The document describes the process of normalizing a database about projects and employees. It starts with a single table that has repeating groups and other issues. Through removing redundant data and splitting into multiple tables based on dependencies, it normalizes the data into third normal form with three tables: a projects table, employees table, and rates table. This reduces data redundancy and inconsistency while making the database structure more efficient and queries easier.
This document discusses weaknesses in data normalization that can lead to vulnerabilities. It covers issues at various levels including protocol (e.g. double URL encoding bypassing validation), filesystem (e.g. path traversal using unusual encodings), databases (e.g. truncation or encoding issues), and applications (e.g. bypassing input sanitization with multibyte encodings). The key message is that input validation needs to consider challenges across all these levels from protocols to storage to properly prevent attacks exploiting normalization weaknesses.
The Dream Weavers is an event management and marketing firm that offers a tailored approach to planning events for clients. They develop custom solutions that meet each client's specific needs. As a creative team passionate about socializing and living, they enjoy interacting with customers daily to understand their needs. In contrast to simple outsourcing, The Dream Weavers recognizes that every client has unique requirements and works to uncover each client's feelings and express them through purposeful planning to share the passion of the occasion. The founder invites the reader to try their services to experience the difference in an event organized by The Dream Weavers.
This document provides an introduction to using Dreamweaver to create websites. It covers setting up a website using Dreamweaver's site management tools, creating pages with text, images, links and tables, and basic HTML editing. The document reviews Dreamweaver's interface including the insert bar, property inspector, and site panel. It also discusses organizing files into folders to structure a website and publishing pages by saving them to the public_html folder.
This document provides an overview and summary of the Dreamweaver web design program. It discusses that Dreamweaver is a popular web design program developed by Adobe that offers both a visual WYSIWYG editor and code editor. It allows users to write HTML, CSS, and other languages, and features like integrated previews, templates, and behaviors panels. Dreamweaver also supports extensions, version control through Subversion, and is integrated into the Adobe Creative Cloud.
TinyMCE is a WYSIWYG HTML editor that can be easily embedded into web pages. It allows editing content directly in the browser and includes features like plugins, themes, and customization options. The document provides instructions on how to initialize TinyMCE, manipulate content programmatically, handle loading and saving, configure options, and create custom plugins.
The document discusses the process of normalization to organize a relational database and reduce data redundancy. It uses a sample dataset on shipments to demonstrate the three normal forms - first normal form ensures each attribute contains a single value, second normal form splits attributes that do not depend on the full primary key, and third normal form makes all non-key attributes independent of each other. The normalization process transforms the sample shipment data through each normal form to arrive at a less redundant and more logically organized database structure.
My presentation from the Environments for Humans 2012 WP Summit. WYSIWYG presents our users with a faulty mental model of what they are actually doing while using a CMS, and the results can be frustrating for everyone involved. Make your sites more useful for those on both sides of the CMS by embracing structured content and simple markup languages like Markdown.
This document discusses weaknesses in data normalization that can lead to vulnerabilities. It covers issues at various levels including protocol (e.g. double URL encoding bypassing validation), filesystem (e.g. path traversal using unusual encodings), databases (e.g. truncation or encoding issues), and applications (e.g. bypassing input sanitization with multibyte encodings). The key message is that input validation needs to consider challenges across all these levels from protocols to storage to properly prevent attacks exploiting normalization weaknesses.
The Dream Weavers is an event management and marketing firm that offers a tailored approach to planning events for clients. They develop custom solutions that meet each client's specific needs. As a creative team passionate about socializing and living, they enjoy interacting with customers daily to understand their needs. In contrast to simple outsourcing, The Dream Weavers recognizes that every client has unique requirements and works to uncover each client's feelings and express them through purposeful planning to share the passion of the occasion. The founder invites the reader to try their services to experience the difference in an event organized by The Dream Weavers.
This document provides an introduction to using Dreamweaver to create websites. It covers setting up a website using Dreamweaver's site management tools, creating pages with text, images, links and tables, and basic HTML editing. The document reviews Dreamweaver's interface including the insert bar, property inspector, and site panel. It also discusses organizing files into folders to structure a website and publishing pages by saving them to the public_html folder.
