NON INVASIVE BCI FOR AAC.pdf

MUHAMMAD SHARIF M.PHIL (CS) BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
MY RESEARCH PAPER APPROVED FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN
NON-INVASIVE BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE FOR
AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION
NON INVASIVE BCI FOR AAC
MUHAMMAD SHARIF
STUDENT AT BAHRIA-UNIVERSITY
LAHORE CAMPUS
ALLAMA IQBAL TOWN LAHORE
muhammadsharif@skm.org.pk
DR. GULAM MUSTAFA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT
BAHRIA- UNIVERSITY LAHORE
CAMPUS
gmustafa.bulc@bahria.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
Brain-computer interface is the study of neuro-engineering to
explore and show how the brain can use external devices. I explain
and review the rules and principles of this human brain-computer
communication. BCI enhance the integration between human brain
and external devices and non-invasive neuro-modulation process to
improve mind-body interaction to perform the interaction and
performance. Brain-computer interface is the connection of
external man-made devices with the natural brain to provide new
output channels with all other external channels without any link
neuromuscular pathways. This neuroscience accomplishes the
user’s goal with the computer. BCI is already used in healthcare to
enhance the communication-interaction between computer and
human-brain. Patient with brain, spinal-cord injury can enhance
his, her computer-interaction without any big planning. Patient can
move his face and head that denoted some instructions that is read
by BCI project. Sometime patient or disabled person may face some
difficulty to create speech and touch the computer screen and other
mouse and keyboard devices. Patient can also interact with
computer by blinking of eyes that transfer some expression to BCI
system. BCI system decodes it and read the instruction and work
external devices according to the decoded-instructions. The BCI
control- signals are generated from electroencephalographic
activity. This process is done by receiving the brain-signals and
analyzes than and interprets them and transfers into a controlled
command that control the computer machine and other electronic
devices. [1]
We are going to research the BCI main branches in which brain
aspects of the BCI, BCI user engagement, mind-body awareness,
and brain imaging. Including these four trust areas, we will find a
facility and latest disable care of the brain and muscles and BCI
system on a large scale in daily life.[2]
A big challenge in BCI research is to find the process of
communication less invasive or even totally noninvasive. So that
even paralyzed patients to control their environment or robotic
limbs by using their thoughts and feeling. These types of type of
BCI if successful bring much neuroscience technology that is
usable for the patient as well as the general population.
Keywords
Brain-computer interface (BCI); Brain-machine interface (BMI);
Electroencephalography (EEG); Motor imagery (MI); Sensory
motor rhythm (SMR)
INTRODUCTION
The BCI means to provide the interface of computer with physical
brain. The ARPA-agency becomes interested in technologies that
develop a bionic application that communicate between computer
and human brain. After some time Dr. George Lawrence develops
a technique that maintains the load of the brain known as
biofeedback technique. The research developed important insights
on biofeedback but make less progress to reaches its stated goal.
After some time a program was developed known as bio
cybernetics has become the main source of bionic research
BCI gives two core benefits to their disable users. An AAC and
other is to provide the ability to move independently around in and
interact within or outside their environment. It becomes the core
research-topic due to its hand free movement of interaction within
or out-side the environment as well as the computer environment.
It becomes an interacting topic for researchers due to its means of
controlling the external devices by the severely disabled person.
The main examples of detecting and directing the movements of
electronic things. BCI provides the facility to severely disabled
people or spinal cord damage to provide a technological
environment. BCI system decodes human intentions without
requiring invasive surgical puncturing and surgical process. BCI is
the ease of use and lost cost procedure so that server motor disabled
patients can use and interact with the technological environment.
