This document discusses the development and applications of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to enhance communication for individuals with physical impairments. It highlights the non-invasive nature of BCIs, the methods for translating brain activity into machine-readable signals, and the potential for these technologies to provide greater autonomy and interaction with the environment for disabled users. The research emphasizes the importance of continual improvements in BCI systems to ensure their reliability, performance, and user engagement.

1. TOPIC: RESEARCH ON BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE
Written By: MUHAMMAD SHARIF(MSCS FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD,BULC)
ABSTRACT:
Brain-computer interface is the study of neuroengineering to explore and show that how the
brain can use external devices . I explain and review the rules and principes of this human brain
computer communication. BCI enhance the integration between human brain and external
devices and noninvasive neuromodulation process to improve incorporating mind body
interaction to perform the interaction and performance. Brain-computer interface is the
connection of external man made devices with natural brain to provide new output channel
with all other external channels with out any link neuromuscular pathways. This neuroscience
accomplish the user’s goal with computer .
We are going to research on the BCI main brainches in which brain aspect of the BCI, BCI user
engagement, mind-body awareness and brain imaging. Including these four trust areas we will
find facility and latest disable care of brain and musclues and BCI system in the large scale in
the daily life.
A big challenge in BCI research is to find the process of communication less invasive or even
totally noninvasive. So that even paralyzed patients to control their environment or robotic
limbs by using their thoughts and feeling. Theise types of type of BCI if succefull , bring much
neuroscience technology that is usable for patient as well as general population.
INTRODUCTION:
BCI give two core benefit to their disable users. An AAC and other is to provide ability to move
independently around in and interact with their environment. It become the core research
topic due to its hand free movement of interaction with the environment as well as computer
environment. It become interacting topic for researcher due to its means of controling the the
external devices by the serverely disabled person. The main examples of detecting and
directing the the moton of wheelchair, controlling a semi-autonomous assistive robot and
using neuroprosthesis.
BCI provide the facility to the serverely disabled people or spinal cord damage to provide the
technological environemt. BCI system decode the human intentions without requiring invasive
surgical procedures and surgical process. BCI is ease of use and lost cost procedure so that
server motor disabled patient can use and interact with technological environment.EEG based
BCI signal types include stimuli-evoked potential , slow cortical potentials and sensorimotor
rhythms. Brain-computer interface (BCIs) means to provide interface and interaction between

2. computers and humans. It is also the study of Novel access to computers by means of
augmentative and alternative communication systems. It provides access to people for
accessing the system by using their physical impairments. Hardly working is done on the BCI
system from the last decay. Previous BCI provide the Communication aspects with system via
spelling system utilization.
AAC include all the form of transfer system that share feeling with out talking . you can use AAC
when you feel to communicate with computer with gesture and facial expressions.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
BCI provides human interaction as well as comfortableness and reliability to the people who are
with impairments physically. The potention for BCI is to provide Physical interaction to improve
autonomy for disable users and eventually healthy person can get output. My effort is using to
BCI interface with physical external devices real as will as virtual environments. In the bci
environment Cued cursor work as actual and virtual movement for communication but its
activity of daily utility is limited. Researcher researching on the electro-biological signals in the
research institute from last decade. The biological signals obtained from the brain non-
invasively from the scalp through EEG and SMR. They both used for the tasks such as controlling
a cursor and spelling a word. The EEG AND SMR base BCI can also be used in semi-autonomous
robotic arm by means of motor imagery. BCI detect the intention of user and provide feedback
to that users. These feedback intention taken from brain via BCI AND SMR can be used as
trigger and alternative source for different pre programmed robotic motion tasks.BCIs provide
are assistive technology that captures brain activities and translates into machine-readable
signals to control and manipulate.
The brain-computer interface was first introduced by MIPT BASED on an artificial neural
network that works with the help of (electroencephalography) EEG it is a process or project that
records brain waves via electrodes placed on the scalp of the noninvasively on the brain. The
environmental images focused on the EEG in realtime. Brain-computer interface basically used
for capturing the external information by EEG and understand by the human brain. This process
is called neurorehabilitation purposes.BCI control and translate signals into the control signal
that are studied by the computer application BCIs are assistive technology that can potentially
facilitate the translation from pre-clinical demonstrations to a clinical useful BCI. Brain-
computer interface is the process in which a physical empairment individual can communicate
with the environment without any hardness. Individuals can meet their expressions with the
environments through natural speech or hard typing. BCI interacts with brain activities through
neurophysiological signals that are used as an access point. BCI also known as the language
expression methodology. BCI is the assistive technology used as augmentative and alternative
communication. Eyes' gaze and tracking of head are examples of BCI that used for AAC that
offered to the individuals for generating the machine-understandable messages that are
conveyed to BCI for recognition. BCI monitors all electrical signals of the brain generated by
Brain scalp via electrodes that give access to more communication with social interactions for
people with SSPI.
TYPES OF BCI BASED AAC.

4. Actuly bci is helped with the following two types of AAC..
UNAIDED SYSTEM
Unaided system is the process of body thoughts and feelling that translate to other
environments. That means it includes gestures body , facial expressions and signed languages.
AIDED SYSTEM
That include the hardware type neuroelectrodes and other devices like BCI project.
BCI Components
In this paper I discuss SMR BASED BCI approach , I focus to provide facility to inhance the
neuroscience knowledge to maximize the performance of BCI communication. This technique
record the scalp EEG signals to integrate with MI to improve BCI performance. It also deal with
the mind body awareness training to judge what kind of signals and what the signals meanings.
Noninvasive BCI consists of many components in which some of them are shown below.
1 Stimulus Presentation paradigm ( auditory, visual, tactile, etc.)
2 A signal acquisition like EEG data and eye tracker etc.
3 Preprocessing like signal filtering.
4 Dimensionality reduction.
5 contextual evidence like word completion
6 EEG evidence
7 SMR interface
7 Joint inference
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF SENSORIMOTOR RHYTHMS
BCI assistive technology consists of five components:
(i) The input modalities for devices.
(ii) Processing of signal detection and recognition.
(iii) Language recognition and manipulation like graphical user interface GUI.
(iv) Output modalities like text and voice is also a possibility.

5. (v) The functional gains of the device.
(vi) And algorithm that map the input to output
(vii) Waves of event related potentials
(viii) Steady state visual evocked potential.
BCI project detect the brain intent that activated within the brain by brain holders.
Continuely changing in user brain intent , BCI system sould be able to detect it continuely.
This continuely changing of brain thoughts generate the electrical signals that are recorded
within the brain to control the movement of other external brains. This system is done by
using microelectrodes implanted within the brain. The microelectrodes control a cursor on a
computer screen noninvasively.
The long term BCI AAC is to facilitate the individuals to participate with the health,
social, and community environments. Utility of BCIs, BCI gives pathological
treatment that minimizes the clinical dependency for the disability. BCIs are the new
avenues for the patient that suffers from limitations disable of the necessity of
residual motor ability like limb, head or eye movements. This technology is working
at an advanced level in the robotics.BCI gives hospital patients or unreliable muscle
user-controlled channel for the augmentative and alternative communication with
the independently with environment. BCI detects the brain signals from brain
muscles and translates them into the machine-understandable program. These BCI
instructions are consist of user intent. Assistive technology Human study has shown
that the surrounding environment can be controlled by some movement of a
prosthetic device that is implanted within the brain. BCI provide the engagement for
disabled sensorimotor man a interface and connection between physical devices and
users. BCI increase the engagement in between user and system.
BCI is attached on the scalp of the human brain sensorimotor areas that operated by the
modulation of EEG activity, these modulations are used to limit the hand movement of the
patient and directly communicate with computer or prosthetic devices. This process will
minimize the movements of human hands and other physical parts and does not limit the
interaction between the human and computer. The BCI mental activities are put forward into
the prosthetic devices that act as received from the electrical signals emitted from the BCI
environment. This complete environment has not yet been developed but the Principle's aim is
to create it. It is the assistive communication platform between a human disable person and an
intelligent machine. BCI recover the difficulty of human mobility. There are various input signal
and methodology are studied by researcher for alternative and communication and to control
the physical devices

6. METHODOLOGY
Essential Features of a Brain-computer interface (BCI)
BCI was first defined by Hans Berger in 1929 , BCI might allow to act on a environment without
the normal intermediaries of peripheral nerves and muscles , further 1970 many computer
scientist developed a communication chennal that record electrical activities from head. At the
early of that decade the ARPA agency become in the interested in technologies that develop a
bionic application that communicate between computer and human brain. After some time
Dr.George Lawrence develop a technique that maintain the load of brain known as biofeedback
technique. The research was develop a valuable insights on biofeedbackbut make minimal
progress to reaches at its stated goal. After some time a program was developed known as
biocybernetics was become the main source of bionic research. Its work was to evaluate the
possibility that biological signals , analyzed in real-time by computer that helps to control the
vehicles, weaponry or other system.
Different types of BCI communication in the field of Non-invasive agmentative and alternative
communications:
BCI-EEG
BCI-EMG
BCI-SMR
BCI-EEG active is less prominent than EMG activity. EEG based bci communication is depend on
muscle control it measn that where the eyes are directed, wheres the EEG based control that
does not depend on muscle control. These are distinguish one from other on the based of
Careful spectral and topographical analysis. These systems use either eeg activity recorded
from the scalp or the activity of individual cortical neurons recorded from implanted electrodes.
But these are the low band-width devices, offering maximum information transfer ratesof 5-25
bit/min at best. Like other kind of communication bci also uses input , an output and a
translation algorithm that convert the former and paralyzed person activities into the latter.BCI
consists many brain activity feature that is ued to measure that features .
BCI Methodology and features:
Bci use frequency-domain features denoted by U rhythmsoccuring in specific areas of cortext.