This document provides an overview and summary of the Dreamweaver web design program. It discusses that Dreamweaver is a popular web design program developed by Adobe that offers both a visual WYSIWYG editor and code editor. It allows users to write HTML, CSS, and other languages, and features like integrated previews, templates, and behaviors panels. Dreamweaver also supports extensions, version control through Subversion, and is integrated into the Adobe Creative Cloud.
TinyMCE is a WYSIWYG HTML editor that can be easily embedded into web pages. It allows editing content directly in the browser and includes features like plugins, themes, and customization options. The document provides instructions on how to initialize TinyMCE, manipulate content programmatically, handle loading and saving, configure options, and create custom plugins.
The document discusses the process of normalization to organize a relational database and reduce data redundancy. It uses a sample dataset on shipments to demonstrate the three normal forms - first normal form ensures each attribute contains a single value, second normal form splits attributes that do not depend on the full primary key, and third normal form makes all non-key attributes independent of each other. The normalization process transforms the sample shipment data through each normal form to arrive at a less redundant and more logically organized database structure.
My presentation from the Environments for Humans 2012 WP Summit. WYSIWYG presents our users with a faulty mental model of what they are actually doing while using a CMS, and the results can be frustrating for everyone involved. Make your sites more useful for those on both sides of the CMS by embracing structured content and simple markup languages like Markdown.
Here are the steps to bring the STUDENT relation to 1NF:
1. Create a new relation called ENROLLMENT with attributes:
Stud_ID, Course_ID, Units
2. Make (Stud_ID, Course_ID) the primary key of ENROLLMENT
3. Remove the repeating group (Course_ID, Units) from STUDENT
4. The STUDENT relation now only contains Stud_ID and Name
with Stud_ID as the primary key
This removes the multivalued attribute and puts the relations
in 1NF by having each row represent a unique fact.
20
5
Bringing a Relation to 2NF
CUSTOMER
This document provides an overview and introduction to using Dreamweaver MX, including:
- Its capabilities for designing and managing websites visually or with code
- How to set up a local website and add pages, text, images and links
- Tools for previewing pages, uploading sites, and checking links
- Recommended prerequisite knowledge includes familiarity with HTML, websites, and how they work.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perubahan video korporat dari masa lalu hingga kini. Video korporat dahulu lebih menekankan pemasaran produk atau jenama perusahaan dengan anggaran yang besar dan hanya diedarkan ke kelompok tertentu. Sedangkan video korporat saat ini lebih fokus menyelesaikan masalah pengguna dengan anggaran kecil, capaian yang luas, dan konten yang diceritakan oleh orang sebenarnya.
DHTML is not a language but a term that describes making dynamic and interactive web pages by combining HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and the HTML DOM. Events are user actions like mouse clicks or keyboard presses. Event handlers catch these events and execute code in response. There are different types of events for windows, mouse, keyboard, and forms. Events can be used with functions to trigger dynamic behaviors - for example, displaying an alert on the mouseover event or changing text on a click. Buttons and other elements can trigger functions through events to create interactive experiences.
Dreamweaver - Introduction AND WALKTHROUGHSahil Bansal
AN Introduction to Dreamweaver basic features. And how menu bar and its windows look like with some shortcuts in a representable manner perfect for students
DHTML is a combination of technologies used to create dynamic webpages. It uses HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and the DOM to allow animation, dynamic content changes, and interactivity. Some key features of DHTML include dynamic content, dynamic positioning of elements, dynamic styles, and data binding. Events and the DOM allow scripts to access and manipulate webpage elements. Dynamic styles and data binding provide ways to quickly change appearance and bind external data sources. DHTML enables animations, drop-down menus, and other interactive elements on webpages.
This document discusses database normalization. It begins by defining normalization as the process of removing redundant data from tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability. It then discusses the various normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc.) and what conditions a database needs to satisfy to be in each normal form. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to normalize tables that are not in a specific normal form into tables that satisfy that normal form. The document also provides a brief history of normalization and defines some key terms.
This document provides an introduction to basic web design concepts like WYSIWYG editors, HTML, and Dreamweaver. It explains that WYSIWYG editors allow creating webpages without coding knowledge but have basic effects. HTML uses tags to tell browsers what to display and is written in a text editor. An example of basic HTML code for a simple webpage is provided. Dreamweaver is a WYSIWYG editor that also supports coding, making it a powerful tool. Layers in Dreamweaver are useful for ordering text. The document concludes by assigning the task of creating a webpage using these new skills.
Functional dependency defines a relationship between attributes in a table where a set of attributes determine another attribute. There are different types of functional dependencies including trivial, non-trivial, multivalued, and transitive. An example given is a student table with attributes Stu_Id, Stu_Name, Stu_Age which has the functional dependency of Stu_Id->Stu_Name since the student ID uniquely identifies the student name.
Normalization is a technique for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication of data and ensure data integrity. It involves organizing data into tables and establishing relationships between tables based on their attributes. There are several normal forms like 1NF, 2NF and 3NF that provide rules for table design to reduce anomalies and inconsistencies. Functional dependencies define relationships between attributes in a table, and normalization aims to remove non-key attributes that are functionally dependent on other attributes.
The document discusses normalization of database tables. It covers normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF and 4NF. The process of normalization reduces data redundancies and helps eliminate data anomalies. Normalization is done concurrently with entity-relationship modeling to produce an effective database design. In some cases, denormalization may be needed to generate information more efficiently.
The document discusses database design and relational database management systems. It covers key concepts like normalization, primary keys, foreign keys, and relationships between tables. Normalization is the process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and ensure data is stored correctly. There are five normal forms with third normal form being sufficient for most applications. Tables are related through primary and foreign keys and different types of relationships can exist between tables like one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
This document outlines the weekly objectives, activities, and assignments for a Year 8 ICT class over the 2012-2013 school year. It covers a range of topics including e-safety, logo design, word processing, spreadsheets, databases, programming with Scratch and Alice, animation, and evaluation. Students will create projects such as movies, business cards, flyers, letters, databases, spreadsheets, Scratch games, Alice animations and more. They will also learn skills for ebooks and presentations. The class will be assessed through project and assignment completion as well as self and peer evaluations.
This interactive ebook allows the reader to choose their own adventure in a park setting, making choices that direct the story such as whether to go down the slide head or feet first, whether to feed or put a rabbit in a tree, and seeing the consequences of their choices such as falling and needing an ambulance or feeding the rabbit and having it grow giant.
The document describes how to use the Lookup Wizard in Access to create a table field that allows users to select from a predefined list of values for that field. Specifically, it shows how to create a Client table with a Title field that has a lookup of common titles like Mr, Mrs, Miss, etc. The steps are to: 1) Create the table and fields, 2) Set the Title field type to Lookup Wizard, 3) Enter the list of title values, 4) Save the table, and 5) View the results with the Title field displaying a dropdown of the allowed titles.
This document provides instructions for creating an archive table, queries, and form in Microsoft Access to manage client appointments and billing. The steps include:
1. Creating an archive table and query to archive completed client appointment records.
2. Creating a delete query to remove archived records from the original table.
3. Creating a query to calculate the total bill for each client by summing costs.
4. Designing a form with combo boxes to select client, staff, and treatment from lookup tables, and display the current date. The form allows booking and saving appointments.
5. Adding buttons to save, add/print, and close the appointment booking form.
This document provides guidance on developing advanced skills in Microsoft Access. It outlines tasks to create tables, relationships, enter data, and build queries to manage appointments and prevent double bookings at a beauty spa. The tasks include creating validation rules, indexes, input masks, and relationships between tables to schedule appointments while avoiding conflicts. Queries are designed to find existing appointments on given dates, delete those dates from available slots, and archive old appointment records.
This document provides instructions for setting a password on an Access database to prevent unauthorized access. It notes that if the password is forgotten, the database cannot be accessed again, so a backup copy should be made first. The steps are to open the database exclusively, select Tools > Security > Set Database Password, enter a password and verify it, then close and reopen the database to be prompted for the password on opening.
Macros allow automating common tasks in Microsoft Access. A macro is a set of actions that perform operations like opening forms or printing reports. For example, a macro can print a report when a user clicks a command button. Macros contain actions like applying filters, finding records, opening/closing objects, and displaying updated data. Command buttons can be created manually or using a wizard to perform tasks like finding, printing, or saving records with a single click.
