The document discusses different types of passive optical networks (PONs) including BPON/APON, EPON, and GPON. It describes the key components of a PON including the optical line terminal (OLT) located at the central office which provides the interface to the backbone network, and optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs) located at the customer premises. It also discusses the optical distribution network (ODN) which connects the OLT to the ONUs/ONTs using passive splitters, and some advantages and disadvantages of PON architectures.
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
Passive optical networks (PONs) provide fiber connectivity to multiple end users using a point-to-multipoint architecture and passive splitters to reduce costs. PONs use a single fiber to the premises, with a passive optical splitter used to feed multiple end users. This allows for fiber-based connectivity at costs similar to copper. Common PON types include GPON, EPON, and BPON. PONs employ wavelength division duplexing with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream traffic and time division multiple access for upstream transmissions.
The document discusses GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology. It provides an overview of GPON standards and network architecture. GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing and TDMA to transmit data over a single fiber. The key standards are ITU-T G.984 series, which define aspects like transmission rates, frame structure, and OMCI management. A GPON network provides various access methods like FTTH, FTTB, and FTTC to support broadband services.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
- FTTH networks use fiber optic cables to directly connect homes and businesses to a central access point, enabling high-speed broadband access. Service providers in Saudi Arabia are heavily investing in FTTH to meet customer demands.
- The paper discusses GPON, the predominant FTTH architecture using a point-to-multipoint topology with passive optical splitters. Distributed splitting is commonly used for flexibility.
- Key components of FTTH infrastructure include the feeder network connecting POPs to distribution points, the distribution network, and last mile access network connecting to customer buildings.
Basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPONSyed Shujat Ali
Our Team's University Project | A short presentation based project regarding optical fiber communication in which basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPON were discussed.
The document discusses key concepts and technologies of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks), including:
1) The basic architecture of PON networks consisting of an OLT, ONUs, and a passive optical splitter.
2) Reasons for adopting the GPON standard such as supporting high-bandwidth transmission and long reach.
3) Key GPON technologies including ranging, equalization delay, dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for upstream/downstream transmission.
This document provides an overview of fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network architectures including fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP), fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and fiber-to-the-node (FTTN). It describes the key components of a passive optical network (PON) including the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network termination (ONT). It also discusses approaches to deploying FTTx networks such as greenfield, overbuild, and using FTTN/FTTC as intermediate steps to eventually enabling FTTP directly to customer premises.
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
Passive optical networks (PONs) provide fiber connectivity to multiple end users using a point-to-multipoint architecture and passive splitters to reduce costs. PONs use a single fiber to the premises, with a passive optical splitter used to feed multiple end users. This allows for fiber-based connectivity at costs similar to copper. Common PON types include GPON, EPON, and BPON. PONs employ wavelength division duplexing with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream traffic and time division multiple access for upstream transmissions.
The document discusses GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology. It provides an overview of GPON standards and network architecture. GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing and TDMA to transmit data over a single fiber. The key standards are ITU-T G.984 series, which define aspects like transmission rates, frame structure, and OMCI management. A GPON network provides various access methods like FTTH, FTTB, and FTTC to support broadband services.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
- FTTH networks use fiber optic cables to directly connect homes and businesses to a central access point, enabling high-speed broadband access. Service providers in Saudi Arabia are heavily investing in FTTH to meet customer demands.
- The paper discusses GPON, the predominant FTTH architecture using a point-to-multipoint topology with passive optical splitters. Distributed splitting is commonly used for flexibility.
- Key components of FTTH infrastructure include the feeder network connecting POPs to distribution points, the distribution network, and last mile access network connecting to customer buildings.
Basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPONSyed Shujat Ali
Our Team's University Project | A short presentation based project regarding optical fiber communication in which basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPON were discussed.
The document discusses key concepts and technologies of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks), including:
1) The basic architecture of PON networks consisting of an OLT, ONUs, and a passive optical splitter.
2) Reasons for adopting the GPON standard such as supporting high-bandwidth transmission and long reach.
3) Key GPON technologies including ranging, equalization delay, dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for upstream/downstream transmission.
This document provides an overview of fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network architectures including fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP), fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and fiber-to-the-node (FTTN). It describes the key components of a passive optical network (PON) including the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network termination (ONT). It also discusses approaches to deploying FTTx networks such as greenfield, overbuild, and using FTTN/FTTC as intermediate steps to eventually enabling FTTP directly to customer premises.
TR-156 Monitoring features provides a complete, fast and reliable tool for GPON diagnosis. It describes network architectures and deployment scenarios for Ethernet-based GPON aggregation networks including:
- Fiber To The Home (FTTH), Fiber Into The Home (FITH), and Fiber To The Office (FTTO) deployments.
- Traffic control facilities in ONUs for upstream and downstream traffic including GEM ports, T-CONTs, and priority control.
- Residential N:1 VLAN tagging where traffic is single-tagged with an S-Tag throughout the aggregation network.
- An example residential N:1 VLAN configuration translating between C-VLAN and S-VLAN
This document discusses the GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology for fiber access networks. Some key points:
- GPON supports high-bandwidth, long-reach (up to 20km), and triple-play services, making it widely adopted by carriers.
- It uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with a single optical fiber shared between an OLT and multiple ONUs using passive splitters.
- Wavelength division multiplexing is used with downstream at 1490nm and upstream at 1310nm. Time division multiple access manages upstream bandwidth sharing between ONUs.
- Typical deployments include fiber to the home (FTTH),
OTN is an ITU standard that uses optical transport networking to transparently transport client signals such as Ethernet, SDH, and OTN itself over optical fiber. It combines the benefits of SONET/SDH for operations, administration, and management with the high bandwidth of DWDM. OTN aims to provide networking functionality, management capabilities, and performance monitoring for WDM networks using an optical channel data unit framework.
View all Sessions
Kashif Islam, Solutions Architect , Cisco
Jay Romero, Sr. Director, IT Operations , Erickson Living
Come and learn how Erickson Living achieved deployment success using Cisco ME4600 based GPON Solution. Guest Presenter: Jay Romero, Sr.Director - IT Operations. Passive Optical Networks (PON) provides an effective and efficient way of providing fiber based high speed access to residential and business users. With the ever-growing demand for higher bandwidth, service providers are looking for fiber solutions that are cost-effective and easy to deploy and manage. This session will provide an insight into PON technology, with a focus on Gigabit-Capable PON. Attendees will learn basic design principles and applicable use cases for architecting a GPON Network using the Cisco ME4600 OLT and ONT/ONU. The presentation will outline the requirements to configure and verify an end-to-end service over ME4600 OLT. Redundancy mechanisms, such as Type B protection, in a GPON based environment will also be covered Attendees will walk away from this session with a firm understanding of the GPON technology, a clear view of applicability of GPON vs point-to-point ethernet for varius scenarios and reference designs for an effective, fast and reliable GPON network using Cisco ME4600 series of OLT and ONT products.
This document provides an overview of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks) technology. It describes the basic concepts and architecture of PON networks, including how they use passive splitters and wavelength division multiplexing. GPON is introduced as the choice for carriers due to its ability to support high-bandwidth, long-reach transmission over fiber for triple-play services. The document then covers GPON principles such as downstream broadcast and upstream TDMA transmission, as well as standards, performance parameters, and network protection modes.
Active optical networks have advantages over passive optical networks in terms of bandwidth. With AONs, bandwidth allocation is flexible and each subscriber can be allocated from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. In contrast, PON bandwidth is determined by the splitting factor, with each subscriber receiving less bandwidth depending on the number of subscribers on the network. Upgrading bandwidth is also simpler with AONs, as subscribers can be upgraded by changing fiber optic leads or boards. However, PONs allow for higher subscriber counts due to their point-to-multipoint topology.
This document discusses Fiber To The Home (FTTH) network structures. It describes two common FTTH structures: point-to-point fiber, where a dedicated fiber line runs from the service provider directly to each customer; and shared fiber core, where a splitter divides a single fiber line to serve multiple customers. The key devices for shared fiber core FTTH are the Optical Line Termination (OLT) located at the service provider, the Optical Network Unit (ONU) located at each customer site, and splitters to divide the fiber lines. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate how these components connect in each type of FTTH network structure.