Brain-computer interface (BCIs) means to provide interface and
interaction between computers and humans. It is also the study of
Novel access to computers by means of augmentative and
alternative communication systems. It provides access to people for
accessing the system by using their physical impairments. Hardly
working is done on the BCI system from the last decay. Previous
BCI provides the Communication aspects with system via spelling
system utilization.[3]
AAC includes all the forms of transfer systems that share feeling
without talking. you can use AAC when you feel to communicate
with computers with gestures and facial expressions. BCI provides
human interaction as well as comfortableness and reliability to the
people who are with impairments physically. The potential for BCI
is to provide Physical interaction to improve autonomy for disable
users and eventually a healthy person can get output. My effort is
using to BCI interface with physical external devices real as well
as virtual environments. In the BCI environment, Cued cursor work
as actual and virtual movement for communication but its activity
of daily utility is limited. Researcher researching the electro-

biological signals in the research institute from the last decade. The
ELECTRODES are used for tasks such as monitoring the
movements of a cursor and spelling the words. The EEG AND
SMR related BCI can be used in robotics by motor-imagery. BCI
detects the intention of the user and provide feedback to those users.
These feedback intentions taken from the brain via BCI AND SMR
can be used as a alternative source for different or similar pre-
programmed robotic motion task. BCI provide are assistive
technology that captures brain activities and translates into
machine-readable signals to control and manipulate. The process of
studying and sensing the electromagnetically signals obtained
FROM THE SCALP of head by EEG device is shown below figure
1.
Fig.1. Diagram show the BCI environment based on
motor imagery. A user imagine motor actions without
performing any movements. Motor-imagery create some
signals that can be read by EEG.[1] EEG filter them and
decode them to determine the user’s intents. When one
time user intents are determined, a number of actions can
be performed by natural-motor movements
The brain-computer interface was first introduced by MIPT
BASED on an artificial neural network that works with the help of
(electroencephalography) EEG it is a process or project that records
brain waves via electrodes placed on the brain. The environmental
images focused on the EEG in real-time. Brain-computer interface
basically used for capturing the external information by EEG and
understand by the human brain. This process is called
neurorehabilitation purposes. BCI control and translate signals into
the control signal that are studied by the computer application. BCI
are assistive technology that can potentially facilitate pre-clinical
or non-clinical. Brain-computer interface is the process in which a
physical impairment individual can communicate with the
environment without any hardness. Individuals can meet their
expressions with the environments through natural speech or hard
typing. BCI interacts with brain activities through
neurophysiological signals that are used as an access point. BCI
also known as the language expression methodology. BCI is the
assistive technology used as augmentative and alternative
communication. Eyes' gaze and tracking of head are examples of
BCI that used for AAC that offered to the individuals for generating
the machine-understandable messages that are conveyed to BCI for
recognition. BCI monitors all electrical signals of the brain
generated by Brain scalp via electrodes that give access to more
communication with social interactions for people with SSPI.
Mind-Body Awareness Training
Mind-body awareness training is the (MBAT) exercise that tell the
body how to act with in the environment and outside the
environment. It increase the interest rate of potential health
benefits’. MBAT also improve the concentration with the
technology. Yoga with EEG is the efficient technique for good
practices. It reduces the stress of mind and anxiety. Meditation is
the way of awareness training that includes both internal and
external stimuli. It increases the attention. There are two types of
meditations like mind full-based and concentrative-based
meditations. This all discusses motor imaginary performance.
TYPES OF BCI BASED AAC.
Actually, BCI is helped with the following two types of AAC.
UNAIDED SYSTEM
An unaided system is the process of body thoughts and feeling
that translate to other environments. That means it includes gestures
body, facial expressions and signed languages.
AIDED SYSTEM
That includes the hardware type microelectrodes and other
devices like the BCI project.
BCI Components
In this paper I discuss SMR BASED BCI approach, I focus to
provide the facility to enhance the neuroscience knowledge to
maximize the performance of BCI communication. This technique
record the scalp EEG signals to integrate with MI to improve BCI
performance. It also deals with the mind-body awareness training
to judge what kind of signals and what the signals meanings. [4]
Noninvasive BCI consists of many components in which some
of them are shown below.