Using consistent naming conventions makes creating and maintaining a database easier and can earn extra marks on projects. The document lists the Leszynskil/Reddick naming conventions, which specify prefixes like "tbl" for tables, "qry" for queries, and "frm" for forms. Adhering to these or other naming conventions helps organize a database and clarify the purpose or type of different objects. More details on naming conventions can be found in the referenced book "Successful ICT Projects in Access".
The document provides an introduction to tables in Microsoft Access. It explains that tables are used to store all data in a database and discusses how to create a sample music collection database using the database wizard. It also covers how to start with a blank database and manually create tables, fields, and records without using the wizard. Relationships between tables are introduced. [/SUMMARY]
Here are the steps to bring the STUDENT relation to 1NF:
1. Create a new relation called ENROLLMENT with attributes:
Stud_ID, Course_ID, Units
2. Make (Stud_ID, Course_ID) the primary key of ENROLLMENT
3. Remove the repeating group (Course_ID, Units) from STUDENT
4. The STUDENT relation now only contains Stud_ID and Name
with Stud_ID as the primary key
This removes the multivalued attribute and puts the relations
in 1NF by having each row represent a unique fact.
20
5
Bringing a Relation to 2NF
CUSTOMER
This document provides an overview and introduction to using Dreamweaver MX, including:
- Its capabilities for designing and managing websites visually or with code
- How to set up a local website and add pages, text, images and links
- Tools for previewing pages, uploading sites, and checking links
- Recommended prerequisite knowledge includes familiarity with HTML, websites, and how they work.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perubahan video korporat dari masa lalu hingga kini. Video korporat dahulu lebih menekankan pemasaran produk atau jenama perusahaan dengan anggaran yang besar dan hanya diedarkan ke kelompok tertentu. Sedangkan video korporat saat ini lebih fokus menyelesaikan masalah pengguna dengan anggaran kecil, capaian yang luas, dan konten yang diceritakan oleh orang sebenarnya.
DHTML is not a language but a term that describes making dynamic and interactive web pages by combining HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and the HTML DOM. Events are user actions like mouse clicks or keyboard presses. Event handlers catch these events and execute code in response. There are different types of events for windows, mouse, keyboard, and forms. Events can be used with functions to trigger dynamic behaviors - for example, displaying an alert on the mouseover event or changing text on a click. Buttons and other elements can trigger functions through events to create interactive experiences.
Dreamweaver - Introduction AND WALKTHROUGHSahil Bansal
AN Introduction to Dreamweaver basic features. And how menu bar and its windows look like with some shortcuts in a representable manner perfect for students
DHTML is a combination of technologies used to create dynamic webpages. It uses HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and the DOM to allow animation, dynamic content changes, and interactivity. Some key features of DHTML include dynamic content, dynamic positioning of elements, dynamic styles, and data binding. Events and the DOM allow scripts to access and manipulate webpage elements. Dynamic styles and data binding provide ways to quickly change appearance and bind external data sources. DHTML enables animations, drop-down menus, and other interactive elements on webpages.
This document discusses database normalization. It begins by defining normalization as the process of removing redundant data from tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability. It then discusses the various normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc.) and what conditions a database needs to satisfy to be in each normal form. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to normalize tables that are not in a specific normal form into tables that satisfy that normal form. The document also provides a brief history of normalization and defines some key terms.
This document provides an introduction to basic web design concepts like WYSIWYG editors, HTML, and Dreamweaver. It explains that WYSIWYG editors allow creating webpages without coding knowledge but have basic effects. HTML uses tags to tell browsers what to display and is written in a text editor. An example of basic HTML code for a simple webpage is provided. Dreamweaver is a WYSIWYG editor that also supports coding, making it a powerful tool. Layers in Dreamweaver are useful for ordering text. The document concludes by assigning the task of creating a webpage using these new skills.
Functional dependency defines a relationship between attributes in a table where a set of attributes determine another attribute. There are different types of functional dependencies including trivial, non-trivial, multivalued, and transitive. An example given is a student table with attributes Stu_Id, Stu_Name, Stu_Age which has the functional dependency of Stu_Id->Stu_Name since the student ID uniquely identifies the student name.
Normalization is a technique for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication of data and ensure data integrity. It involves organizing data into tables and establishing relationships between tables based on their attributes. There are several normal forms like 1NF, 2NF and 3NF that provide rules for table design to reduce anomalies and inconsistencies. Functional dependencies define relationships between attributes in a table, and normalization aims to remove non-key attributes that are functionally dependent on other attributes.