The document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and GPON fundamentals. It begins with the objectives of the course and describes the basic components and properties of a PON network, including optical fibers, splitters, transmitters, receivers, and wavelength usage. It then focuses on GPON specifics such as downstream and upstream data transmission using time-division multiple access, the 125us frame format, and how bandwidth allocation maps are used to assign timeslots to different ONTs.
This document provides an overview of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology. It discusses the basic concepts and working principles of PON networks, comparing GPON to other PON standards like EPON. The document also analyzes key GPON standards and specifications, describes the GPON network model reference, and reviews basic GPON performance parameters and network protection modes.
1. The optical distribution network (ODN) must be carefully planned to ensure clients receive a usable optical signal over the desired coverage area.
2. Splitting ratio and level choices such as 1x32 or 1x64 affect how many clients can be supported per PON port and the optical power budget.
3. Distance between the OLT and furthest ONT must be considered - maximum reach is typically 20-25km depending on splitting used to stay within power and loss budgets.
FTTH Deployment in Ireland: Eir's experiences (workshop FTTH EU Conference 2016)Comsof
Ireland is an interesting market to focus on, as FTTH deployment in Ireland involves different players, varying types of population densities and different architectures and deployment methods. The very competitive market structure in some parts of the country is countered by government involvement to improve the infrastructure for rural areas. Eir’s Senior Access Strategist, David Renehan will explain how they handle all these difficulties and will highlight their learnings from the project, while experts from Comsof and GE dive into specific issues in the planning and deployment process.
This is the presentation from a workshop at the FTTH EU Conference 2016 titled "Learning from Real life cases - key success factors during preparation of a FTTH rollout" organized by iMinds, GE and FiberPlanIT.
This document discusses fiber to the x (FTTx) network architectures, including fiber to the home (FTTH), fiber to the premises (FTTP), fiber to the curb (FTTC), and fiber to the node (FTTN). It provides an overview of the current status and adoption of FTTx networks in the United States, drivers for telecommunications companies and homeowners to implement FTTx, and common FTTx network designs like home run, active star, and passive optical networks (PON). The document also outlines the components involved in FTTx networks and benefits of FTTx for contractors.
The document provides an overview of GPON architecture and training. It describes GPON access, specifications, reference standards and protocols, product availability, system principles, activation process in GPON, GPON terminals, FTTx scenarios, and brief configuration. Key points include that GPON uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with an OLT, ODN, and multiple ONUs/ONTs. It supports high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and various services like voice, data, and video.
Presented by Mark Boxer & Jeff Bush of OFS
Agenda:
• Why Fiber?
• Fiber Feeds Everything
• Nuts and Bolts -The Components
• Installation Techniques
• Network Architectures and Planning
Overview of the MPLS backbone transmission technology.
MPLS (MultiProtocol Layer Switching) is a layer 2.5 technology that combines the virtues of IP routing and fast layer 2 packet switching.
IP packet forwarding is not suited for high-speed forwarding due to the need to evaluate multiple routes for each IP packet in order to find the optimal route, i.e. the route with the longest prefix match.
However, Internet Protocol routing provides global reachability through the IP address and through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Layer 2 packet switching has complementary characteristics in that it does not provide global reachability through globally unique addresses but allows fast packet forwarding in hardware through the use of small and direct layer 2 lookup addresses.
MPLS combines IP routing and layer 2 switching by establishing layer 2 forwarding paths based on routes received through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Thus the control plane of an MPLS capable device establishes layer 2 forwarding paths while the data plane then performs packet forwarding, often in hardware.
MPLS is not a layer 2 technology itself, i.e. it does not define a layer 2 protocol but rather makes use of existing layer 2 technologies like Ethernet, ATM or Frame Relay.
An Optical Transport Network (OTN) uses optical fiber links to connect network elements and provide transport, multiplexing, routing, management and protection of client signals. OTN applies these functions from SDH/SONET to DWDM networks, and offers stronger error correction, more monitoring levels and transparent transport of client signals compared to SDH/SONET. This document describes OTN architecture, interfaces and standards, the optical transport hierarchy of multiplexing ODUk, OPUk and OTUk signals, and the containment and frame rates of these signals.
This document provides an overview of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network design and installation. It discusses the drivers for higher bandwidth needs like HD video that are pushing more networks to use fiber. It then covers fiber network components like the different fiber types, cables, connectors, splitters and electronics. The document also reviews FTTH network architectures like GPON, active Ethernet and WDM PON. Finally, it discusses outdoor fiber installation techniques for both aerial and buried cable deployment like plowing, trenching and directional drilling.
The document is about a training course on GPON fundamentals. It discusses the objectives of describing GPON network architecture, basic concepts, and applications. It outlines the contents which will cover an overview of optical access networks, basic PON concepts, GPON frame structure, key technologies, management, provisioning, and basic services over GPON. Standards referenced include ITU-T G.984.1 to G.984.4.
This document discusses fiber to the home (FTTH) networks. It begins by providing background on communications service providers and the evolution of access networks from copper wire to newer fiber optic technologies. Fiber access networks like passive optical networks (PON) are described as offering higher speeds and bandwidth. FTTH networks provide an ultimate network capacity and allow for new experiences like high definition TV, 3D content, and high-speed internet. The conclusion is that FTTH using optical fiber is a future-proof solution. The document is authored by Eng. Anuradha Udunuwara, an engineer with experience in telecommunications network strategy, architecture, and design.
This document discusses GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) technology. It provides details on GPON network architecture and components like the OLT and ONT. It then analyzes competition between major GPON equipment vendors like Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, ZTE, and Ericsson. Their key GPON products are described and example deployments listed. Finally, the document shows Huawei, ZTE, and Alcatel-Lucent have the largest shares of the global GPON market, together commanding over half of all GPON lines.
This document discusses future access network technologies. It begins by introducing different access network architectures using copper or fiber connections to end users. The key criteria for designing access networks are meeting future bandwidth demands cost-effectively based on user forecasts. While copper remains an option if already deployed, fiber is more future-proof due to its vast bandwidth. Passive optical networks (PON) using fiber to the home/building are discussed as the most common fiber architecture. Different PON technologies like GPON, EPON, and upcoming WDM PON are summarized.
TR-156 Monitoring features provides a complete, fast and reliable tool for GPON diagnosis. It describes network architectures and deployment scenarios for Ethernet-based GPON aggregation networks including:
- Fiber To The Home (FTTH), Fiber Into The Home (FITH), and Fiber To The Office (FTTO) deployments.
- Traffic control facilities in ONUs for upstream and downstream traffic including GEM ports, T-CONTs, and priority control.
- Residential N:1 VLAN tagging where traffic is single-tagged with an S-Tag throughout the aggregation network.
- An example residential N:1 VLAN configuration translating between C-VLAN and S-VLAN
This document discusses the GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology for fiber access networks. Some key points:
- GPON supports high-bandwidth, long-reach (up to 20km), and triple-play services, making it widely adopted by carriers.
- It uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with a single optical fiber shared between an OLT and multiple ONUs using passive splitters.
- Wavelength division multiplexing is used with downstream at 1490nm and upstream at 1310nm. Time division multiple access manages upstream bandwidth sharing between ONUs.
- Typical deployments include fiber to the home (FTTH),
OTN is an ITU standard that uses optical transport networking to transparently transport client signals such as Ethernet, SDH, and OTN itself over optical fiber. It combines the benefits of SONET/SDH for operations, administration, and management with the high bandwidth of DWDM. OTN aims to provide networking functionality, management capabilities, and performance monitoring for WDM networks using an optical channel data unit framework.
View all Sessions
Kashif Islam, Solutions Architect , Cisco
Jay Romero, Sr. Director, IT Operations , Erickson Living
Come and learn how Erickson Living achieved deployment success using Cisco ME4600 based GPON Solution. Guest Presenter: Jay Romero, Sr.Director - IT Operations. Passive Optical Networks (PON) provides an effective and efficient way of providing fiber based high speed access to residential and business users. With the ever-growing demand for higher bandwidth, service providers are looking for fiber solutions that are cost-effective and easy to deploy and manage. This session will provide an insight into PON technology, with a focus on Gigabit-Capable PON. Attendees will learn basic design principles and applicable use cases for architecting a GPON Network using the Cisco ME4600 OLT and ONT/ONU. The presentation will outline the requirements to configure and verify an end-to-end service over ME4600 OLT. Redundancy mechanisms, such as Type B protection, in a GPON based environment will also be covered Attendees will walk away from this session with a firm understanding of the GPON technology, a clear view of applicability of GPON vs point-to-point ethernet for varius scenarios and reference designs for an effective, fast and reliable GPON network using Cisco ME4600 series of OLT and ONT products.
