Research paper

1. Disadvantages of Modular Learning Affecting the
Academic Performance of Selected Students
in Grade 12 HUMSS of Bato National High
School
A Case Study Presented to
Sarah H. Bentillo
Therese A. Pantallano
Jennifer O. Espinosa
In Partial Fulfilment
to the Subject Requirements in
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
S.Y. 2021-2022
Researchers:
Campana, Jo Dhailene
Nemenzo, Mary Joy
Apnay, Geraldine
Ygay, Sheminah
Palencio, Mae
Alemis, Nicole

2. Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Scope
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The self-isolation and distance learning in educational institutions because due to
pandemic stimulate the use of learning technologies in practice. The sudden transition
to distance learning revealed all its disadvantages towards students academic
performance in the middle of crisis. The transition to distance learning can be
considered as a transition of the education system to a new state, a state of crisis
characterized by the disappearance of a certain number of elements of the system and
a change in its integral characteristics. The transformation of the education system was
the result of an extraordinary adaptation of the system to the conditions of the system.
The covid-19 pandemic has a big impact to our society because of its health risks that
may lead to danger. One of the affected sectors was education and it resulted to the
suspension of classes in order to avoid the spread of virus. Despite of these challenging
situation the Department of Education still managed to continue the classes through
Modular Learning System (MLS).
Education helps people think, show their emotions, feel about things in a way that
benefits to their success, and improves not only their own personal contentment but
also to their society and community. Education develops the individual’s personality,
thoughts that deals with other people and prepares anybody for the purpose of the
reality and life experiences (Al-Shuaibi, 2014).
Modules permit instructors to organize content to assist control the flow of the course.
Modules are utilized to organize course content by weeks, units, or a diverse
organizational structure. Modules basically make a one-directional direct flow of what

3. students ought to do in a course. Each module can contain records, discussions,
assignments, tests, and other learning materials. Modules included in the course from
existing content or modem content shells inside the module. Course content can be
included in different modules or iterated several times throughout a person’s modules
(Anthony, 2015).
This research will study the Disadvantages of Modular Learning Affecting the Academic
Performance of Selected Students in Grade 12 HUMSS of Bato National High School.
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on Bruner Constructivism theory. Constructivism as cited by
Fosnot (2005) emphasize the active role of learner in building understanding and
making sense of the information. The constructivist teaching is learner centered where
students are actively involved in knowledge construction rather than passive learners.
A major theme in the theoretical framework of Bruner is that learning is an active
process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current and
previous knowledge. The learner selects and transforms information, constructs
hypothesis, makes decisions, and rely on their own understanding. Cognitive structure
(schema) provides meaning and organization to experiences and allows the individual
to go beyond the information given.
In other words, the teacher should try and encourage learners to discover principles by
themselves. With the use of modules the learner will be able to process new ideas that
they read from the modules. From there they can depend on their own understanding
and develop their problem-solving skills.

4. Conceptual Framework
Modular learning will be brought three different variables in order to achieve the result of
the study which is to determine the effects, motivation of students and mental health
condition of modular learning that affects the students academic performance.

5. The effects of Modular
Learning System
Students mentalhealth
condition
The motivation of
students in doing their
task
Disadvantages of Modular Learning Affecting the Academic
Performance of the Selected Students in Grade 12 HUMSS
of Bato National High School

6. Statement of the Problem
The main thrust of the study is to determine the disadvantages of Modular Learning
System of the students in their Academic Performance at Bato National High School
(S.Y. 2021-2022) who were having a hard time doing their task at home.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. gender
1.2. age
2. What is the time management of the respondents:
2.1. in studying
3. What is the level of anxiety of the respondents in performing their role as a
student?
4. What is the level of motivation of the respondents in performing their role as a
student?
5. Is there a significant correlation between academic performance and:
5.1. levels of anxiety
5.2 levels of motivation?
Modular Learning

7. Significance of the Study
The results of this study can be beneficial to the followings:
HUMSS Students. The study is beneficial to the HUMSS students because they are the
main subject in this research study. They can be more aware on how to cope the
disadvantages of modular learning. It helps the students to recognize the negative
impact and the actual benefit of the said issue towards their mental health.
Consequently, the students can improve their academic performance constructively with
an efficient knowledge about this matter.
Teachers. This research study also signified the benefits of the teachers, who are
considered as the second parent of the students, for the purpose of having knowledge
about the disadvantages of the said matter. The teachers enabled to encourage the
students to indulge in school activities and performance.
Parents. This research study helps parents to on how much their son/daughter are
highly affected in modular learning. It informed parents the proper guidance towards
their children regarding the issue. For limitations on spending too much time on
underrated wants and focused more on their priorities.

8. Future Researchers. This research study benefits the future researchers that provides
additional information it will serve as reference to their future research and having
knowledge that supports their research study.
School. This research study can help the school identify the needs and problems of
students that affects their academic performance in school. The school may come up
with a solution of the said problem of this research.
Definition of Terms
Disadvantages. This refers to the new transition of the education system into a new
state, a state of crisis characterized by the disappearance of a certain number of
elements of the system and a change in its integral characteristics.
Modular Learning. This refers to the new set up learning of the students, since they
wasn’t able to continue the face to face classes because of the spread of the deadly
virus that may put the lives of students in danger.
Affecting. This refers to the students performance at school that may turn out badly
because of the sudden change of the educational system.
Academic Performance. This refers to the measurement of students achievement
across various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure
achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and results from
standardized tests.

9. Grade 12. This refers to the Grade 12 students in Bato National High School that are
the main topic of this research study. The researchers focuses on them to identify the
needs and problems at their current situation.
HUMSS. This refers to the students of the Bato National High School in the strand of
Humanities and Social Sciences that may bring knowledge to them about this research
problem.
Scope and Delimitations
This study focused mainly on the disadvantages of modular learning affecting the
academic performance of the selected students of Bato National High School. It also
highlights modular learning since it is the only learning modality utilized in the campus.
The resources that we will present in this research paper are only limited in online
websites such as online articles and google scholar because of the quarantine
restrictions during today`s situation which is the pandemic. The main instrument in this
study was the survey questionnaire. The respondents are selected by the researchers
that will taken from the grade 12 HUMSS in various sections.
Research Environment
The study will be conducted in Bato Toledo City, specifically in Bato National High
School wherein the respondents reside and referred to the researchers. The said locale
will also be considered as highly populated in the province which can be a good basis
for Grade 12 HUMSS of Bato National High School but not a representative of a whole.
Grade 12 HUMSS students.

10. Research Respondent
The researchers will choose some of the Grade 12 HUMSS students of Bato National
High School that will be considered in the study which is the Disadvantage of Modular
Learning Affecting the Students Academic Performance as a whole. In order to
determine the samples for this study, the researchers will choose and ask permission
for the enrolled Grade 12 HUMMS students of Bato National High School.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the finished thesis, published journals, generalizations or
conclusion, methodologies and other parts that may help strengthen the study. Those
that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing and making a strong proof that
are relevant and similar to the present study.
Foreign literature
According to Rodeiro & Nadas (2011), The proponents of modular schemes claim that
their benefits are in terms of curriculum versatility (number and timing of modular
examinations), short-term evaluation targets, daily inputs, re-set opportunities and
increasing encouragements among students. The modular assessment is criticized for
fragmenting learning, students joining assessments unprepared, over-teaching for the
exam, and assessment overload. Furthermore, people are claiming the GCSEs
becoming less and less demanding due to their being less difficult, which has caused a
decline in confidence in the qualification as a whole.

11. According to Alelaimat (2012), The most commonly used small teaching unit (modules)
that is a small teaching unit that adopts the principle of self-education strategy and
individualization. Also, the unit involves unique objectives. And activates as it is done in
a logical sequence to allow the learner to achieve the goals and improve the mas tery.
As it is done in logical sequence and sets a limit of adeptness which is reached
according to the speed of the self-learner so she/he can learn quickest.
According to Joyce (2020), Modular schooling cuts the time it takes to learn and thereby
allows for bigger immediate improvements in ability and value. Working professional
can learn new skills in shorter periods of time, even as they work, which pays off in
additional skill and credentialing at the same rime, rather that only at the end. It enables
you to tailor your education to the unique needs of your prospects. You can supplement
your education with a specific certificate or portion of a degree to better prepare prepare
yourself for data science jobs, and more easily combine humanities skills with
technology skills with technology skills, communication skills with coding skills,
analytical skills with, etc.
Boise state University states that A Modular Learning Environment is a unit, chapter,
subject, or section of instruction. It is a standard unit within your course that is
structured to encourage student progress. The length of a week is dependent on the
lesson content and your teaching style. An online teaching and learning environment
with a framework is essential for the presentation and implementation of the online
learning process. When students are familiar with the class structure, they spend less
time trying to guess what is planned, and more time actually concentrating on the
materials.
Local Literature