The document discusses normalization of database tables. It covers normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF and 4NF. The process of normalization reduces data redundancies and helps eliminate data anomalies. Normalization is done concurrently with entity-relationship modeling to produce an effective database design. In some cases, denormalization may be needed to generate information more efficiently.
The document discusses database design and relational database management systems. It covers key concepts like normalization, primary keys, foreign keys, and relationships between tables. Normalization is the process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and ensure data is stored correctly. There are five normal forms with third normal form being sufficient for most applications. Tables are related through primary and foreign keys and different types of relationships can exist between tables like one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
This document outlines the weekly objectives, activities, and assignments for a Year 8 ICT class over the 2012-2013 school year. It covers a range of topics including e-safety, logo design, word processing, spreadsheets, databases, programming with Scratch and Alice, animation, and evaluation. Students will create projects such as movies, business cards, flyers, letters, databases, spreadsheets, Scratch games, Alice animations and more. They will also learn skills for ebooks and presentations. The class will be assessed through project and assignment completion as well as self and peer evaluations.
This interactive ebook allows the reader to choose their own adventure in a park setting, making choices that direct the story such as whether to go down the slide head or feet first, whether to feed or put a rabbit in a tree, and seeing the consequences of their choices such as falling and needing an ambulance or feeding the rabbit and having it grow giant.
The document describes how to use the Lookup Wizard in Access to create a table field that allows users to select from a predefined list of values for that field. Specifically, it shows how to create a Client table with a Title field that has a lookup of common titles like Mr, Mrs, Miss, etc. The steps are to: 1) Create the table and fields, 2) Set the Title field type to Lookup Wizard, 3) Enter the list of title values, 4) Save the table, and 5) View the results with the Title field displaying a dropdown of the allowed titles.
This document provides instructions for creating an archive table, queries, and form in Microsoft Access to manage client appointments and billing. The steps include:
1. Creating an archive table and query to archive completed client appointment records.
2. Creating a delete query to remove archived records from the original table.
3. Creating a query to calculate the total bill for each client by summing costs.
4. Designing a form with combo boxes to select client, staff, and treatment from lookup tables, and display the current date. The form allows booking and saving appointments.
5. Adding buttons to save, add/print, and close the appointment booking form.
This document provides guidance on developing advanced skills in Microsoft Access. It outlines tasks to create tables, relationships, enter data, and build queries to manage appointments and prevent double bookings at a beauty spa. The tasks include creating validation rules, indexes, input masks, and relationships between tables to schedule appointments while avoiding conflicts. Queries are designed to find existing appointments on given dates, delete those dates from available slots, and archive old appointment records.
This document provides instructions for setting a password on an Access database to prevent unauthorized access. It notes that if the password is forgotten, the database cannot be accessed again, so a backup copy should be made first. The steps are to open the database exclusively, select Tools > Security > Set Database Password, enter a password and verify it, then close and reopen the database to be prompted for the password on opening.
Macros allow automating common tasks in Microsoft Access. A macro is a set of actions that perform operations like opening forms or printing reports. For example, a macro can print a report when a user clicks a command button. Macros contain actions like applying filters, finding records, opening/closing objects, and displaying updated data. Command buttons can be created manually or using a wizard to perform tasks like finding, printing, or saving records with a single click.
Using consistent naming conventions makes creating and maintaining a database easier and can earn extra marks on projects. The document lists the Leszynskil/Reddick naming conventions, which specify prefixes like "tbl" for tables, "qry" for queries, and "frm" for forms. Adhering to these or other naming conventions helps organize a database and clarify the purpose or type of different objects. More details on naming conventions can be found in the referenced book "Successful ICT Projects in Access".
The document provides an introduction to tables in Microsoft Access. It explains that tables are used to store all data in a database and discusses how to create a sample music collection database using the database wizard. It also covers how to start with a blank database and manually create tables, fields, and records without using the wizard. Relationships between tables are introduced. [/SUMMARY]
The document provides an introduction to queries in Microsoft Access. It discusses:
1. Sorting records in ascending or descending alphabetical or numerical order.
2. Finding data in tables using search tools like Find and wildcards.
3. Filtering records by selection, using a filter form, or an advanced filter to group records by common fields.
4. Creating simple queries using the query wizard or design view to combine data from multiple tables.
The document provides instructions on creating and formatting reports in Microsoft Access. It discusses using the AutoReport feature to quickly generate basic columnar and tabular reports from tables and queries. It also covers more advanced report creation using the Report Wizard, adding charts, formatting text boxes and sections, and using lines and borders to visually separate report elements. The overall document provides a tutorial on the various reporting tools and features in Access.
The document provides an introduction to queries in Microsoft Access. It discusses:
1. Sorting records in ascending or descending alphabetical or numerical order.
2. Finding data in tables using search tools like Find and wildcards.
3. Filtering records by selection, using a filter form, or an advanced filter to group records by common fields.
4. Creating simple queries using the query wizard or design view to combine data from multiple tables.
The document provides an introduction to tables in Microsoft Access. It explains that tables are used to store all data in a database and discusses how to create a sample music collection database using the database wizard. It also covers how to start with a blank database and manually create tables, fields, and records without using the wizard. Relationships between tables are introduced. [END SUMMARY]
This document discusses steps to customize a Microsoft Access database for use as an application. It describes hiding unnecessary menu options, adding help text and tooltips, setting a startup form, creating a switchboard form for navigation, and adding security features like encryption and user permissions. Finally, it covers publishing the database or forms to the web by saving objects as static HTML files or dynamic web applications.
Forms allow users to enter and view data in a structured layout. Microsoft Access allows users to create forms automatically using AutoForms or with more flexibility using the Form Wizard. Forms improve over paper forms by allowing editing in Design View, supporting different user needs with multiple forms, and automatically using relationships between tables.
The document discusses various types of controls for ensuring accurate data processing, including validation checks, batch controls, and verification. It also distinguishes between valid data that adheres to predefined rules and accurate data that reflects real-world information. Key controls involve checking for missing or invalid entries, performing calculations to detect errors, and entering data twice to verify accuracy.
This document provides instructions for inserting a calendar and text box into an Access form, and writing VBA code to update the text box with the date selected in the calendar. It explains how to add the controls to the form, name them, and write the code "Me!textbox=calendar" in the calendar's OnClick event to transfer the date value. When this code is added and the form is in view mode, clicking dates in the calendar will automatically update the associated text box.
The document provides information for the IT4 Relational Databases coursework for the WJEC ICT A2 exam. It outlines that the coursework is worth 40% of the marks, should take approximately 50 hours to complete, and can be based on a realistic or real organization. It emphasizes that each project must be individual work. It describes the four required sections: user requirements and design, implementation, testing, and user documentation and evaluation. It notes some key aspects that examiners will check and provides a teacher guide and mark scheme. The document stresses that candidates must work hard to earn each mark.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Normalization
1. Normalization 1
Introduction
In this exercise we are looking at the
optimisation of data structure. The example
system we are going to use as a model is a
database to keep track of employees of an
organisation working on different projects.
Objectives
By the end of the exercise you should be able to:
Show understanding of why we normalize
data
Give formal definitions of 1NF, 2NF & 3NF
Apply the process of normalization to your
own work
2. Normalization 2
The data we would want to store could be
expressed as:
Project Project Employee Employee Rate Rate
No Name No Name category
1203 Madagascar 11 Jessica A £90
travel site Brookes
12 Andy B £80
Evans
16 Max Fat C £70
1506 Online 11 Jessica A £90
estate Brookes
agency
17 Alex B £80
Branton
3. Normalization 3
Three problems become apparent with our
current model:
Tables in a RDBMS use a simple grid structure
Each project has a set of employees so we can’t
even use this format to enter data into a table.
How would you construct a query to find the
employees working on each project?
All tables in an RDBMS need a key
Each record in a RDBMS must have a unique
identity. Which field should be the primary key?
Data entry should be kept to a minimum
Our main problem is that each project contains
repeating groups, which lead to redundancy and
inconsistency.