This document provides an overview of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks) technology. It describes the basic concepts and architecture of PON networks, including how they use passive splitters and wavelength division multiplexing. GPON is introduced as the choice for carriers due to its ability to support high-bandwidth, long-reach transmission over fiber for triple-play services. The document then covers GPON principles such as downstream broadcast and upstream TDMA transmission, as well as standards, performance parameters, and network protection modes.
Active optical networks have advantages over passive optical networks in terms of bandwidth. With AONs, bandwidth allocation is flexible and each subscriber can be allocated from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. In contrast, PON bandwidth is determined by the splitting factor, with each subscriber receiving less bandwidth depending on the number of subscribers on the network. Upgrading bandwidth is also simpler with AONs, as subscribers can be upgraded by changing fiber optic leads or boards. However, PONs allow for higher subscriber counts due to their point-to-multipoint topology.
This document discusses Fiber To The Home (FTTH) network structures. It describes two common FTTH structures: point-to-point fiber, where a dedicated fiber line runs from the service provider directly to each customer; and shared fiber core, where a splitter divides a single fiber line to serve multiple customers. The key devices for shared fiber core FTTH are the Optical Line Termination (OLT) located at the service provider, the Optical Network Unit (ONU) located at each customer site, and splitters to divide the fiber lines. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate how these components connect in each type of FTTH network structure.
The document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and GPON fundamentals. It begins with the objectives of the course and describes the basic components and properties of a PON network, including optical fibers, splitters, transmitters, receivers, and wavelength usage. It then focuses on GPON specifics such as downstream and upstream data transmission using time-division multiple access, the 125us frame format, and how bandwidth allocation maps are used to assign timeslots to different ONTs.
This document provides an overview of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology. It discusses the basic concepts and working principles of PON networks, comparing GPON to other PON standards like EPON. The document also analyzes key GPON standards and specifications, describes the GPON network model reference, and reviews basic GPON performance parameters and network protection modes.
1. The optical distribution network (ODN) must be carefully planned to ensure clients receive a usable optical signal over the desired coverage area.
2. Splitting ratio and level choices such as 1x32 or 1x64 affect how many clients can be supported per PON port and the optical power budget.
3. Distance between the OLT and furthest ONT must be considered - maximum reach is typically 20-25km depending on splitting used to stay within power and loss budgets.
FTTH Deployment in Ireland: Eir's experiences (workshop FTTH EU Conference 2016)Comsof
Ireland is an interesting market to focus on, as FTTH deployment in Ireland involves different players, varying types of population densities and different architectures and deployment methods. The very competitive market structure in some parts of the country is countered by government involvement to improve the infrastructure for rural areas. Eir’s Senior Access Strategist, David Renehan will explain how they handle all these difficulties and will highlight their learnings from the project, while experts from Comsof and GE dive into specific issues in the planning and deployment process.
This is the presentation from a workshop at the FTTH EU Conference 2016 titled "Learning from Real life cases - key success factors during preparation of a FTTH rollout" organized by iMinds, GE and FiberPlanIT.
This document discusses fiber to the x (FTTx) network architectures, including fiber to the home (FTTH), fiber to the premises (FTTP), fiber to the curb (FTTC), and fiber to the node (FTTN). It provides an overview of the current status and adoption of FTTx networks in the United States, drivers for telecommunications companies and homeowners to implement FTTx, and common FTTx network designs like home run, active star, and passive optical networks (PON). The document also outlines the components involved in FTTx networks and benefits of FTTx for contractors.
The document provides an overview of GPON architecture and training. It describes GPON access, specifications, reference standards and protocols, product availability, system principles, activation process in GPON, GPON terminals, FTTx scenarios, and brief configuration. Key points include that GPON uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with an OLT, ODN, and multiple ONUs/ONTs. It supports high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and various services like voice, data, and video.
Presented by Mark Boxer & Jeff Bush of OFS
Agenda:
• Why Fiber?
• Fiber Feeds Everything
• Nuts and Bolts -The Components
• Installation Techniques
• Network Architectures and Planning
Overview of the MPLS backbone transmission technology.
MPLS (MultiProtocol Layer Switching) is a layer 2.5 technology that combines the virtues of IP routing and fast layer 2 packet switching.
IP packet forwarding is not suited for high-speed forwarding due to the need to evaluate multiple routes for each IP packet in order to find the optimal route, i.e. the route with the longest prefix match.
However, Internet Protocol routing provides global reachability through the IP address and through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Layer 2 packet switching has complementary characteristics in that it does not provide global reachability through globally unique addresses but allows fast packet forwarding in hardware through the use of small and direct layer 2 lookup addresses.
MPLS combines IP routing and layer 2 switching by establishing layer 2 forwarding paths based on routes received through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Thus the control plane of an MPLS capable device establishes layer 2 forwarding paths while the data plane then performs packet forwarding, often in hardware.
MPLS is not a layer 2 technology itself, i.e. it does not define a layer 2 protocol but rather makes use of existing layer 2 technologies like Ethernet, ATM or Frame Relay.
An Optical Transport Network (OTN) uses optical fiber links to connect network elements and provide transport, multiplexing, routing, management and protection of client signals. OTN applies these functions from SDH/SONET to DWDM networks, and offers stronger error correction, more monitoring levels and transparent transport of client signals compared to SDH/SONET. This document describes OTN architecture, interfaces and standards, the optical transport hierarchy of multiplexing ODUk, OPUk and OTUk signals, and the containment and frame rates of these signals.
This document provides an overview of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network design and installation. It discusses the drivers for higher bandwidth needs like HD video that are pushing more networks to use fiber. It then covers fiber network components like the different fiber types, cables, connectors, splitters and electronics. The document also reviews FTTH network architectures like GPON, active Ethernet and WDM PON. Finally, it discusses outdoor fiber installation techniques for both aerial and buried cable deployment like plowing, trenching and directional drilling.
The document is about a training course on GPON fundamentals. It discusses the objectives of describing GPON network architecture, basic concepts, and applications. It outlines the contents which will cover an overview of optical access networks, basic PON concepts, GPON frame structure, key technologies, management, provisioning, and basic services over GPON. Standards referenced include ITU-T G.984.1 to G.984.4.
This document discusses fiber to the home (FTTH) networks. It begins by providing background on communications service providers and the evolution of access networks from copper wire to newer fiber optic technologies. Fiber access networks like passive optical networks (PON) are described as offering higher speeds and bandwidth. FTTH networks provide an ultimate network capacity and allow for new experiences like high definition TV, 3D content, and high-speed internet. The conclusion is that FTTH using optical fiber is a future-proof solution. The document is authored by Eng. Anuradha Udunuwara, an engineer with experience in telecommunications network strategy, architecture, and design.
This document discusses GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) technology. It provides details on GPON network architecture and components like the OLT and ONT. It then analyzes competition between major GPON equipment vendors like Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, ZTE, and Ericsson. Their key GPON products are described and example deployments listed. Finally, the document shows Huawei, ZTE, and Alcatel-Lucent have the largest shares of the global GPON market, together commanding over half of all GPON lines.
This document discusses future access network technologies. It begins by introducing different access network architectures using copper or fiber connections to end users. The key criteria for designing access networks are meeting future bandwidth demands cost-effectively based on user forecasts. While copper remains an option if already deployed, fiber is more future-proof due to its vast bandwidth. Passive optical networks (PON) using fiber to the home/building are discussed as the most common fiber architecture. Different PON technologies like GPON, EPON, and upcoming WDM PON are summarized.
