’s The Attack
Protection: Physically embed stateful hash-based roots of trust today

12
Today
Y2Q Range
Modern cryptography broken,
connected vehicles are
vulnerable.
Full OTA
Vehicle
Updates
*Mosca, Michele., IQC. 2015. “Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: will we be ready?”. https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1075.pdf
*NIST. April 2016. “Report on Post-Quantum Cryptography”. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8105
When Does Quantum Impact Vehicles?
202
1
202
2
202
3
202
4
202
5
202
6
202
7
202
8
202
9
203
0
203
1
203
2
203
3
203
4
2026
(Mosca, IQC, 2015)*
2030
(NIST, 2016)*
Limited OTA
Updates
(Infotainment)
Life of an Average Vehicle = 11.5 years
203
5
Development &
Production

13
THE MIGRATION CHALLENGE
KEY ESTABLISHMENT vs AUTHENTICATION
Key establishment can be easily upgraded because the
client and server negotiate which algorithm to use.
1) Use quantum-safe key transport or key agreement
algorithms
2) Use hybrid keys, a mix of both classic and
quantum-safe algorithms
The complexity and interconnectivity of public
key infrastructure demands action today in order
to be ready for the quantum age, and difficult to
do while maintaining backward compatibility.

14
There’s more than
4.5 million active users
in the DoD identity
management system.
Creating a quantum-safe duplicate
infrastructure is time-consuming
and cost prohibitive.
HIGH RISK: PKIs not Crypto-Agile

15
TWO PATHS TO
QUANTUM-SAFE SECURITY
Quantum Key
Distribution
Quantum-Safe
Cryptography

16
Quantum Key Distribution
(QKD)
QKD uses individual photons for the
exchange of cryptographic key data
between two users
Each photon = a single bit of data
QKD has the potential to be foolproof.
If an eavesdropper intercepts the
photon to determine its polarization,
the entire process is corrupted
China has invested heavily ($25B)
in quantum with focus on QKD
with Micius satellite

17
The “NEW” Math
Standards Ready
Analysis Complete
Formal Call for
Submissions
Initial Submissions: 82
Accepted Submissions: 69
1st
NIST PQC
Standardization
Conference
NIST Round 2
Announcement
Signature: 9
Key Encapsulation: 17
2nd
NIST PQC
Standardization
Conference
Today
NSA Suite-B
Announcement
NIST Round 3 Announcement
Signature: 3 finalist, 3 alternates
Key Encapsulation: 4 finalists, 5
alternates
Statefu
l
Hashe
s
Lattice
s
Isogen
y
Code
s
Multivariat
e
“As the replacements for currently standardized public key algorithms are not yet ready, a focus on maintaining crypto agility is imperative.”
“Report on Post-Quantum Cryptography”, NIST, April 2016
2019 2020
2018
2017
2016
2015 2021 2022 2023 2024
Stateles
s
Hashes
Signing solutions & hybrid PQC certificates already commercially available

18
ETA 2024, NIST Standardized Quantum-Safe
Algorithms Finalized as “Suite ?”

19
Pervasive Cryptography Enables
Entire Enterprise Infrastructure Stack
USER Users Customers Partners
CRYPTOGRAPHY
ADMIN Employees Suppliers Contractors
CRYPTOGRAPHY
ARCH Cloud Hybrid On-Prem
CRYPTOGRAPHY
PLATFORM Build
Open
Source
Vendor
CRYPTOGRAPHY
IDENTITY Internal Federated External
One Quantum Attack Can
Take Down the Entire Enterprise
We depend on cryptography
at all transition points to ensure
authentication and security
50-year old algorithms nearing end-of-life
FOUNDATION OF DIGITAL TRUST
19

20
The Problem:
Cryptographic Exposure Is
a Massive Blind Spot Companies Need to
USER Users Customers Partners
CRYPTOGRAPHY
ADMIN Employees Suppliers Contractors
CRYPTOGRAPHY
ARCH Cloud Hybrid On-Prem
CRYPTOGRAPHY
PLATFORM Build
Open
Source
Vendor
CRYPTOGRAPHY
IDENTITY Internal Federated External
Inflexible deployments
Not discoverable
Not manageable
Security and risk management leaders responsible
for application and data security must prepare for
the migration to postquantum algorithms by
embracing the tenants of crypto-agility, knowing what
the organization’s cryptographic dependencies are
and how to replace them over time.
− Mark Horvath, “Plan Now for Quantum Computing,
Postquantum Cryptography and Security”, August 2017, Gartner
REMEDIATE to protect their infrastructure
and maintain performance
2
UNDERSTAND their cryptographic risk
1
20

21
Cryptographic Agility Becomes a Priority
Discovery, cataloging and triaging is
difficult, manual and error prone
2
Enterprises have a cryptographic
blind spot
1
Largest cryptographic migration ever
must happen quickly
3
In our customers’ words:
▪ Demonstrating to the C-Suite the scale of the cryptographic
migration challenge is critical but has been virtually impossible
▪ Cryptographic compliance standards exist everywhere, and yet
repeatable compliance tracking is very expensive
▪ Past audits were insufficient to serve as a basis for significant
allocation of resources to accomplish migration
▪ Cryptographic migrations are typically done manually, are very
error prone and take significantly longer than planned
▪ No automated tools exist to flag new cryptographic vulnerabilities
when new application(s)/service(s) are deployed

22
Contact us for more information
www.isara.com
quantumsafe@isara.com
Join us on social
@ISARACorp @ISARACorp @ISARA Corporation

Long-Term Thinking for Quantum Computing
Paul Lopata, PhD
Principal Director for Quantum Science
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense Research & Engineering
April 2021
Overall Briefing Classification: UNCLASSIFIED
CLEARED
For Open Publication
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW
Mar 22, 2021
SLIDES ONLY
NO SCRIPT PROVIDED

The U.S. Military Has a Long History with
New Computing Machines
2
UNCLASSIFIED

High Performance Computing is Not One Single Thing
3
UNCLASSIFIED
SUPERCOMPUTERS
FPGA
ASIC
GPU

A DoD Basic Research Success Story
4
UNCLASSIFIED
1990 2000 2010 2020
BLACK: Quantum Computing
ORANGE: Quantum Networking
BLUE: Quantum Sensing
GREEN: Atomic Clocks

USD(R&E) Quantum Computing Roadmap
Fault‐Tolerant Phase
Discovery Phase Error‐Limited Phase
Invention: theory
of quantum computing
First qubit
First
multi‐qubit
algorithms Quantum
supremacy
first declared
Quantum advantage
using quantum
co‐processors
Algorithmic
error‐correction
Quantum
advantage for
hard DoD problems
1980 2020
Fault‐tolerant
machines
5
UNCLASSIFIED

Three Steps to Long-Term Thinking in QC
1. Align to your
organization’s values
6
UNCLASSIFIED

2. Build your internal
expertise
7
UNCLASSIFIED

3. Partner with like‐
minded organizations
8
UNCLASSIFIED

Summary
• DoD has a long history of successful
engagement with new computing
technologies
• Quantum computers provide an
opportunity to add a new class of
machine to an already diverse mix
of high performance machines
• Early and committed engagement
by basic research offices within DoD
have shaped our current landscape
• Future success requires long‐term
thinking about some very hard
problems
9
Dr. Kathy‐Anne Soderberg showing a picture
of a single trapped ion at Air Force Research Lab
UNCLASSIFIED

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