12. According to Bagood (2020), the transition of education delivery to modular distance
learning has wrought difficulties for the quality of education, on the part of school staff.
The DepEd is actively trying to find new ways to address current issues and capacitate
its teachers and school heads for the IT-based distance learning. Instructors along with
Program Supervisors prepared modules beginning- in May 2020 in all subjects for all
grade/year level across four quarters in accordance to the “Essential Learning
Competencies”. These self-learning modules are typically pretested, discussed and
assessed, thus making them learning packages. The module listings are distributed to
all learners with the class schedule. The course will train students on what topics to
study and reinforce with them for the upcoming week.
According to Magsambol (2020), Modular learning is the “backbone” on which the
DepEd uses distance education. To help learning online, such as via the internet or text-
based content, we should create another set of modules. The reason the school has
been delayed is presumably because they had e new printer that needed to shipped.
Having problems with the modules which are due to be used, this can be common
situation days before the opening of the schools.
According to Magsambol (2020), Under the DepEd’s robust, integrated learning system,
students would hve access to self-directed learning materials (SLMs). Teachers will
provide students with a syllabus in every quarter. Students will be having 4 sets of
textbooks and lab manuals in one year. The vocational certificates will issued to parents
before classes begin. In Barangay where there is no school, there will be designated
drop-off points for school supplies. We intend to distribute the program four times during
the school year. Completed assignment sheets will be issued by parents to teachers.
They can send their homework to the teachers in school or pick-up points in specified
locations. Student’s progress on the summative and evaluation tasks will be observed.
The Department of Education confirmed the schools won’t be conducting periodical
exams this year, causing “ distancing cheating”.

13. “Education cannot be postponed, Secretary Briones says “To address the needs of
millions of students, the government adopted an educational distance learning strategy.
Distance learning, also known as correspondence training or self-study, is a mode of
education where little or no face-to-face contact exists between students and their
teachers. This form is divided into three sections. That is the one of the more
convenient student resources for most of the average Filipino students. It was the most
common system study between parents/guardians and was the most preferred form of
study (LESF) (Chin, 2020).
According to Malaya (2020), Asynchronous e-learning features individualized instruction
which allows learners to use self-learning modules (SLMs) in written, digital or electronic
copy whichever is applicable to the learner. Learner with Modular Distance Learning
can also use other tools such as textbooks, activity sheets, study guides, etc. Many
teachers would have to deliver instructional materials that are relevant. Students can
now access these materials from their home computer, tablet PC, OR Smartphone.
Foreign Studies
According to Malik, S.K. (2012), Modular teaching approach is an expansion and
advance shaped of programmed instruction/learning. The trends of using modules as
teaching learning approach is getting to very popular in later times. In this approach the
instructor uses teaching modules arranged for particular purposes instep of traditional
reading materials. Module is a unit of instructing and learning communicated as an
approximate number of hours of study. The will be self-contained in spite of the fact that
certain combinations of modules may present as progression through the educational
programs. This change is due to the reason that in almost last decade learning
speculations have moved from a stimulus-response point to information process. It
helps students in understanding complex and difficult concepts. In educational setting,

14. in the shift has moved from conventional instructing approach the measured teaching
approach.
According to Sadiq, S. (2014), In teaching there are numerous strategies which are
being utilized. A few of them are assignment strategy, discovery strategy, lecture
strategy, dialog strategy, programmed learning, project method, field trip, case study
strategy, demonstration strategy, modularized instruction. Modular teaching is a new
approach in classroom settings, for encounter taking in experiences in instruction
moreover it has been getting much consideration. The framework of taking in modules
are turned into abit of all level of instruction. Teaching of modules may be a self-taking
in bundle overseeing one specific topic/unit. It may be utilized within any setting
accommodating to the learners and it may be finished at the learner’s own specific pace.
Sufficient hypotheses assist more practices are available for the valuable demand of
separate teaching in our classrooms. Thus, this study was coordinated so as to check
the adequacy of modular instructing.
According to Dejene & Chen (2020), Modularization is based on the concept of
separating the concept into smaller, non-sequential units so the materials can be easily
taught. A student’s credits are accrued in order to apply for a certain amount of credit
points. Module is a unit of work that it self-contained and a method of teaching that is
focus on acquisition of skills sets and skill in discrete unit. A module is a course that can
be combined with other similar courses to form a specialization in the field. Each unit is
or module is a part of an extended learning experience that leads to a specified
certification and the prescribe number of a units or modules is required.
According to Mazkwraj & Witte (2019), The modular education is a method that
separates the lessons into smaller pieces. Each module is designed to allow students to
obtain a partial certificate. The study evaluates the impact of modular education on