The document discusses EPON (Ethernet passive optical network) solutions provided by SUN Telecom. It provides an introduction to EPON technology, outlines the key benefits such as high bandwidth, lower costs, and longer transmission distances. It then describes SUN Telecom's EPON product line, including OLTs, ONUs, splitters, and EMS software. Typical applications that can benefit from EPON include FTTC, FTTB, and FTTH network deployments.
The document discusses the challenges of future packet networks and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) deployment alternatives. It argues that next generation access networks will be based on fiber deployments using Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology. GPON is presented as the best candidate due to its pragmatic and simple approach in addressing all services while requiring less space and equipment at lower costs than other alternatives. The document also summarizes how GPON Doctor can help monitor and analyze GPON network traffic and performance.
This document discusses the transition from traditional HFC networks to RFoG (Radio Frequency over Glass) fiber optic networks. It describes how RFoG networks use a single optical fiber to deliver both downstream and upstream signals using wavelength division multiplexing. This reduces the number of fibers and equipment needed. RFoG networks also improve signal quality by placing micronodes closer to customers and eliminating amplifiers and taps. The document provides details on RFoG network architecture, components, operation, and performance advantages over traditional HFC networks.
This white paper discusses next-generation packet-based transport networks (PTN) with a focus on MPLS technologies. It describes how MPLS allows for cost-efficient routing of traffic in core networks and how it is used to deliver layer 3 and layer 2 VPN services. The paper also discusses layer 3 VPNs, layer 2 VPNs, virtual private wire service (VPWS), and virtual private LAN service (VPLS) as the major components of layer 2 VPNs delivered over MPLS networks.
This document discusses introducing IP transport capabilities into the Cello Packet Platform (CPP) telecommunications technology. It notes that voice traffic is being replaced by data traffic, putting new demands on networks to handle both delay-sensitive and packet-oriented traffic. While ATM was considered the solution for quality of service, issues around scalability, administration and cost have emerged. The document outlines six basic principles for IP services in CPP, including embedding an IP router across the main processor cluster and device boards, and fully distributing IPv4/IPv6 forwarding in hardware or software. Introducing IP support in CPP provides benefits to network operators by offering a consistent solution for TDM, ATM and IP transport.
GPON provides a cost-effective fiber access network solution for delivering high-speed broadband, voice, and video services to customers. It uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with a single optical fiber delivering services to multiple premises, reducing deployment costs compared to point-to-point networks. Major benefits of GPON include high bandwidth capacities of up to 2.5 Gbps, lower equipment and fiber deployment costs due to the shared infrastructure model, and the ability to support multiple services and protocols in their native formats. GPON is well-suited for fiber-to-the-home/business deployments and can also provide cost-effective backhaul solutions for mobile networks through its native TDM and all-IP capabilities
The document discusses requirements for efficient mobile backhaul with carrier Ethernet to support LTE networks. It covers:
- LTE network architecture and how it impacts transport network requirements, including the need for multi-service capability, low cost per bit transport, and support for a transition to packet-based networks.
- Key transport network requirements created by LTE like powerful OAM, fast protection switching, strong QoS support, multicast/broadcast support, and interoperability with the packet core.
- How MPLS-TP can fulfill these requirements through features like VPN support, coordinated tunnel setup, comprehensive OAM tools, sub-50ms protection switching, and support for QoS, performance monitoring
The document discusses requirements for efficient mobile backhaul with carrier Ethernet to support LTE networks. It covers:
- LTE network architecture and how it impacts transport network requirements, including the need for multiservice capability, low cost per bit transport, and support for a transition to packet-based networks.
- Key transport network requirements created by LTE like powerful OAM, fast protection switching, strong QoS support, security, and interoperability with the packet core.
- How MPLS-TP can fulfill these requirements through features like VPN support, bearer provisioning across interfaces, coordinated tunnel setup, comprehensive OAM tools, and protection switching capabilities.
IRJET- Performance Comparison Analysis between Multi-FFT OFDM for Power Line ...IRJET Journal
This document compares different multi-FFT OFDM techniques for power line carrier communications. It analyzes the performance of partial FFT (P-FFT), shaped FFT (S-FFT), fractional FFT (F-FFT), and Taylor FFT (T-FFT) demodulation methods to reduce inter-carrier interference in OFDM systems over power lines. These multiple-FFT techniques approximate the optimal receiver front-end for time-varying power line channels better than a single FFT. The document also discusses OFDM modulation, power line communications, and proposes using multiple FFT demodulation and combining to improve the speed and robustness of power line communication channels.
The Outlook of Broad Band Optical Access NetworksCedric Lam
The document summarizes the outlook of broadband optical access networks. It discusses drivers for continuing growth in internet traffic and new applications. This will require higher bandwidth access networks. Technologies like fiber to the premises (FTTP) networks using passive optical networks (PON) can meet these needs. Standards like Gigabit PON (GPON) and Ethernet PON (EPON) are discussed and compared. Video on demand (VoD) is highlighted as a bandwidth intensive killer application that will strain existing networks. The deployment of fiber networks globally and in the US is summarized. 10 Gigabit Ethernet PON is presented as an upgrade path to meet future bandwidth demands.
COMSTAR-UTS is a leading Russian telecommunications company providing broadband internet, IPTV, and other services. Andrey Alekseyev discussed COMSTAR-UTS's network and IPTV infrastructure, noting its large scale in Moscow with over 200 access nodes and 4000 DSLAMs. He highlighted challenges in ensuring quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) given the old copper infrastructure and mix of managed and unmanaged devices. Alekseyev also discussed efforts to monitor service quality, including the use of industry standard and proprietary fault and performance management tools to monitor the complex IPTV and network systems.
This document outlines the thesis project of Satya Prakash Rout, a student pursuing an M.Tech in Applied Optics. The project involves emulating different Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation algorithms to monitor the performance of a 10G-EPON network implementing Triple Play. Specific aspects that will be studied include implementing Triple Play with a new scheduling algorithm called TD-Sense, generating different traffic models, comparing the performance of DBA-Gated, DBA-Linear and DBA-Max algorithms, and potential future work involving long-reach PONs and green networking techniques. The document concludes by acknowledging the contributions of the student's guide, advisors and classmates to the successful completion of the project.
1. The document provides guidelines for the end-to-end process of partnering with new businesses to promote Excitel Fiber, including identifying prospective partners, scoping the business and project, and signing partners up by completing the provisioning process.
2. It describes the scope of work which includes market planning, network planning and rollout, sales support, service delivery, and operation and management in partnership between Excitel and businesses.
3. The architecture provides guidelines for a sustainable and scalable fiber network using GPON and EPON technologies with components like OLTs, ONUs, and splitters to deliver fiber connectivity to customers.
This document provides an overview and analysis of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) standards and technologies. It describes the basic concepts of PON networks including network architecture, upstream and downstream data transmission principles, and frame structures. It also analyzes key GPON standards from standards bodies like ITU-T and compares GPON to EPON. The document aims to give the reader an understanding of GPON networks, standards, and technologies.
Ethernet Demarcation Devices for managing end to end Ethernet service deliveryMetrodata Limited
The use of Ethernet by Telecommunications Service Providers, for Corporate connectivity services, is growing rapidly and is set to dominate within just a few years.End-to-end Ethernet networks offer a number of advantages, particularly in terms of reduced cost and complexity, compared against today's 'managed Router' networks, deployed by the majority of Service Providers.Nevertheless, in today's deregulated Telecoms environment, many Ethernet Service Providers deploy Infrastructure Networks acquired on a wholesale basis, for either for long-haul circuits, local 'last mile' access, or both. Only by having their own manageable network demarcation entities at the customer premises can the Service Provider achieve effective visibility to both local customer connections and end-to-end circuits.Our White Paper examines the challenges of Management of end-to-end network connections experienced by Ethernet Service Providers and looks at how the use of cost-effective, manageable Ethernet Demarcation Devices can help them to meet those challenges
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The document discusses tools and strategies for working remotely as a coder on the road. It describes using a lightweight ARM-based notebook without fans or hard drives, running Linux from a USB drive, which can operate for 8-10 hours on a charge. It also outlines setting up remote access to development systems using a mobile network access point to control devices and access lab networks from the road. Finally, it suggests using public spaces like libraries as free work areas and managing time effectively when working remotely.
The document discusses how protocol overhead must be considered when calculating traffic performance, as overhead from things like packet headers and switching between transmission media can significantly reduce actual throughput rates; it provides examples of calculating overhead and throughput for various packet sizes and types (IP, TCP, UDP) being transmitted over Ethernet, ADSL, and IMA networks. The document also notes additional factors like TCP windowing and server response times that further impact performance for protocols like FTP.
The document discusses challenges with traditional Ethernet networks and how VLAN Cross Connect (VLAN-XC) addresses these. It summarizes that VLAN-XC enables traffic engineering, fast recovery from failures, resolves MAC and VLAN scalability limits, provides security and subscriber identification, and keeps the network simple. The key aspects of VLAN-XC are described including the connection-oriented nature, frame formats, and how it can be implemented in a hierarchical multi-domain network.
The document discusses the key requirements for 4G networks including high bandwidth, long distance, low power consumption, and high speed mobility. It then examines the characteristics of different duplexing techniques used in today's networks, specifically Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). The challenges of TDD including cross-slot interference and outdated channel information are also outlined, along with potential solutions like synchronization and sectorization. In conclusion, TDD allows for asymmetric traffic allocation and higher bit-rates using unpaired spectrum bands compared to FDD.
IEEE Standard 1588 defines the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to synchronize clocks over packet networks. PTP is needed for applications that require precise timing such as Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over IP. PTP uses network messages and timestamps to synchronize slave clocks to a master clock with nanosecond precision. PTP messages include sync, delay request, follow up, and delay response. Hardware time stamping is often required to achieve high precision with low delay and jitter. PTP is a cheaper and more scalable solution than alternatives like GPS or atomic clocks for synchronizing networks to within 50 parts per billion.
The document discusses the transition from today's telecommunications network topology to a next generation topology using Carrier Grade Ethernet. Today's topology uses separate protocols for different services like IPTV, VoIP, and private networks, resulting in complex equipment and overhead. The next generation topology aims to simplify this by consolidating services onto a single Carrier Grade Ethernet network, lowering equipment costs, simplifying maintenance, and reducing overhead.
The document provides an overview of cloud computing, including definitions and concepts. It discusses NIST's definition of cloud computing and its key characteristics. It also covers cloud service models like IaaS, PaaS and SaaS, deployment models including private, public and hybrid clouds, and examples of cloud services and providers. The document then discusses data centers, components like nodes and networking, and operations concepts in cloud computing.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
PONs overview
1. PONs Overview
The First Mile
of
Metropolitan Area Networks
August/7/2007
YWC study team @ NCU Tasuka@Gmail.com
2. Metropolitan Area Networks
Network Infrastructure
Ethernet/ATM Internet
Switch
xDSL xDSL CPE BRAS
DSLAM
Edge Router
Metro Network
Ethernet/ATM Edge Router
ONT Splitter Switch
BRAS
FTTx OLT
xPON Core Network
SGSN
Ethernet/ATM
Cable Modem Switch
HFC CMTS
PSTN
RAN MSC CS/IMS
RNC
Mobile
3G
Customer Physical Aggregation Network Aggregation Edge Router and Transport Core Router and Transport
3. Point to Point Connection
Point to Point Connection
Network1 Network2
The term point-to-point telecommunications is includes technologies such as laser for
telecommunications but in all cases expects that the transmission medium is line of sight
and capable of being fairly tightly beamed from transmitter to receiver. The
telecommunications signal is typically bi-directional, either time division multiple access
(TDMA) or channelized.
In hubs and switches, a hub provides a point-to-multipoint (or simply multipoint) circuit
which divides the total bandwidth supplied by the hub among each connected client node. A
switch on the other hand provides a series of point-to-point circuits, via micro
segmentation, which allows each client node to have a dedicated circuit and the added
advantage of having full-duplex connections.
So, what is point-to-point? It means a single connection between two locations. So from one
point send a information out of that connection, it must goto the other side of connection,
and only that location can received that information, it work like a bidirectional pipe.
4. Point to Multi-Point Connections
PVC100
PVC200
Point-to-multipoint communication is a term
that is used in the telecommunications field
which refers to communication which is
accomplished via a specific and distinct type of
multipoint connection, providing multiple paths
from a single location to multiple locations.
Point-to-multipoint is often abbreviated as
P2MP or PTMP.
A Point to multipoint work like a hub and
spoke or a bus scenarios
T-Type Connector
50 ohm Terminator
5. FTTx
• FTTP:Fiber To The Premises
• FTTH:Fiber To The Home
• FTTB:Fiber To The Building (Basement)
• FTTC:Fiber To The Curb
• FTTN:Fiber To The Node (Neighborhood/Cabinet)
Service Provider Neighborhood Building Home Node
FTTC
FTTB
FTTP
FTTH
FTTN
FTTx is a describe for How the Fiber spread to customer, only.
6. What is FTTx
OLT
ONT
FTTH FIber
FTTB/C ONU
NT
Fiber
Copper
FTTCab
Fiber
ONU
NT
Copper
Service User
Network Access Network Network
SNI UNI
At each customer's premises is a special type of network interface device (NID). This device
is called either an optical network terminal (ONT) or an optical network unit (ONU). It
converts the optical signal into some format understandable to the customer's devices.
Optical network units use thin film filter technology to convert between optical and
electrical signals.
The connection between the optical network terminal at the customer's premises and the
equipment at the provider's central office is called an optical distribution network (ODN).
Optical distribution networks can have several different implementations.
7. What is FTTx
The simplest optical distribution network is called home run fiber. In this architecture, each
fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer. Such networks can provide
excellent bandwidth since each customer gets their own dedicated fiber extending all the way
to the central office. However, this approach is extremely costly due to the amount of fiber
and central office machinery required. It is usually used only in instances where the service
area is very small and close to the central office.
More commonly each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It
is not until such a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual
customer-specific fibers. There are two competing optical distribution network architectures
which achieve this split: active optical networks (AONs) and passive optical networks
(PONs).
8. Active Optical Networks
Active optical networks rely on some sort of Network 1 Network 2
electrically powered equipment to distribute the
signal, such as a switch, router, or multiplexer. Each
signal leaving the central office is directed only to the
customer for which it is intended. Incoming signals
from the customers avoid colliding at the intersection
because the powered equipment there provides
buffering. Network 3
As of 2007, the most common type of active optical networks are called active ethernet, a type
of ethernet in the first mile (EFM). Active ethernet uses optical ethernet switches to distribute
the signal, thus incorporating the customers' premises and the central office into one giant
switched ethernet network. Such networks are identical to the ethernet computer networks
used in businesses and academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes
and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and printers within a
campus. Each switching cabinet can handle up to 1,000 customers, although 400-500 is more
typical. This neighborhood equipment performs layer 2/layer 3 switching and routing, offloading
full layer 3 routing to the carrier's central office. The IEEE 802.3ah standard enables service
providers to deliver up to 100 Mbit/s full-duplex over one single-mode optical fiber to the
premises depending on the provider.
9. Active Optical Networks
Active Optical Network (AON)
Up to 20KM Up to 70KM
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
10. Passive Optical Networks
Passive optical networks do not use electrically powered components to split the signal.
Instead, the signal is distributed using beam splitters. Each splitter typically splits a fiber into 16,
32, or 64 fibers, depending on the manufacturer, and several splitters can be aggregated in a
single cabinet. A beam splitter cannot provide any switching or buffering capabilities; the
resulting connection is called a point-to-multipoint link. For such a connection, the optical
network terminals on the customer's end must perform some special functions which would
not otherwise be required. For example, due to the absence of switching capabilities, each
signal leaving the central office must be broadcast to all users served by that splitter (including
to those for whom the signal is not intended). It is therefore up to the optical network
terminal to filter out any signals intended for other customers. In addition, since beam splitters
cannot perform buffering, each individual optical network terminal must be coordinated in a
multiplexing scheme to prevent signals leaving the customer from colliding at the intersection.
Two types of multiplexing are possible for achieving this: wavelength-division multiplexing and
time-division multiplexing. With wavelength-division multiplexing, each customer transmits their
signal using a unique wavelength. With time-division multiplexing, the customers "take turns"
transmitting information. As of early 2007, only time-division multiplexing was technologically
practical.