4. Normalization 4
We could place the data into a table called:
tblProjects_Employees
Project Project Employee Employee Rate Rate
No. Name No. Name category
1203 Madagascar 11 Jessica A £90
travel site Brookes
1203 Madagascar 12 Andy B £80
travel site Evans
1203 Madagascat 16 Max Fat C £70
travel site
1506 Online 11 Jessica A £90
estate Brookes
agency
1506 Online 17 Alex B £70
estate Branton
agency
5. Normalization 5
Addressing our three problems:
Tables in a RDBMS use a simple grid structure
We can find members of each project using a
simple SQL or QBE search on either Project
Number or Project Name
All tables in an RDBMS need a key
We CAN uniquely identify each record. Although
no primary key exists we can use two or more
fields to create a composite key.
Data entry should be kept to a minimum
Our main problem that each project contains
repeating groups still remains. To create a
RDBMS we have to eliminate these groups or
sets.
6. Normalization 6
Did you notice that Madagascar was misspelled
in the 3rd record! Imagine trying to spot this error
in thousands of records. By using this structure
(flat filing) we create:
Redundant data
Duplicate copies of data – we would have to key
in Madagascar travel site 3 times. Not only do we
waste storage space we risk creating;
Inconsistent data
The more often we have to key in data the more
likely we are to make mistakes. (see IT01 notes
on the importance of accurate data).
7. Normalization 7
The solution is simply to take out the duplication.
We do this by:
Identifying a key
In this case we can use the project no and
employee no to uniquely identify each row
Project No Employee Unique Identifier
No
1203 11
120311
1203 12
120312
1203 16
120316
Note: Project 1056 is not shown for reasons of space
8. Normalization 8
We look for partial dependencies
We look for fields that depend on only part of the
key and not the entire key.
Field Project No Employee No
Project Name
Employee
Rate Category
Rate
We remove partial dependencies
The fields listed are only dependent on part of
the key so we remove them from the table.
9. Normalization 9
We create new tables
Clearly we can’t take the data out and leave it out
of our database. We put it into a new table
consisting of the field that has the partial
dependency and the field it is dependent on.
Looking at our example we will need to create
two new tables:
Dependent Partially Dependent Partially
On Dependent On Dependent
Project No Project Name Employee Employee Name
No
Rate category
Rate
10. Normalization 10
We now have 3 tables:
tblProjects
tblProjects_Employees Project No Project Name
Project Employee
1023 Madagascar
No No
travel site
1023 11
tblEmployees 1056 Online estate
agency
1023 12 Employee Employee Rate Rate
No Name Category
1023 16 11 Jessica A £90
Brookes
1056 11 12 Andy B £80
Evans
1056 17 16 Max Fat C £70
17 Alex A £80
Branton
11. Normalization 11
Looking at the project note the reduction in:
Redundant data
The text “Madagascar travel site” is stored once
only, not for each occurrence of an employee
working on the project.
Inconsistent data
Because we only store the project name once we
are less likely to enter “Madagascat”
The link is made through the key, Project No.
Obviously there is no way to remove this
duplication without losing the relation altogether,
but it is far more efficient storing a short number
repeatedly, than a large chunk of text.
12. Normalization 12
Our model has improved but is still far from
perfect. There is still room for inconsistency.
Employee Employee Rate Rate
No Name Category Alex Branton is
11 Jessica A £90 being paid £80
Brookes while Jessica
Brookes gets £90 –
12 Andy B £80 but they’re in the
Evans same rate category!
16 Max Fat C £70
17 Alex A £80
Branton
Again, we have stored redundant data: the hourly
rate- rate category relationship is being stored in
its entirety i.e. We have to key in both the rate
category AND the hourly rate.
13. Normalization 13
The solution, as before, is to remove this excess
data to another table. We do this by:
Looking for Transitive Relationships
Relationships where a non-key attribute is
dependent on another non-key attribute. Hourly
rate should depend on rate category BUT rate
category is not a key
Removing Transitive Relationships
As before we remove the redundant data and
place it in a separate table. In this case we create
a new table tblRates and add the fields rate
category and hourly rate. We then delete hourly
rate from the employees table.
14. Normalization 14
We now have 4 tables:
tblProjects
tblProjects_Employees Project No Project Name
Project Employee
1023 Madagascar
No No
travel site
1023 11
tblEmployees 1056 Online estate
agency
1023 12 Employee Employee Rate
tblRates
No Name Category
Rate Rate
1023 16 11 Jessica A Category
Brookes
A £90
1056 11 12 Andy B
Evans
B £80
1056 17 16 Max Fat C
17 Alex A C £70
Branton
15. Normalization 15
Again, we have cut down on redundancy and it is
now impossible to assume Rate category A is
associated with anything but £90.
Our model is now in its most efficient format
with:
Minimum REDUNDANCY
Minimum INCONSISTENCY
16. Normalization 16
What we have formally done is NORMALIZE the
database:
At the beginning we had a data structure:
Project No
Project Name
Employee No (1n)
Employee name (1n)
Rate Category (1n)
Hourly Rate (1n)
(1n indicates there are many occurrences of the
field – it is a repeating group).
To begin the normalization process we start by
moving from zero normal form to 1st normal form.
17. Normalization 17
The definition of 1st normal form
There are no repeating groups
All the key attributes are defined
All attributes are dependent on the primary key
So far, we have no keys, and there are repeating
groups. So we remove the repeating groups and
define the keys and are left with:
Employee Project table
Project number – part of key
Project name
Employee number – part of key
Employee name
Rate category
Hourly rate
This table is in first normal form (1NF)
18. Normalization 18
A table is in 2nd normal form if
It’s already in first normal form
It includes no partial dependencies (where an
attribute is dependent on only part of the key)
We look through the fields:
Project name is dependent only on project
number
Employee name, rate category and hourly rate
are dependent only on employee number.
So we remove them, and place these fields in a
separate table, with the key being that part of the
original key they are dependent on. We are left
with the following three tables:
19. Normalization 19
Employee Project table
Project number – part of key
Employee number – part of key
Employee table
Employee number - primary key
Employee name
Rate category
Hourly rate
Project table
Project number - primary key
Project name
The tables are now in 2nd normal form (2NF). Are
they in 3rd normal form?
20. Normalization 20
A table is in 3rd normal form if
It’s already in second normal form
It includes no transitive dependencies (where a
non-key attribute is dependent on another non-
key attribute)
We can narrow our search down to the Employee
table, which is the only one with more than one
non-key attribute. Employee name is not
dependent on either Rate category or Hourly
rate, the same applies to Rate category, but
Hourly rate is dependent on Rate category. So,
as before, we remove it, placing it in it's own
table, with the attribute it was dependent on as
key, as follows:
21. Normalization 21
Employee project table
Project number – part of key
Employee number – part of key
Employee table
Employee number - primary key
Employee name
Rate Category
Rate table
Rate category - primary key
Hourly rate
Arial
Project number - primary key
Project name
These tables are all now in 3rd normal form, and
ready to be implemented.
22. Normalization 22
There are other normal forms - Boyce-Codd
normal form, and 4th normal form, but these are
very rarely used for business applications. In
most cases, tables in 3rd normal form are already
in these normal forms anyway.
Before you start normalizing everything, a word
of warning. No process is better than common
sense. Take a look at this example.
Customer table
Customer Number - primary key
Name
Address
Postcode
Town
23. Normalization 23
What normal form is this table in? Giving it a
quick glance, we see:
no repeating groups, and a primary key defined,
so it's at least in 1st normal form.
There's only one key, so we needn't even look
for partial dependencies, so it's at least in 2nd
normal form.
How about transitive dependencies? Well, it
looks like Town might be determined by
Postcode. And in most parts of the world that's
usually the case.
So we should remove Town, and place it in a
separate table, with Postcode as the key?
24. Normalization 24
No! Although this table is not technically in 3rd
normal form, removing this information is not
worth it. Creating more tables increases the load
slightly, slowing processing down. This is often
counteracted by the reduction in table sizes, and
redundant data. But in this case, where the town
would almost always be referenced as part of the
address, it isn't worth it. Perhaps a company that
uses the data to produce regular mailing lists of
thousands of customers should normalize fully.
It always comes down to how the data is going to
be used. Normalization is just a helpful process
that usually results in the most efficient table
structure, and not a rule for database design.
25. Normalization 25
Further Reading:
Paper
Heathcote – pages 110 -114
De Watteville et al – pages 299 – 300
Mott et al – pages 106 - 123
Web
http://phoenix.ucr.edu/mis/mgt230/Lecture5/sld001.html
http://www.wamoz.com/rood/normalis.htm
(read “A concise dictionary of normal forms”)
http://www.problemsolving.com/codecorn/norm.htm
http://www.acm.org/classics/nov95/s1p4.html