1 Stimulus-Presentation paradigm ( auditory etc.)
2 A signal-acquisition like EEG data and eye tracker etc.
3 Preprocessing like signal-filtering.
4 contextual evidence like word completion
5 EEG evidence
6 SMR interface
7 Joint inference
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF
SENSORIMOTOR RHYTHMS
BCI assistive technology consists of five components:
From brain, it consist EEG device , ECoG, Single unit fixed
in cortex. EEG is fixed at the brain skull. ECoG is fixed inside the
skull. They all capture user intent and user movements. In external
part there is a Computer device that can generate the device control

commands. These control commands can control temperature ,
communication and internet and other robotic arms.[1][5]
BCI project detects the brain intent that activated within the
brain by brain holders. Continually changing in user brain intent,
the BCI-system should be able to capture it continually. These
continually changing brain thoughts generate the electrical signals
brains. This system is done by using micro-electrodes fixed within
the brain. The microelectrodes control a cursor on a computer-
screen non-invasively.
The long term BCI AAC is to facilitate the individuals to
participate with the health, social, and community environments.
Utility of BCIs, BCI gives pathological treatment that minimizes
the clinical dependency for the disability. BCIs are the new avenues
for the patient that suffers from limitations disable of the necessity
of residual motor ability like limb, head or eye and any other body
part movements. This technology is working at an advanced level
in the robotics. BCI gives hospital patients or unreliable muscle
user-controlled channel for the augmentative and alternative
communication with the independently with environment. BCI
detects the brain signals from brain muscles and translates them
into the machine-understandable program. These BCI instructions
are consist of user intent. Assistive technology Human study has
shown that the surrounding environment can be controlled by some
movement of a prosthetic device that is implanted within the brain.
BCI provides the engagement for disabled sensorimotor man an
interface and connection between physical devices and users. BCI
increases the engagement between users and the system.
BCI is attached on the scalp of the human brain sensorimotor areas
that operated by the modulation of EEG activity, these modulations
are used to limit the hand movement of the patient and directly
communicate with computer or prosthetic devices. This process
will minimize the movements of human hands and other physical
parts and does not limit the interaction between the human and
computer. The BCI mental activities are put forward into the
prosthetic devices that act as received from the electrical signals
emitted from the BCI environment. This complete environment has
not yet been developed but the Principle's aim is to create it. It is
the assistive communication platform between a human disable
person and an intelligent machine. BCI recover the difficulty of
human mobility. There are various input signal and methodology
are studied by researcher for alternative and communication and to
control the physical devices
METHODOLOGY
BCI is a device. Brain-computer interface has two parts. First part
is translate and decoding the brain signal. Second using that brain
signals using machine to transmit that signals to a machine. It is
also called fireless handsets. Its alternative name is EEG that
contains electrodes, gel and sensors. It is fixed on the head like
helmet. The device have wireless sensors and electrodes. It receives
the sensorimotor rhythm. They are generated from motor imagery
tasks. Motor imagery task are done by the brain at the need of user.
User wants to show his need by some intent. These user intent are
decoded by the BCI. Some sensors are also used for receiving the
user intents. These sensors are implanted or fixed within the brain.
This BCI technology becoming famous in the recent years due to
its noninvasively communication. One example of noninvasive
technology is Electroencephalography (EEG). EEG device record
the scalp signals. These signals are in intra-cortical sense. The
movement of these signals are depend on eyes directions. This type
is also known as dependent BCI. If the user intents are received to
EEG without any eye direction. non-invasive
electroencephalogram-based brain-computer interface create
bioelectrical signals that shows the user intent, produce the real-life
action. This type of communication is called independent BCI. The
BCI give the basic two means. An alternative mean of
communication, and provide the physical interaction for the
disabled persons and alternative pathway for the healthy users. If
the user intent correlate with control commands, the BCI will work.
The user intent generate a specific task that he she wand on
computer. BCI will work on the user intent. This users intent
translation depend on the specific instruction of process[6]
Source Analysis and BCIs
SMR BASED BCIs can be used in the case of event related case
that are observed at the motor cortex with electrodes. When the task
is being performed the large number of neurons is used to perform
alpha/mu at the rate 8-13 Hz. When the imagining or other
movement the cortical-processing is performed to encode the
movements of state of body.
SIGNALS PROCESSING
Signal translational-algorithm convert independent variable
into dependent variables like sensorimotor rhythm into control
commands. These commands must be independent to each other’s.
For example vertical cursor movement does not depend on
horizontal cursors movements. These movement of cursor depend
on the user intent. If the user intent does not correlate with these
control commands, do nothing.
Its work was to determine the possibility for the biological-
signals, analyzed in real-time by a computer that helps to control
the vehicles, weaponry or other system. BCI receive and translate
the signal into instructions that can controls and perform the
computer actions. The brain is connected with electrodes that are
fixed within the EEG device. The signal received form the brain
could be in the form of metabolic and magnetic in nature. All the
patient and human expression are obtained by these signals. These
metabolic-signals are converted into digital signals that are
accomplishes the user intentions into control the external devices
like wheelchair. This work is done by using some algorithms.
Different Techniques and paradigms of BCI communication
in the field of Non-invasive augmentative and alternative
communications:
Event-related-potentials(ERP)
Slow-Cortical-potentials
Sensorimotor-rhythms SMR
Attention based BCI
MOTER-IMAGERY BCI
Visual based BCI (event-related potentials and steady-state
visual evoked potentials)
Motor-imagery based BCI means that a machine that
performed an action that are based some movements of motor such
as limbs. Some other BCI system is like inactive BCI, reactive BCI
and affective BCI. All these BCI are used to control devices and
applications by inner movement of user brain. Some types of BCI
are independent and dependent BCI. Independent BCI does not
depend on the peripheral nerves and muscles to create the brain

activity to perform functions. Dependent BCI is based on peripheral
and muscles to perform function and task. If this research I am
discussing on BCI research that related to sensorimotor-rhythms
and electron and motor-imagery.
Like other kind of communication BCI also uses input, an output
and a translation algorithm that convert the former and paralyzed
person activities into the latter. BCI consists of many brain activity
feature that is used to measure those features.
BCI Methodology and features:
BCI brain scalp electrode type and their locations.
1. ELECTROONCEPHALOGRAPHY and SMR is a BCI
system that is also known as non-invasive BCI, used to easy access
of Computers and humans using eye tracker or minimal head
movement.
2. CONTINOUS CONTROL.
BCI system must be able to continuous change and give
quickly respond with the
3. A controller for intelligent motion devices that can follow
complex paths based on a small set of commands;
4. A device of information transmission between the BCI
environment and system.
5. A biofeedback technique that improves the performance
of communication and decrees the mental load
BCI is the user Engagement with the system that is the fundamental
outcome that tells the expected satisfaction and users comfortable.
Response and throughput of the technical assistance tell the
performance of the system with the user of the system. There are
many sophisticated challenges related to the BCI that are related to
AT that we can feel by expert end-users that told us about our
challenges in BCI. The end-user challenges are that they want a
BCI system should be safe, reliable and should be at a normal level.
In this review report paper, we will discuss on noninvasive EEG
based BCI system that is useful for the AAC are consist following
Factors.
TIME-FREQUENCY MODULATION OF
SENSORIMOTOR RHYTHMS AND BCI
EEG with ECoG read and judges the potentials that is combined
with neural activity and is used to judge the basic cortical process.
They make visible oscillation that are spread over the entire brain.
It found the important functions of motor and cognitions. The event
related frequency band can be decrees and increase. If amplitude
decrease the low-frequency in SMR, is known as
desynchronization. If amplitude increase in a frequency band is
known as event related synchronization. [1][2]
My study demonstrates that execution of movement can be found
to decrease the alpha and beta band of frequency. Motor imagery
mostly case ERD rare ERD.
We can discriminate the sensory-motor information by means of
ERS AND ERD. The frequency of alpha-beta band SMR can be
determined by the organized in a somatotropin manner. The EEG-
SMR relates along with the source imaging study is to work with
the movement of different body parts is known as Homunculus.
This movement of EEG SENSORIMOTOR Rhythms can be used
to find out the brain states and movement of limb which tell about
the EEG BASED BCI information. SMR signal is a very low-
frequency band less than 1 Hz that are exploring for studying the
kinematic information. BCI developer and researcher are working
to find out to convert a very low-frequency band of 2D and 3D
velocity to useful movement for the result of sensorimotor rhythms.
Online BCI that have very low band allow user to acquire 2D
movement control at short training time. The Hand and finger
kinematics and oscillations in ECOG refer to local motor potentials.
SMR has the ability to detect the physiological processes and their
interactions within and across sites. SMR information can get out
of the cerebral cortex. On decoding of the frequency band,
neurophysiological information becomes the part of BCI control.
BCI’S FEATURE TRANSLATION AND
EFFECTOR
By feature, the translation technique means that what are the
algorithms that translate the goal of mind as an input variable into
Machine control commands for achieving the user’s intent.
Common this algorithm capture the intent of the user form the brain
and then convert then into machine learning accurately and reliably.
This algorithm works spontaneously and encourages and facilitates
the user’s acquisition of better control.
SIGNAL-PROCESSING BCI FOR
COMMUNICATION
Signal-processing is the same technique as other processing held.
It means that the signal emitted from the BCI environment goes
through the air into the application server and the system work on
them as the signal wants to do. EEG capture and record brain
activity fixed on the brain via electrode at very low signal-to-noise
ratio and send to HEADBOX that is directly connected with
computer. BCI Electrodes can carefully capture information from
the brain and send to the EEG computer system for reading them
and action them as the man record its activity to EEG via minor
momentum. The goal of signals in a BCI system is to enhance the
STN ratio of EEG that carry out the user’s message and commands.
To study this topic the study of a major-source of noise is essential.
Noise detection and discrimination are very understandable when
more than one frequency are matched with each other.
BCI TRANSLATION ALGORITHMS
There are 5 to 6 devices to convert user intent into useful
information. First of all patient that want to communicate with
environment. Second is EEG-HEADERBOX. Third is EEG-
AMPLIFIER. 5th
is pc and AD-CARD.
First device is called my me is patient. That has sensors attached
on his head. This sensors have box that contain configurations that
can capture user intents. 2nd
thins was amplifier that has small
voltages and a AD converters. It is also called bio signal deveice
that convert the signals into state of predictions. This amplifier is
used to judge the which kind of signal what shows the users
intent. The state prediction signals also judge the user states.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY:
When we move our left and right hand to show our expression
to the BCI system, it makes it into bit. At a time many numbers of

brain activities occur due to brain perceptions and movements, at
these state.
Motor-imagery is BCI technology that used when we move our
hands and foots. It create certain type of sensorimotor-cortex and
mind-brain pattern. It is based on motor-imagery spellers. These
motor-imagery spellers have many movements. Like left hand
movements and right hand movement and feet movements.
Fig.2. It show a imagery-control diagram that control a
wireless system by moving the left and right hand movement.
Both hands are work for different purpose.[1]
Placing BCI-EEG cap on the head that performs calibration session
during which at user extension move to the EEG system. When the
calibration session receives data from the brain and EEG, data is
extracted that gives the dynamic activities of the brain. Next, we
remove the outliers and artifacts. It uses advanced learning
technology and uses a support vector machine. After all, set up, we
start the BCI application and do an experiment by typewriting. If
BCI give feedback, it works as a fully automatic machine as
illustrated in the diagram of Fig:2[1]
Figure 2 shows how to collect data from the environment. We
know that in the environment the BCI system every moving event
is the target for the BCI. These events and target and no target
events. These events further pre-processing module is used as data
normalization. The last best feature and channels are selected. The
CSP-spatial filtering increases the reparability between target and
non-target classes. These steps are explained below.
Visual stimuli paradigm.[5]
Figure 3 showing the 8 arrows and 5 small squares. These
arrows were designed to show the events in the environments for
robotic devices that show steering directions. Each arrow and
square is associated with another environmental event. These
events are likely held in desk, door, and room, etc. Each symbol is
indiscriminately flashed with a uniform-distribution. The target
event occurs only once on each 15 flashes. All that worked events
show that how a robotic count these events mentally. A training
phase occurs before the testing session. Usually, the training
consists of approximately 80 target events and 1100 no target
events. [7]
BCI uses an algorithm to translate its BCI-input into BCI output
signals. These algorithms might be linear or non-linear equations.
Actually, BCI output is the cursor movement and provide the
feedback that to user and BCI environment. In addition to BCI
input translational equation and other BCI output, BCI has other
distinctive-characteristics. These include its ON/OFF mechanism,
response time and BCI information transfer rate. BCI operation
mostly depends on the user input wishes that are being transferred
into MACHINE, that the system measures the signals and omit its
related outputs into the signal controls. This system also provides
the special environment and facility so that the end BCI user can
generate its report and other motor and muscles disable persons can
research the specific field of interest. They can generate the book
in their interesting topics. BCI can use any kind of motor imagery
like right and left-hand movement or another mental movement to
produce electronic signals. A severe speech and disable person if,
he is a professor can also teach and can give training to their
students. Motor disable can increase the HCI and can take benefits
in the medical and education fields.
APPLICATION OF BCI
Non-invasive BCI system used by the patient to control the
internet browsers and the external computer system by his/her
extent or intensions. Brain activities can be measured by the non-
invasively with the help of an electroencephalogram device.
BCI is one that control you conscious voluntary thoughts that
are generated by your movements of limbs and other things. It is
direct manipulation with the applications. BCI is used to play video
games non-invasively. It crack the neural code into useful
information as the user want.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION:
The quality of life can be improved by using this technology
as I discuss in the previous. This quality is only discussed in the
area of individuals who are in severe motor impairments. BCI
system cannot relieve but it can give an environment to an
individual to interact with computer interaction. In other sense the
patient can also be fixed in the patient room since the individual
can patient can interact with the system her/ his own. A BCI can
simply be defined it is direct communication between the human
brain and the computer system. It improves the health status of
those who are disabled by motor disability. It reduces the cost of
users because BCI is also usable in education, entertainment and in
almost all hospitals for healthcare. There are a number of benefits
in healthcare.
CONCLUSION REMARKS.
BCI provide independence to individuals and improve the quality
of comfortable life. Basic limitation of BCI system is signal process
when received form brain and prone to BCI system. If they are
damaged, causes many hardens as minimizing the interaction and
skipping the communication process. Other challenges such as BCI
can enhance the risk of hemorrhage and infection rate of patient.
[6] BCI is used to control the computer and devices now a reality.
Now a day BCI is mostly used non-invasively in the environment.
This process is used mental and brain signals. Wearable sensors like
BCI electrodes are used for communications. This process is
carried out with signal processing algorithms. This paper
reviewed on the process of neuromodulation and
neuroscience to improve the BCI improve ness and
The approaches reviewed in this paper, including integrating
noninvasive- neuromodulation-techniques to improve the
learning of BCI control. BCI may increase their user to
control BCIs fasters.

REFERENCE:
[1] B. He, B. Baxter, B. J. Edelman, C. C. Cline, and W. W.
Ye, “Noninvasive brain-computer interfaces based on
sensorimotor rhythms,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 103, no. 6, pp.
907–925, 2015.
[2] G. Schalk, D. J. Mcfarland, T. Hinterberger, N.
Birbaumer, J. R. Wolpaw, and A. B. I. B. C. I.
Technology, “BCI2000 : A General-Purpose Brain-
Computer Interface ( BCI ) System,” vol. 51, no. 6, pp.
1034–1043, 2004.
[3] J. R. Wolpaw, N. Birbaumer, D. J. McFarland, G.
Pfurtscheller, and T. M. Vaughan, “Brain-computer
interfaces for communication and control,” Clin.
Neurophysiol., vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 767–791, 2002.
[4] J. R. Wolpaw et al., “definition of the term BCI put
forward in this session 1: ‘A brain–computer interface is a
communication system that does not depend on the brain’s
normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and
muscles.’Brain-computer interface technology: a review
of t,” IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 164–
173, 2000.
[5] D. C. Irimia, R. Ortner, G. Krausz, C. Guger, and M. S.
Poboroniuc, BCI application in robotics control, vol. 45,
no. 6 PART 1. IFAC, 2012.
[6] I. Olaronke, I. Rhoda, I. Gambo, O. Oluwaseun, and O.
Janet, “Prospects and Problems of Brain Computer
Interface in Healthcare,” Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol.
29, no. 6, pp. 1–17, 2018.
[7] M. Akcakaya et al., “Noninvasive brain-computer
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August 2015, pp. 31–49, 2014.

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