11. Passive Optical Networks
In comparison with active optical networks, passive optical networks have significant advantages
and disadvantages. They avoid the complexities involved in keeping electronic equipment
operating outdoors. They also allow for analog broadcasts, which can simplify the delivery of
analog television. However, because each signal must be pushed out to everyone served by the
splitter (rather than to just a single switching device), the central office must be equipped with a
particularly powerful piece of transmitting equipment called an optical line terminal (OLT). In
addition,
because each customer's
optical network terminal
must transmit all the way to
the central office (rather
than to just the nearest
switching device), customers
can't be as far from the
central office as is possible
with active optical
networks.
12. Passive Optical Networks
Passive Optical Network (PON)
Up to 20KM
ONT
Splitter Splitter Splitter Splitter OLT
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
Splitter
ONT
Splitter
ONT
ONT
ONT ONT
Splitter Splitter
ONT ONT
ONT ONT ONT
ONT ONT ONT
ONT
ONT
13. Advantages of PONs
• Conserves fiber resources
• Low cost of equipment per subscriber
• There is only one optical port at the Central Office (instead of multiple
ports)
• Passive components require little maintenance and have a high MTBF
• Additional buildings can be added to the network easily and
inexpensively
• Supports a broad range of applications including triple play (voice, data,
video) over a single fiber and FTTB, FTTC, FTTH
• Offers a large amount of high speed bandwidth providing greater
flexibility for adding future services
• Flexible and scalable bandwidth assignment
15. Disadvantages of PONs
• Optical fiber only
• Fixed location install only
• Optical fiber price still higher than copper
• Difficult to deployment when mass installation will be limited Optical
Fiber network spread range
• Require installed extra splitter when network spread
• Splitter and bandwidth ratio cause the network size be limited
• Bandwidth limited on OLT capability
• No dedicate protected solutions on wire redundancy
• Shared bandwidth network topology
• QoS issues
23. PON’s TERMs
• OAN: Optical Access Network
• ODN: Optical Distribution Network
• OLT: Optical Line Termination
• ONU: Optical Network Unit
• ONT: Optical Network Termination
• Beam Splitter: Split optical beam and power to different path.
• GFP: Generic framing Procedure
24. OLT - Optical Line Termination
A PON consists of a central office node, called an optical line terminal (OLT), one or more
user nodes, called optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs), and
the fibers and splitters between them, called the optical distribution network (ODN). An
ONU is a single integrated electronics unit, while an ONU is a shelf with plug-in circuit
packs. In practice, the difference is frequently ignored, and either term is used generically to
refer to both classes of equipment.
The OLT provides the interface between the PON and the backbone network. These
typically include:
•
Standard time division multiplexed (TDM) interfaces such as SONET/SDH or PDH at
various rates
•
Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over Gigabit or 100 Mbit/s Ethernet
•
ATM UNI at 155-622 Mbit/s
25. OLT’s Features
OLT's include the following features:
•
A downstream frame processing for receiving and churning an asynchronous transfer
mode cell to generate a downstream frame, and converting a parallel data of the
downstream frame into a serial data thereof.
•
A wavelength division multiplexing for performing an electro/optical conversion of the
serial data of the downstream frame and performing a wavelength division multiplexing
thereof.
•
A upstream frame processing for extracting data from the wavelength division
multiplexing means, searching an overhead field, delineating a slot boundary, and
processing a physical layer operations administration and maintenance (PLOAM) cell and a
divided slot separately.
•
A control signal generation for performing a media access control (MAC) protocol and
generating variables and timing signals used for the downstream frame processing means
and the upstream frame processing means.
•
A control for controlling the downstream frame processing and the upstream frame
processing by using the variables and the timing signals from the control signal generation.
26. ONU - Optical Network Unit
The ONT terminates the PON and presents the native service interfaces to the user. These
services can include voice (plain old telephone service (POTS) or voice over IP – VoIP), data
(typically Ethernet or V.35), video, and/or telemetry (TTL, ECL, RS530, etc.). Often, the ONT
functions are separated into two parts:
•
The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface – such as xDSL
or multi-service Ethernet – toward the user, and
•
Network Termination Equipment (NTE), which provides the separate, native service
interfaces directly to the user
A PON is a converged network, in that all of these services are typically converted and
encapsulated in a single packet type for transmission over the PON fiber. BPON is ATM-based.
EPON is Ethernet-based. Although GPON allows for a mix of TDM, ATM and GEM, GEM is the
usual transport mechanism. GEM, which stands for GPON Encapsulation Method, is a variation
on Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), adapted for use on a PON. It uses variable-length frames
over a synchronous physical layer.
A PON is a shared network, in that the OLT sends a single stream of downstream traffic that is
seen by all ONTs. Each ONT only reads the content of those packets that are addressed to it.
Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping on downstream traffic.
27. Beam Splitter
A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light in two or more. It is the crucial part of
most interferometers.
In its most common form, it is a cube, made from two triangular glass prisms which are glued together
at their base using Canada balsam. The thickness of the resin layer is adjusted such that (for a certain
wavelength) half of the light incident through one "port" (i.e. face of the cube) is reflected and the
other half is transmitted. Polarizing beam splitters, such as the Wollaston prism, use birefringent
materials, splitting light into beams of differing polarization.
28. BPON/APON ITU-T G.983
Broadband PON standard
Historically, The Broadband Passive Optical Network (BPON) standard was introduced
first. It was accepted by ITU-T in 1999. The standard was endorsed by a number of
network providers and equipment vendors which cooperated together in the Full
Service Network Access (FSAN) group.
The FSAN group proposed the ATM protocol should be used to carry user data, hence
sometime access networks based on this standard are referred to as APONs.
The Architecture of BPON is flexible and adapts well to different scenarios. The
underlying ATM protocol provides support for different types of service by means of
AAL. The small size of ATM cells and the use of virtual channels and links allow
allocating available bandwidth to the end users with a fine granularity. Moreover, the
deployment of ATM in a backbone of metropolitan networks and easy mapping into
SONET/SDH containers allows the use of only one protocol from one end user to
another.
29. BPON/APON ITU-T G.983
Yet, the advantages of ATM proved to be the main obstacle in deployment of BPON and
despite many field trails BPON did not gain much popularity. The complexity of the ATM
protocol was hard to implement and in many cases superfluous. Much simpler, data only
oriented Ethernet protocols found a widespread use in local area networks and started
to replace ATM in many metropolitan area and backbone networks.
Further improvements to the original APON standard – as well as the gradual falling out
of favor of ATM as a protocol – led to the full, final version of ITU-T G.983 being referred
to more often as broadband PON, or BPON. A typical APON/BPON provides 622
megabits per second (Mbit/s) of downstream bandwidth and 155 Mbit/s of upstream
traffic, although the standard accommodates higher rates
30. APON Scenario
ATM
SDH/SONET 622Mbps T1/E1
Ethernet
APON OLT 1:N Splitter
ONT
Data
Voice
POTS Phone
ONT
POTS Phone
Using ATM Adaption Layers to carrier different type of traffics, such Voice with AAL1/2 and Data with AAL5.
The traffic QoS is based on ATM, so APON can management each port’s rate based on ATM Cell.
31. ONT Protected Ring Scenario
Use a 1:2 Splitter for two optical ring to connect to all ONTs, it can provide protected link but
required more interfaces for different splitter on each ONTs.
32. Point to Point Emulation
OLT OLT
MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC
P2PE P2PE
P2PE P2PE P2PE P2PE P2PE P2PE
MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC
ONU1 ONU2 ONU3 ONU1 ONU2 ONU3
33. Shared Medium Emulation
OLT
Bridge
MAC MAC MAC
P2PE
P2PE P2PE P2PE
MAC MAC MAC
ONU1 ONU2 ONU3
34. Broadcast from OLT
Broadcast
OLT
Bridge
MAC MAC MAC
P2PE
P2PE P2PE P2PE
MAC MAC MAC
ONU1 ONU2 ONU3
35. Broadcast from ONU
OLT
Bridge
MAC MAC MAC
P2PE
P2PE P2PE P2PE
MAC MAC MAC
ONU1 ONU2 ONU3
Broadcast
36. EPON/GEPON IEEE 802.3ah
The Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) standard has been endorsed by the
Ethernet in the First Mile Alliance (EFMA). The final version of the new protocol and
necessary amendments to the existing ones were accepted by Standard Body and
released as IEEE 802.3ah in September 2004. The main goal was to archive a full
compatibility with other Ethernet based networks. Hence, the functionality of
Ethernet’s Media Access Control (MAC) layer is maintained and the extensions are
provided to encompass the features of PONs. The archived solution is simple and
straightforward, and the legacy equipment and technologies can be reused similar as in
100Base-X and 1000Base-X networks.
