NON PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
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This document discusses non-proliferative glomerulonephritis, including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, thin basement membrane disease, and fibronectin glomerulopathy. It describes the characteristics, causes, presentations, pathologies, and treatments of these forms of glomerulonephritis that present without visible changes to the glomerulus under microscopy. The document provides an overview of non-proliferative glomerulonephritis and the evaluation and management of these conditions.
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This document discusses nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis, which refer to kidney stones and urinary tract stones respectively. Stones form when substances in urine crystallize. Risk factors include hypercalcemia, dehydration, diet, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Stones are diagnosed using imaging tests and urine/blood tests. Treatment depends on stone size and location, and may include increased fluid intake, shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgery to remove stones. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing infection and obstruction, and educating patients on prevention of recurrent stones.
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This document defines acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure (ARF), and discusses its causes, diagnosis, and management. AKI is defined based on increases in serum creatinine and decreases in urine output. The main causes of AKI are pre-renal (decreased renal blood flow), renal (intrinsic kidney injury), and post-renal (urinary tract obstruction). Common etiologies include acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, and acute interstitial nephritis. Diagnosis involves laboratory and imaging tests. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, fluid management, and potentially renal replacement therapy. Prognosis depends on the severity and reversibility of the kidney injury
Diabetic Nephropathy
1. Diabetic nephropathy is a common cause of end stage renal failure characterized by a progressive increase in urine albumin and declining kidney function.
2. Tight control of blood pressure and glucose levels can help prevent decline in kidney function, with ACE inhibitors as first line treatment to reduce proteinuria.
3. For patients with microalbuminuria or reduced kidney function, screening and management involves monitoring albumin/creatinine ratio, blood pressure, and glucose levels to prevent progression of kidney disease.
clinical approach to Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
This document discusses rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). It begins by describing the original use of the term RPGN and the discovery of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody's role in Goodpasture syndrome. It then discusses three main types of RPGN - anti-GBM antibody disease, immune complex disease, and pauci-immune disease. The document provides details on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, treatment and prognosis of each type. It highlights that plasmapheresis and immunosuppression can benefit 40-45% of patients with anti-GBM antibody RPGN by preventing progression to end-stage renal disease or death.
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This document discusses cerebral malaria, beginning with its definition as an unarousable coma caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. It then covers the disease's epidemiology, noting it causes 300-500 million cases and over 1 million deaths annually worldwide, especially in Africa. The pathophysiology section explores the mechanical hypothesis of sequestration and rosetting of infected red blood cells in the brain vasculature and the toxin/cytokine hypothesis of an inflammatory response. Clinical features include seizures, altered consciousness, and possible neurological deficits upon recovery. Diagnosis relies on blood smears identifying the parasite, and treatment involves intensive care, antimalarial drugs like artesunate, and supportive care.
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This document provides an overview of kidney disease and glomerular diseases. It begins with the functions and anatomy of the kidney, focusing on the glomerulus and its role in filtration. It then discusses various glomerular diseases like nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, and common causes like minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Complications of nephrotic syndrome are also covered. The document provides detailed information on the pathology, clinical presentation, and treatment of different glomerular diseases.
Nephrotic syndrome final shivaom
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane that increases pore size and protein leakage. Loss of protein like albumin leads to edema as serum oncotic pressure decreases. Steroids are first line treatment but some patients are steroid resistant. Kidney biopsy guides treatment, which may include immunosuppressants for steroid resistant forms. Complications include infection, hypercoagulability, and renal failure.
Renal pathology lecture5 Nephrotic & Nephritic syndrome. Sufia Husain 2020
This document outlines the objectives and content for two pathology lectures on renal glomerular syndromes including nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. The lectures will cover the clinical presentation and pathological findings of key renal diseases like minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The lectures will discuss kidney biopsy techniques and the role of light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in the diagnosis of renal diseases. Key pathological mechanisms like the location of immune deposits and pathogenesis of glomerular
Approach to the patient with Glomerular Disease.
The document discusses the approach to patients with glomerular disease. It describes the structure and function of the glomerulus and capillaries. Common causes of glomerular disease include genetic mutations, infections, autoimmunity, hypertension, and diabetes. Key clinical syndromes are nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, basement membrane syndrome, glomerular-vascular syndrome, and infectious disease-associated syndrome. The initial workup involves a history, physical exam, urinalysis, and blood tests to help classify the glomerular disease.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome refers to a clinical condition characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is most commonly caused by minimal change disease in children and membranous nephropathy in adults. The pathogenesis involves structural or functional alterations of the glomerular basement membrane, leading to increased permeability and loss of plasma proteins in the urine. Long-term nephrotic syndrome can result in complications like hypercoagulability, lipid abnormalities, and progressive kidney damage.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (2).pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane that results in leakage of protein into the urine. This leads to decreased oncotic pressure and edema. Treatment involves diuretics to reduce edema, ACE inhibitors to reduce proteinuria, and steroids like prednisone to treat underlying causes. Nurses monitor for edema, infections, nutrition, and complications of treatment.
Lec nephrotic syndrome
1. Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
2. The primary glomerular causes of nephrotic syndrome include focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Systemic causes include diabetes mellitus and amyloidosis.
3. Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, while focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is most common in adults. Membranous nephropathy and membranoproliferative glomerulone
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. The most common causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease in children and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults. Other primary glomerular diseases that can present with nephrotic syndrome include membranous nephropathy and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Selective proteinuria indicates moderate glomerular damage while non-selective proteinuria indicates severe glomerular damage. The pathophysiology and clinical presentation of various glomerular diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome are discussed in detail in the document.
Glomerulonephritis.pptx..................
Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney. It can be caused by various factors like infections, autoimmune diseases, or genetic conditions. Patients may experience symptoms like blood or protein in the urine. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, kidney biopsy, and tests for antibodies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms, but often includes medications to reduce inflammation and protect kidney function. The prognosis can range from spontaneous remission to progressive kidney damage and failure.
Glomerulonephritis.pdf
Glomerulonephritis, or inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, can have many causes and presentations. It is generally classified based on the type and amount of protein and blood in the urine, as well as the parts of the kidney affected and whether the disease is primary or secondary. Common types include nephrotic disorders involving severe protein leakage, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, immune complex-mediated diseases, multiple myeloma-related diseases, and genetic diseases of the kidney. The document provides detailed descriptions of individual disease types, patterns seen on biopsy, associated conditions, and clinical manifestations.
Chronic Kidney Disease.pptx
This document discusses chronic kidney disease, including its etiology, pathogenesis, and complications. It begins by covering the normal anatomy and embryology of the kidney. It then describes the staging of CKD using the CGA classification system. The main causes of CKD are discussed, including congenital diseases, glomerular diseases, vascular diseases, tubulointerstitial diseases, and obstructive uropathies. The pathogenesis of glomerular injury is examined in depth. Finally, common complications of advanced CKD are outlined, such as anemia, cardiovascular abnormalities, and disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism.
Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome
This document discusses glomerular diseases and nephrotic syndrome. It begins by defining common pathological terms used to describe glomerular lesions, such as focal, diffuse, segmental, and proliferative. It then classifies glomerulopathies based on their clinical presentations, including nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Specific glomerular diseases are then discussed in more detail, with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome getting the most attention. It provides information on pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, prognosis, and treatment approaches for different glomerular diseases.
Secondary glomerular disorders.pptx
This document provides an overview of secondary glomerular disorders, including definitions and key details about specific conditions like diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, lupus nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, dysproteinemias, sickle cell nephropathy, HIV nephropathy, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and polyarteritis nodosa. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostics, and management of each condition. Terminology related to glomerular diseases and the structure of the glomerular
1.primary glomerular diseases
Primary glomerular diseases include various forms of glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Acute glomerulonephritis is defined by the sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and red blood cell casts. It is caused by an immunological reaction, often due to a streptococcal infection, that results in inflammation and proliferation in the glomerulus. Symptoms include edema, hypertension, and decreased kidney function. Treatment involves a low sodium diet, fluid restriction, antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics, and dialysis if needed. With treatment, most cases of acute glomerulonephritis resolve though some may progress to chronic kidney disease.
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1 glomerular disease & anatomy pysiology of kideny
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NON PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
- 1. NAME- SHARMA AVINASH GROUP- 517 TOPIC- NON PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS DATE-09/04/2019
- 2. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys). Many of the diseases are characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or of the small blood vessels in the kidneys, hence the name,but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component.
- 3. Minimal change disease Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Membranous glomerulonephritis Thin basement membrane disease Fibronectin glomerulopathy
- 4. is characterised as a cause of nephrotic syndrome without visible changes in the glomerulus on microscopy. Minimal change disease typically presents withedema, an increase in proteins passed from urine and decrease in blood protein levels, and an increase in circulating lipids (i.e., nephrotic syndrome) and is the most common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children. Although no changes may be visible by light microscopy, changes on electron microscopy within the glomerules may show a fusion of the foot processes of the podocytes (cells lining the basement membrane of the capillaries of glomerulus). It is typically managed with corticosteroids and does not progress to chronic kidney disease.
- 5. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterised by a sclerosis of segments of some glomerules. It is likely to present as a nephrotic syndrome. This form of glomerulonephritis may be associated with conditions such as HIV and heroin abuse, or inherited as Alport syndrome. The cause of about 20–30% of focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis is unknown. On microscopy, affected glomerules may show an increase in hyalin, a pink and homogenous material, fat cells, an increase in the mesangial matrix and collagen. Treatment may involve corticosteroids, but up to half of people with focal segmental glomerulonephritis continue to have progressive deterioration of kidney function, ending in kidney failure.
- 6. Membranous glomerulonephritis may cause either nephrotic or a nephritic picture. About two-thirds are associated with auto-antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor, but other associations include cancers of the lung and bowel, infections such as hepatitis B and malaria, drugs including penicillamine, and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Individuals with cerebral shunts are at risk of developing shunt nephritis, which frequently produces MGN.
- 7. Thin basement membrane disease is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by thin glomerular basement membranes on electron microscopy. It is a benign condition that causes persistent microscopic hematuria. This also may cause proteinuria which is usually mild and overall prognosis is excellent.
- 8. Fibronectin glomerulopathy is a rare form of glomerulopathy characterised by enlarged glomeruli with deposits in the mesangium and subendothelial space. The deposits have been shown to be fibronectin. This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant
- 9. Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria) Foamy urine due to excess protein (proteinuria) High blood pressure (hypertension) Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen
- 10. Urine examination Blood tests investigating the cause, including FBC, inflammatory markers, and special tests (including ASLO, ANCA, Anti- GBM, Complement levels, Anti-nuclear antibodies) Biopsy of the kidney Renal ultrasonography is useful for prognostic purposes in finding signs of chronic kidney disease, which however may be caused by many other diseases than glomerulonephritis.
- 11. Treatment for glomerulonephritis depends on the cause of your condition and your symptoms. Dietary changes In mild cases, your GP or dietitian will give you relevant advice about diet. You may be advised to reduce your intake of: foods that contain a high amount of salt foods or drinks that contain a high amount of potassium fluid
- 12. Immunosuppresents- (mycophenolate mofetil Azathioprine) Corticosteroids- hydrocortisone (Cortef), cortisone,predniso ne (Prednisone Intensol), High cholesterol Plasma exchange
- 13. Kidney dialysis Kidney transplant
- 14. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION :)