Nitric acid is a strong acid with the chemical formula HNO3. It is colorless when pure but turns yellow as it ages due to decomposition. Nitric acid is highly corrosive and toxic. Industrially, it is prepared through the Ostwald process in four steps involving the oxidation of ammonia and absorption of NO2 into water. Nitric acid is used to make explosives like TNT and fertilizers such as calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate.
Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up 78.09% (by volume) of the air we breathe. It is non-flammable and it will not support combustion. Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air and slightly soluble in water. It is commonly thought of and used as an inert gas, but it is not truly inert.
Nitrogen gas is also used to provide an unreactive atmosphere. It is used in this way to preserve foods, and in the electronics industry during the production of transistors and diodes. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products.
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3 at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up 78.09% (by volume) of the air we breathe. It is non-flammable and it will not support combustion. Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air and slightly soluble in water. It is commonly thought of and used as an inert gas, but it is not truly inert.
Nitrogen gas is also used to provide an unreactive atmosphere. It is used in this way to preserve foods, and in the electronics industry during the production of transistors and diodes. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products.
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3 at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
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nitric acidPresentation.pdf
1. NITRIC ACID
(AQUA FORTIS)
Prepared by: Hassaan Ahmed
Studentof : BS VII Chemistry
Fedral Urdu University Of Arts Science & Technalogy Gulshan-e-Iqbal.
2. • Nitric Acid is a strong acid with chemical formula HNO3. It is also known
as the spirit of niter and aqua fortis. In its pure form, it is colourless but as
it gets older it turns into a yellow cast. This colour appears due to the
decomposition of Nitric acid to oxides of nitrogen and water. It is highly
corrosive and toxic. It causes severe skin burn.
Nitric Acid HNO3
3. Laboratory Preparation
• Nitric acid is prepared in the laboratory by heating a nitrate salt with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
NaNO3 + H2SO4 -- > NaHSO4 + HNO3
Vapours of nitric acid are condensed to a brown liquid in a receiver cooled
under cold water. Dissolved oxides of nitrogen are removed by redistillation
or blowing a current of carbondioxide or dry air through the warm acid.
4. Industrial Preparation
• Industrially Nitric Acid is prepared by Ostwald’s Process. The Ostwald
process has many well-known uses in both the industrial and health field.
Through this process Nitric Acid (HNO³) is prepared in Four steps.
Step 1 ( Oxidation of Ammonia )
4NH3(g)+5O2(g)<------->4NO(g)+6H2O(g)
in the presence of “Pt” catalyst @ 600 *C
5. Industrial Preparation
• Step 2 ( Oxidation of NO in NO2 )
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
• Step 3 ( Absorption of H2O in NO2 )
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO
68%
• Step 4 ( Purification of HNO3 )
Vapours of HNO3 are passed through H2SO4 so that dehydration occurs
& HNO3 becomes 100% pure.
8. Physical / Chemical Properties
• Chemical Properties
1) Nitric acid decomposes on standing to form brown nitrogen dioxide.
This is the reason why it becomes brownish over time though fresh nitric
acid is colourless
4HNO3 → 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O
2) Nitric acid liberates hydrogen gas with metals above hydrogen in the
metal activity series.
Mg + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Mn + 2HNO3 → Mn(NO3)2 + H2
9. Uses:
• Nitric Acid is used in making Explosives such as TNT , Nitroglycerin etc.
• It is used for manufacturing different type of nitrogenous fertilizers like
Calcium Nitrate , Ammonium Nitrate etc.
• The most common use of nitric acid is found in schools where it is often
utilized as a laboratory reagent.
• Diluted nitric acid is used in woodworks to fabricate maple and pine wood
and make them look aged.
• It is also used in food industries and helps in cleaning food and
equipments, etc
10. TNT (trinitrotoluene): Explosives or Dye
• In 1863, German scientist Joseph Wilbrand created trinitrotoluene (TNT)
for use as a yellow dye. TNT's destructive potency was not fully realized
until 1902, when it was introduced as an explosive in time for widespread
usage by both sides in World War I and World War II
• TNT is a yellow, odorless material.
• The IUPAC name is 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene.
11. Preparation of TNT
• There are three steps of TNT formation carried out at different
temperatures.
1) MNT formation:
To make mononitrotoluene, toluene is first nitrated with a combination
of sulfuric and nitric acid.
12. Preparation of TNT
2) DNT formation:
After separation, the MNT is renitrated to dinitrotoluene (DNT).
3) TNT formation:
using an anhydrous combination of nitric acid and oleum, the DNT is nitrated to
trinitrotoluene (TNT).
13. Nitroglycerin: Medication
• Nitroglycerin, also known as trinitroglycerin, nitro, glyceryl trinitrate,
Nobel Oil, or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive
liquid
• It is also a medication that treats angina and anal fissures. It works by
promoting blood flow.(The body breaks nitroglycerin down into nitric oxide. Nitric oxide
causes the smooth muscle within the blood vessels to relax. This allows the arteries and veins to
open up, allowing more blood to flow through. Healthcare professionals call this action
vasodilation.)
14. Preparation of Nitroglycerin
• Nitroglycerin is obtained when glycerol reacts with cold mixture of conc.
sulphuric acid and nitric acid.
15. Calcium Nitrate: Fertilizer
• Calcium nitrate appears as white to light gray granular solid. May be either
the anhydrous compound.
• Calcium nitrate is inorganic nitrate salt of calcium. It has a role as a
fertilizer. It is an inorganic nitrate salt and a calcium salt.
16. Preparation of Calcium Nitrate
• When calcium carbonate usually known as limestone is treated with nitric
acid calcium nitrate is formed.
CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
17. Introduction:
• It is the first acid to be discovered.
• It is discovered by Muslim Scientist Jbir-bin-Hayan (تیزاب کا شورے )
• Its old name is Aqua Fortis ( strong water)
• It is a monobasic strong Acid.