15. reducing school dropouts, and whether it is a effective solution. To inform the education
policy transition, this study exploits the introduction of modular education in Belgium.
With a difference-in-differences design, the findings indicate that modular education can
reducing ethnic disparity. With regard to job rates, students who are enrolled in modular
education are more likely to be working and to earn incomes over time.
According to Abbasi et al. (2013), Studies have shown that any nurse should undergo
continuing education. They are strictly required to do so for the field of oncology.
Depending on the role of the instructor in the curriculum, there are usually two styles of
teaching: Student centered and Teacher-centered. In a certain research, the impact of
teacher-centered (lecture) teaching methods and student-centered (module) instruction
upon the experience and practice of oncology nurses in relation to relation to safety
standards with cytotoxic drugs was studied. Both the module design and lecture system
(lecture method) are useful in enhancing the awareness and practice of nurses in
oncology wards. Furthermore, given the benefits of student-centered instructional
approaches, as well as the sensitivity in nursing professions, and the work load of
nurses, we propose the use of module.
Local Studies
According to Lim 92016), The use of Mathematic Modules in teaching Mathematics
explicitly word problem solving, is an efficient teaching approach. The results of the
research demonstrated effectiveness in the sense that things worked out for the
subjects of study in Mathematics without having the cram as hard for the teacher as
they usually do. Having used modules and basic terminology within Math to better help
drive home those concepts, respondents thought the sessions were very useful for
improving their personal learning study habits. Though the results of the study showed
the learning took place in both groups using the two methods of teaching, the subjects
exposed to conventional lecture method and it is concluded the modular approach is an

16. applicable and successful teaching approach that could be used in teaching
mathematics subjects.
According to Ambayon (2020), Myth folklore were long used in the promotion of literacy.
This investigation aimed at validating a myth and folklore curriculum and testing the
effectiveness of the module at teaching the subject. This was a reaction to weak
teaching literature and the demands for appropriate instructional materials. The results
indicated that the develop module was well planned in terms of material, relevance and
mechanics. Also, the module was evaluated by the students as highly effective, useful
and efficient. Third-year undergraduate students were put into experimental and control
classes. The classes were graded according to their grades in the previous semester.
The control group didn’t use the established module, where as the experimental group
did. The tests were performed at a high level, while those in the control group showed
changes in their results. In related ways, the approach should be useful for studying
mythology and folklore.
According to Nabaya (2019), Supplemental instruction in Inorganic Chemistry is a
relatively recent creation, and is now being used as a method to complement classroom
instruction. This learning kit offers self- instructional modules that permit self-paced
learning. Since a module is a single instructional process. Modules differentiate
between different learning styles, adapt to meet a range of differing learning needs, and
place the greatest burden on the learner. The modular approach to education is based
in the fact that learning is the best when it requires involvement in and control of the
learning process.
According to Yazon (2016), Teaching and learning through the use of modular method
has been implement in the united states by educators. In order to provide better
comprehension, the would-be writer monitors the writing subjects as a course, which
may provide better attention to the relevant information. Each module of the system in

17. intended for a specific type of person, as they should respond frequently to each course
of action at the pace of the learner.
According to Vergara (2017), The alternative learning system concentrate on the
efficient of learning modules. These advanced elementary and secondary standardized
tests were developed for self-study. Furthermore, Alternative Learning Framework
promotes the use of supplementary learning resources such as those developed by the
facilitator and those that match the student’s needs. It is important to contextualize
learning because it teaches us how to think. The approved and validated Alternative
Learners and provide lifelong learning skills these learners.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers uses the simple descriptive design. This design used survey
questionnaire which will be distribute to the respondents in order to attain the main
objective of the study which is to examine the disadvantages of modular learning

18. system on students academic performance. The survey or the research itself tried to
describe, analyze and interpret the status of the respondents.
The design is a non-experimental correlation research. This design investigated the
relationship of the variables without manipulating them. The two main variables
evaluated were academic performance and modular learning system which involves
time management, levels of motivation and anxiety.
Data Gathering Instrument
That researchers gathered the disadvantages of modular learning affecting the
academic performance of the selected student in Grade 12 HUMSS in Bato National
High School. The researchers uses a questionnaire that is drawn from the previous
studies that proved to be much more effective in order to conduct this study. The
researchers uses this method of data gathering for it is known to have a hard time doing
their task at a home and the least expensive way of collecting data and it is also
promotes academic performance options that we provide to accommodate academic
performance related to our study also any bias in the method of collecting data .It also
encourages the respondents to be cooperative due to fact that it is more comfortable to
respond and much more open to options but still related and our specific type of
research conducting performance.
Data Gathering Procedure
This research gathered through personal interview if the respondents wants to, or/and
we can message the respondents on messenger or any social contacts if they’re far
from the researcher. Few questions given to them that they had to answer it all. No
matter what their responses are, it should be recorded and also the researchers
ensured the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents responses.

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