7. And time-domain features at the rate of P300 potentials
BCI brain scalp electrode type and their locations.
Most BCI systems use EEG or single-unit features that originate mainly in somatosensory or
motor area of cortext
The key elements of the system are:
1. ELECTROONCEPHALOGRAPHY and SMR is a BCI system that is also known as non-
invasive BCI, used to easy access of Computers and humans using eye tracker or minimal
head movement.
2. CONTINOUS CONTROL. BCI system must be able to continuous change and give quickly
respond with the
3. A controller for intelligent motion devices that can follow complex paths based on a
small set of commands;
4. A device of information transmission between the BCI environment and system.
5. A biofeedback technique that improve the performace of communication and decrees
the mental load
BCI is the user Engagement with the system that is the fundamental outcome that tells the
expected satisfaction and users comfortable. Response and throughput of the technical
assistance tell the performance of the system with the user of the system. There are many
sophisticated challenges related to the BCI that are related to AT that we can feel by expert
end-users that told us about our challenges in BCI. The end-user challenges are that they want a
BCI system should be safe, reliable and should be at a normal level. In this review report paper
we will discuss on noninvasive EEG based BCI system that is useful for the AAC are consist
following Factors.
1 TIME-FREQUENCY MODULATION OF SENSORIMOTOR RHYTHMS
EEG and SMR are the cellular potential that is associated with neural activity that are related to
the cortext process. They exhibit endogenous oscillation that is widespread across the entire
brain, and have been found to be related to important aspects of motor function, sensory
perception or cognition. The process when oscillatory rhythm increasing the amplitude by
means of high frequency band is known as Event-Related synchronization (ERS). And when the
Task related modulation in sensorimotor rhythm is usually manifested as amplitude decrease
the low frequency components alpha/beta band is called event related desynchronization.
Some time motor imagery can cause ERD and some causes ERS in primary sensorimotor areas.
We can discriminate the sensory motor information by means of ERS AND ERD. The frequency

8. of alpha and beta band SMR can be determined by the organized in a somatotopic manner. The
EEG-SMR is relate along with the source imaging study is work with the movement of
different body parts is known as Homunculus. These movement of EEG SENSORIMOTOR
Rhythms can be used to find out the brain states and movement of limb which tell about the
EEG BASED BCI information. SMR signal are very low frequency band less then 1 Hz that are
explore for the studying the kinematic information. BCI developer and researcher are working
to find out to convert very low frequency band of 2D and 3D velocity to usefull movement for
result of sensorimotor rhythms. Online BCI that have very low band allow user to acquire 2D
movement control at short training time. The Hand and finger kinematics and oscillations in
ECOG refer to local motor potentials. SMR has ability to detect the physiological processes and
heir interactions within and across sites. SMR information can be getout from cerebral cortex.
On decoding of frequency band neurophysiological information become the part of BCI control.
BCI’S FEATURE TRANSLATION AND EFFECTOR
Bci feature translation technique means that what are the algoriths that traslate goal of mind as
input variable into Machine control commands for achieving the user’s intent. Common the
these algorithm capture the inten of user form brain and then convert then into machine
learning accurately and reliably. These algorithm work spontaneously and encourage and
facilitate the user’s acquisition of better control.
SIGNAL PROCESSING AND INFERENCE IN BCI FOR COMMUNICATION
Signal processing is the same technique as other processing held. It means that the signal
emitted from the BCI environment go through the air into the application server and system
work on them as the signal wants to do. EEG capture and record brain activity fixed on the brain
via electrode at very low signal-to-noise ratio and send to HEADBOX that is directly connected
with computer. BCI Electrodes can carefully capture information from the brain and send to the
EEG computer system for reading them and action them as the man record its activity to EEG
via minor momentum. The goal of signal analysis in a BCI system is to maximize the signal-to-
noise ratio of the EEG of eeg that carry the user’s message and commands. To study this topic
the study of major source of noise is essential. Noise detection and discrimination are very
understandable when the more than one frequencies are matched with each other.
BCI TRANSLATION ALGORITHMS

9. BCI translational algorithms is a series of computations that transforms the BCI input features
derived by the signal processing stages into actual device control commands.Different BCI’s use
different translation algorithms. Each translational algorithm can be classified in terms of three
key features:
1 transfer function
2 adaptive capacity
3 output
The transfer function should be linear and linear discriminant analysis , linear equations and
non linear nural network
The algorithm can be adaptive or non adaptive. The adaptive algorithm can be use more
sophisticated machnine-learning algorithms.the diversity in translation algorithms among
research groups in due in part to diversity in their intended real world applications. The goal of
above discussion is to improve the performance and practicability for the chosen applications.

10. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY:
When we move our left and right hand to show our expression to bci system, it make it into bit.
At a time many number of brain activities are occour due to brain perceptions and movements,
at these state
As a result bci system consist following steps and stage:
Placing BCI EEG cap on the head that perform calibration session during which at user
entension move to the EEG system. When calibration session receive data from brain and eeg ,

11. data is extracted that give the dynamic activities of brain. Next we remove the outliers and
artifacts. It uses the advance learning technology and use support vector machine. After all
setup , we start the bci application and done an experiment by typewitting. If bci give feedback,
it work as fully automatic machine as illustrated in the diagram of Fig:2
Figure 2 show how to collecet data from environment. We know that in the environment the
bci system every moving event is the target for the bci. These events and target and non target
events. These events further pre-processing module is used as data normalization.at last best
feature and channels are selected. The CSP spatial filtering increases the separability between
target and non-target classes. These steps are explained below.
Visual stimuli paradigm.
Figure 3 showing the 8 arrows and 5 small squares. These arrows was designed to show the
events in the environmentsfor robotic device that show steering directions. Each arrow and
square are associated with another environmental events. These events are likely held in desk ,
door and room ect. Each symbol is randomly flashed with a uniform distribution. The target
event are occurs only once on each 15 flashes. All that worked events show that how a robotic
count these events mentally. A training phase accurs before the testing session. Usually the
training consists on approximately 80 target epochs and 1100 non target epochs.
Each BCI uses a particular algorithm to translate its input into output signals. These algorithms
might be linear or non-linear equations. Actualy bci ouput is the cusor movement and icn
selection or another form of device control, and provide the feedback that the user and bci can
use a adapt so as to optimize communication. In addition to bci input translational equation
and other bci output , bci has other distinctive characteristics. These include its ON/OFF
mechanism, response time and bci information transfer rate. BCI operation mostly depend on
the user input wishes that is being transferred into MACHINE, that the system measure the
signals and omit its related ouputs into the signal controls. This system also provide the special
environment and facility so that the end bci user can generate its report and other motor and
musculs disable persons can research the specific field of interest. They can generate the book
in their interesting topic. Bci can uses many kind of motor imagery like right and left hand
movement orother mental movement to produce electronic signals. A sever speech and disable
person if, he is a professor can also teach and can give traing to their students. Motor disable
can increase the HCI and can take benefits in the medical and education fields.
Applications of BCI Technology

12. Non-invasive bci system used by the patient to control the internet browers and the external
computer system by his/her exten or intensions. Brain activities can be measured by the non-
invasively with the help of electroencephalogram device.
Most obvious application of bci technology in its present state of development is to locked-in
patients. Totally locked-in patients should be differentiated from those who retain some
minimal voluntary muscle functions. Such as eye or eyelid movement or some facial muscle
control. The locked-in state that is associated with brainstem strokes, ALS , BCI technology
proposed as possible communication system. In patient who cannot master the alphabiet , a
pictorial system might prove a effective alternative.
SUPPORT FOR BCI RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMEN
BCI research is based on both basic and applied research.
Basic research elaborate and efforts the mechanisms underlying and controlling EEG rhythms,
cortical single-unit activity, and other electrophysiological phenomena, that develop processing
methods that improve SNR, or that provide other insights into the physiological, psychological
processes and engineering principles involved in BCI operation will be an essential element in
future progress. Bci work in both public and private in both engineering and biomedical
research. This program emphasizes interdisciplinary research and is thus particularly well-suited
for BCI research efforts.
Applied research. The applied research is based on development and evaluation of particular
BCI’s in particular application is also essential.BCI development is limited but mainly depend on
the code of interest of public as well as private intities. The Cation center for medical
rehabilitation research of the NIH has recognized the applied research and further working on
it.
There are number of institutes that working on BCI development as discussed in following.
National center for medical rehabilitation research
The NIH small business innovation research grant program.
The national institute of disability and rehabilitation research
In Europe the European Union and national agencies have also begun to provid support for usch
applied Search.
In future if the speed and accuracy of BCI increase and make them usefull for larger populations
with less severe disabilities, private industry is likely to display greater interest and to provid
substantial support.

13. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION:
The quality of life can be improve by using this technology as I discuss in the previous. This
quality is only discussed in the area of individuals who are in severe motor impairments. BCI
system cannot relieve but it can give environment to individual for interact with computer
interaction. In other sense the patient can also fixed in the patient room since the individual
can patient can interact with system her/ his own. A BCI can simply be defined it is direct
communication between human brain and computer system. It improve the health status for
those whose are disable by motor disability. It reduce the cost of users because BCI is also
usable in the education, entertainment and in almost all hospitals for healthcare. There are
number of benefits in the healthcare.