37. EPON/GEPON IEEE 802.3ah
The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard was completed in
2004 (http://www.ieee802.org/3/), as part of the Ethernet First Mile
project.
EPON uses standard 802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 Gbps upstream
and downstream rates. EPON is applicable for data-centric networks, as well
as full-service voice, data and video networks.
Recently, starting in early 2006, work began on a very high-speed 10
Gigabit/second EPON (XEPON or 10-GEPON) standard (http://
www.ieee802.org/3/av/).
38. GPON ITU-T G.984
The ITU-T G.984 (GPON) standard represents a boost in both the total bandwidth
and bandwidth efficiency through the use of larger, variable-length packets. Again, the
standards permit several choices of bit rate, but the industry has converged on 2.488
Gbits per second of downstream bandwidth, and 1.244 Gbit/s of upstream bandwidth.
GPON Encapsulation Method (GEM) allows very efficient packaging of user traffic,
with frame segmentation to allow for higher Quality of Service (QoS) for delay-
sensitive traffic such as voice and video communications.
39. GPON Advantages
• Triple Play: Transports Voice, Data and Video services over a single fiber in their native
format. A variety of Ethernet services such as QoS,VLAN, pVLAN, IGMP and RSTP are
supported.
• Highest Bit Rates & Efficiency: Supports the highest bit rate PON available in the
industry today, with an unprecedented 2.488/1.244 Gbps in the downstream/upstream.
This allows a service provider to sell larger amounts of bandwidth to their customers
while also supporting more ‘revenue bits’ per capital investment in optical plant.
• Advanced Networking Capabilities: Supports long reach networks allowing 32 ONTs
to be located as far as 20 Km from the Central Office.
• Availability: Supports sub-50ms protection switching and traffic restoration in case of
fiber failure, STM1/GbE facility failure, as well as PON I/F card failure.
• Cost savings: Can provide a significant CAPEX and OPEX savings vs. the deployment of
SDH/SONET and other PON technologies in the access loops.
40. WDM-PON - Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON
Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) are the next
generation in development of access networks. Ultimately, they can offer the largest
bandwidth at the lowest cost. In principle, the architecture of WDM-PON is similar to
the architecture of the PON. The main difference is that ONTs operate on different
wavelengths and hence higher transmission rates can be archived.
The main problem with WDM-PONs is that usually the wavelength is assigned to an
ONT in a fixed manner. This makes upgrades in the network topology difficult as they
require manual reconfiguration of the equipment in the customer’s premise, which
significantly increases the cost of maintenance.
The solution to this is the development of so called “colorless” ONTs. In such a scheme
the ONT detects what wavelength is used in the downstream direction and sends its
data on the wavelength in the upstream direction.
The disadvantage of WDM-PONs is the high cost of equipment. Much research was
focused on enhancing WDM-PONs ability to serve large number of customers in
attempt to increase revenue from invested resources and its cost efficiency.
41. WDM PON - Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON
4 wavelength with 2.448Gb each
OLT with WDM
10Gb
Single Fiber
2.448Gb
ONT with WDM
A PON takes advantage of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), using one wavelength for
downstream traffic and another for upstream traffic on a single ITU-T G.652 fiber. The
specification calls for downstream traffic to be transmitted on the 1490 nanometer (nm)
wavelength and upstream traffic to be transmitted at 1310 nm. The 1550 nm band is allocated
for optional RF (analog) video.
43. Gigabit PON
The progress in the technology, the need for larger bandwidths and the
unquestionable complexity of ATM forced the FSAN group to revise their
approach. In the outcome a new standard called Gigabit Passive Optical Network
(GPON) was released and adopted by ITU-T in 2003.
The GPON’s functionality is heavily based on its predecessor, although it is no
longer reliant on ATM as an underlying protocol. Instead a much simpler Generic
Framing Protocol Procedure (GFP) is used to provide support for both voice and
data oriented services. A big advantage of GPON over other schemes is that
interfaces to all the main services are provided and in GFP enabled networks
packets belonging to different protocols can be transmitted in their native
formats. The functionality is provided which allows seamless interoperability with
other GPONs or BPONs. As in modern networks the security of transmitted data
is a key issue. A sophisticated mechanism based on Advanced Encryption Standard
and a complex exchange of unique keys is built into the GPON architecture.
Also in comparison with the BPON standard, higher transmission rates are
specified making GPON capable of supporting transfer rates of up to 2.488 Gbps
in the downstream as well as the upstream direction.
44. Gigabit PON
Beginning with the BPON technology base, the participants of FSAN and ITU-T Question
2/15 undertook to define a new PON system, named GPON. The approximate goals of this
work were:
To design a PON that operates at Gigabit and higher data rates.
To craft the physical layer specifications to suit these higher speeds.
To define the most bandwidth efficient protocol that reflects the data-centric trends in
customer traffic. A choice was made to not require backwards compatibility with the BPON
system, because this would prevent the achievement of the goals as laid out above. However,
the GPON system uses the teachings of the BPON standards, with the schemes for ONT
Activation & ranging, Dynamic Bandwidth assignment (DBA), and ONT management control
interface (OMCI) largely reused.
The results of this effort have been a series of four basic recommendations.
G.984.1 describes the service provider requirements for the system.
G.984.2 specifies the physical layer for all the data rate combinations in G-PON.
G.984.3 defines the transmission convergence layer
G.984.4 defines the OMCI on the system.
45. Gigabit PON
Basically, GPON aims at transmission speeds greater than or equal to 1.2 Gbit/s. However,
in the case of FTTH or FTTC with asymmetric xDSL, such a high-speed upstream bit rate
might not be needed. Accordingly, GPON identifies 7 transmission speed combinations as
follows:
Upstream Downstream
155.52 1244.16
622.08 1244.16
1244.16 1244.16
155.52 2488.32
622.08 2488.32
1244.16 2488.32
2488.32 2488.32 In Mbit/s, ITU-T G984.2 March/2003
46. OLT’s Functions Block
PON core shell: This block consists of two parts, the ODN interface function specified in ITU-T Rec. G.984.2, and the PON TC
function specified in this Recommendation. PON TC function includes framing, media access control, OAM, DBA, and delineation of
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) for the cross-connect function, and ONU management. Each PON TC selects one mode of ATM, GEM
and Dual mixed.
Cross-connect shell: The Cross-connect shell provides a communication path between the PON core shell and the Service
shell. Technologies for connecting this path depends on services, internal architecture in OLT and other factors. OLT provides
cross-connect functionality according to selected modes, such as GEM, ATM or Dual mixed.
Service shell: This shell provides translation between service interfaces and TC frame interface of the PON section.
47. ONU’s Functions Block
The functional building blocks of the G-PON ONU are mostly similar to the functional building
blocks of the OLT. Since the ONU operates with only a single PON Interface (or maximum 2
interfaces for protection purposes), the cross-connect function can be omitted. However, instead of
this function, service MUX and DMUX function is specified to handle traffic. Each PON TC selects one mode of ATM,
GEM and Dual.
48. Protocol stack for the overall GTC layer system
G-PON TC (GTC) layer system. The GTC layer is comprised of two sub-layers, the GTC Framing
sub-layer and the TC adaptation sub-layer.
From another point of view, GTC consists of a C/M plane, which manages user traffic flows, security, and OAM features, and
a U plane which carries user traffic. As shown in Figure 7-1, in the GTC framing sub-layer, ATM partition, GEM partition,
Embedded OAM and PLOAM partitions are recognized according to location on a GTC frame. Only Embedded OAM is
terminated at this layer for control over this
sub-layer, because information of Embedded OAM is embedded in GTC frame header directly.
49. GTC layer system
PLOAM information is processed at PLOAM block located as a client of this sub-layer. SDUs
(Service Data Unit) in ATM and GEM partitions are converted from/to conventional PDUs
(Protocol Data Unit) of ATM and GEM at each adaptation sub-layer, respectively. Moreover,
these PDUs include OMCI channel data. This data is also recognized at this sub-layer, and is
interchanged from/to OMCI entity. Embedded OAM, PLOAM and OMCI are categorized into
C/M planes. SDUs except for OMCI on ATM and GEM partitions are categorized into U plane.
The GTC framing layer has global visibility to all data transmitted, and the OLT GTC framing
layer is a direct peer of all the ONU GTC framing layers. Moreover DBA control block is
specified as a common functional block. Currently, this block has responsibility for whole ONU
report DBA.
In GTC system, OLT and ONU do not always have two modes. Recognition of which modes
are supported are invoked at the time of system installation. The ONU reports its basic
support of ATM or GEM modes via the Serial_Number message. If the OLT is capable of
interfacing to at least one
of the offered modes, it proceeds to establish the OMCI channel, and the ONU equipment is
discovered in the usual manner. If there is a mismatch, the ONU is ranged, but declared to be
incompatible to the operations support system.
50. GTC framing sub-layer
GTC framing sub-layer has three functionalities as follows.
Multiplexing and demultiplexing: PLOAM, ATM and GEM portions are
multiplexed into a downstream TC frame according to boundary information
indicated in frame header. Each portion is abstracted from an upstream according to
header indicator.
Header creation and decode: TC frame header is created and is formatted in a
downstream frame. Header in upstream frame is decoded. Moreover, Embedded OAM
is performed.
Internal routing function based on Alloc-ID: Routing based on Alloc-ID is
performed for data from/to ATM and GEM TC Adapters.
53. Protocol stack for C/M planes
The control and management planes in the GTC system consist of three parts: embedded OAM,
PLOAM and OMCI.
The embedded OAM and PLOAM channels manage the functions of the PMD and the GTC layers.
The OMCI provides a uniform system of managing higher (service defining) layers. The embedded
OAM channel is provided by field-formatted information in the header of the GTC frame. This
channel provides a low latency path for time urgent control information, because each information
piece is definitely mapped into specific field in the header of the GTC frame. The functions that use
this channel include: bandwidth granting, key switching, and Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
signaling. The PLOAM channel is a message-formatted system carried in a dedicated space of the
GTC frame. This channel is used for all other PMD and GTC management information that is not
sent via the embedded OAM channel. Messages for this OAM channel are formatted in a fashion
similar to that found in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1. The OMCI channel is used to manage the service
defining layers that lay above the GTC. However, the GTC must provide a transport interface for
this traffic, and there are two options for this transport: ATM or GEM. The GTC function provides
the means to configure these optional channels to fit the capabilities of the equipment, including
specifying the transport protocol flow identifiers (VPI/VCI or Port-ID).
55. Protocol stack for U planes
ATM in GTC: In the downstream, the cells are carried in the ATM partition, and arrive at all
the ONUs. The ONU framing sub-layer extracts the cells, and the ATM TC adapter filters the
cells based on their VPI. Only cells with the appropriate VPIs are allowed through to the ATM
client function. In the upstream, the ATM traffic is carried over one or more T-CONTs. Each T-
CONT is associated with only ATM or GEM traffic, so there is no ambiguity of multiplexing. The
OLT receives the transmission associated with the T-CONT identified by Alloc-ID, and the cells
are forwarded to the ATM TC adapter, and then the ATM client.
GEM in GTC: In the downstream, the GEM frames are carried in the GEM partition, and arrive
at all the ONUs. The ONU framing sub-layer extracts the frames, and the GEM TC adapter filters
the cells based on their 12-bit Port-ID. Only frames with the appropriate Port-IDs are allowed
through to the GEM client function. In the upstream, the GEM traffic is carried over one or more
T-CONTs. Each T-CONT is associated with only ATM or GEM traffic, so there is no ambiguity of
multiplexing. The OLT receives the transmission associated with the T-CONT, and the frames are
forwarded to the GEM TC adapter, and then the GEM client.
56. GPON Multiplexing Services
In the G-PON TC layer, a T-CONT, that is identified by Alloc-ID, is the basic control
unit. The concept of a port, identified by Port-ID, is used for multiplexing traffic flows
over a T-CONT in GEM service. The concepts of Virtual paths/Virtual circuits, identified
by VPIs/VCIs, are used for multiplexing traffic flows in ATM service. Moreover, mixture
configurations by two modes are possible.
OLT and ONU are categorized into several types, such as ATM, GEM, and Dual mode.
This Recommendation allows all types of equipment; however, there is a consideration
to be made on the workable combinations of these types. There are no mandatory
support modes for OLT and ONU, and interoperability will be managed by deployment
implementation.
ATM GEM Mixed
ATM Yes No Yes
GEM No Yes Yes
Mixed Yes Yes Yes
61. GFP - Generic Framing Procedure
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) is defined by ITU-T G.7041. This allows mapping of
variable length, higher-layer client signals over a transport network like SDH/SONET.
The client signals can be protocol data unit (PDU) oriented (like IP/PPP or Ethernet
Media Access Control) or can be block-code oriented (like fiber channel).
There are two modes of GFP: Generic Framing Procedure - Framed (GFP-F) and
Generic Framing Procedure - Transparent (GFP-T). GFP-F maps each client frame into a
single GFP frame. GFP-T, on the other hand, allows mapping of multiple 8B/10B block-
coded client data streams into an efficient 64B/65B block code for transport within a
GFP frame.
GFP utilizes a length/HEC-based frame delineation mechanism that is more robust than
that used by High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), which is single octet flag based.
62. GFP - Generic Framing Procedure
There are two types of GFP frames: a GFP client frame and a GFP control frame. A GFP
client frame can be further classified as either a client data frame or a client management
frame. The former is used to transport client data, while the latter is used to transport
point-to-point management information like loss of signal, etc. Client management frames
can be differentiated from the client data frames based on the payload type indicator. The
GFP control frame currently consists only of a core header field with no payload area.
This frame is used to compensate for the gaps between the client signal where the
transport medium has a higher capacity than the client signal, and is better known as an
idle frame.
69. Next Study
• GPON, GE-PON, WDM GE-PON, or WDM G-PON will win ?
• ITU-T 984.4 OMCI protocol implementation
• Optical splitter ratio and wire speed.
• WDM PON Network for Optical Exchange Center
• TDM signaling and time sync in GEM
• GPON Chips vendor already supported for GEM with TDM ?
• VoIP cause TDM in GEM is not necessary ?
• Is IEEE 802.16 WiMAX cause Fixed Optical network dead ?
• Provide Backbone Transparent (PBT IEEE 802.1ah) with VLANs and MPLS
cause PON network keep going ?
70. Reference Standard
• ITU-T Recommendation G.983 Broadband optical access systems based on Passive Optical Networks
(PON)
• ITU-T Recommendation G.984 Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON)
• ITU-T Recommendation G.7041 Generic framing procedure (GFP)
• ITU-T Recommendation G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber
• ITU-T Recommendation G.985 100 Mbit/s point-to-point Ethernet based optical access system
• ITU-T Recommendation Y.2001 Next Generation Network (NGN)
• IEEE 802.3-2005 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) access method
and physical layer specifications section 3 Page 243 64. Multipoint MAC Control (802.3ah)
• IEEE 802.17 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan
area networks specific requirements - Resilient packet ring (RPR) access method and physical layer
specifications
71. Reference Documents
• 開啟新世界之光纖網路 - 工研院 IKE 詹睿然 ITRI GPON Seminar July/31/2007
• 光世代網路演進與 PON 技術發展 - 中華電信研究所 王井煦 ITRI GPON Seminar July/31/2007
• Full Services Access Networks - FSAN http://www.fsanweb.org
• ImmenStar Upcoming Solutions for MuLan EPON and Turandot G/EPON Switch Chipset
• BroadLight GPON workshop Marketing
• Overview of the Optical Broadband Access Evolution: A Joint Article by Operators in the IST
Network of Excellence e-Photon/ONe - IEEE Communications Magaine August 2006