Isaac Newton was an influential English scientist born in 1642 who made fundamental contributions to physics, including establishing the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation, published in his work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica", demonstrating that the motions of celestial bodies and objects on Earth could be explained by the same principles. Newton also made advances in optics and mathematics, developing calculus independently of Gottfried Leibniz. His work was revolutionary and had a major impact on scientific thought.

1. Isaac newton
by Juan Diego de Alvear, Ángel Cercadillo and Víctor Osorio

2. Newton’s biography
 Sir Isaac Newton 25 December 1642 – 20
March 1726) was an physicist
and mathematician who is recognised as
one of the most influential scientists of all
time. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis
Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first
published in 1687, explained the
foundations for classical mechanics.
Newton also made contributions to optical
devices and shares credit with Gottfried
Leibniz for the development of calculus.

3.  By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary
motion from his mathematical
description of gravity, and then using the
same principles to account for the
trajectories of comets, the tides,
the precession of the equinoxes, and
other phenomena, Newton removed the
last doubts about the validity of
the heliocentric model of the cosmos

4.  This work also demonstrated that
the motion of objects on Earth and
of celestial bodies could be described by
the same principles. His prediction that
the Earth should be shaped as anoblate
spheroid was later vindicated by the
measurements of Maupertuis, La
Condamine, and others, which helped
convince most Continental
European scientists of the superiority of
Newtonian mechanics over the earlier
system of Descartes.

5.  Newton also built the first
practical reflecting telescope and
developed a theory of colour based on
the observation that
a prism decomposes white light into the
many colours of the visible spectrum.

6.  Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the
second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at
theUniversity of Cambridge. He was a devout
but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a
member of the Cambridge faculty of the day,
he refused to take holy orders in the Church of
England, perhaps because he privately
rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Beyond his
work on the mathematical sciences, Newton
dedicated much of his time to the study
of biblical chronology andalchemy, but most of
his work in those areas remained unpublished
until long after his death. In his later life,
Newton became president of the Royal
Society. He also served the British government
as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.

7.  Isaac Newton was born according to
the Julian calendar (in use in England at
the time) on Christmas Day, 25
December 1642 at Woolsthorpe
Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth,
a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire.
He was born three months after the
death of his father, a prosperous farmer
also named Isaac Newton.

8.  Newton's work has been said "to distinctly
advance every branch of mathematics then
studied". His work on the subject usually
referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in
a manuscript of October 1666, is now
published among Newton's mathematical
papers.

9.  In 1666, Newton observed that the
spectrum of colours exiting a prism in
the position of minimum deviation is
oblong, even when the light ray entering
the prism is circular, which is to say, the
prism refracts different colours by
different angles. This led him to
conclude that colour is a property
intrinsic to light—a point which had been
debated in prior years.

10.  In 1679, Newton returned to his work on
mechanics by considering gravitation and
its effect on the orbits of planets with
reference to Kepler’s laws of planetary
motion. This followed stimulation by a brief
exchange of letters in 1679–80 with Hooke,
Personal coat of arms of Sir Isaac Newton
 Newton never married. The French writer
and philosopher Voltaire, who was in
London at the time of Newton's funeral,
said that he "was never sensible to any
passion, was not subject to the common
frailties of mankind, nor had any commerce
with women—a circumstance which was
assured me by the physician and surgeon
who attended him in his last moments.

11. NEWTON’S LAWS
Isaac Newton (a 17th century scientist) put forth a variety of laws
that explain why objects move (or don't move) as they do. These
three laws have become known as Newton's three laws of motion
 Newton’s first law
 Newton’s second law
 Newton’s third law
 Universal Gravity Theory

12. Newton’s first law

13. Newton's first law of motion states that an object at
rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains
in motion with the same velocity unless acted upon
by what we call an unbalanced force. An unbalanced
force is an external force that changes the motion of
an object. When an object is at rest or moving at a
constant velocity, all the forces acting on it
are balanced.

14. Objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing." In fact, it is the
natural tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion.
This tendency to resist changes in their state of motion is described
as inertia.
Inertia: tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity.

16. The acceleration of an object as produced by a net
force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
net force, in the same direction as the net force, and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

17. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
A force is a push or a pull that acts directly or at a distance
upon an object as a result of its interaction with another
object. Forces result from interactions.

18. Universal Gravitation theory
 In his 1687 book Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica, regarded as one of
the most important books ever published,
Newton established many physical
principles. The most innovative of them all
was theory on how two bodies would pull
from each other for unknown apparent
reason. This "reason" turned out to be
gravity, an essential force in understanding
how the world, and the base of modern
physics.

19.  It's rumored that Newton came up with the
idea while watching apples fall from the trees
in his mother's garden. He observed how
things would always fall towards the Earth's
centre, not anywhere else. During that time,
alchemy and science weren't different
concepts, and a famous alchemical principle
stated that two objects could exert a small
force on each other, even in a vacuum. The
young scientist decided to study this strange
law, and through exhaustive observations &
calculus, he defined a series of equations that
measured its effects. These findings were the
backbone of the "Universal Gravitation
Theory", named after the Latin word for
weight: gravitas.

20.  In his own words: "Every point
mass attracts every single other point
mass by a force pointing along
the line intersecting both points. The
force is proportional to the product of the
two masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between
them". This meant that any given objects
pulled from each other in a line, with a
force given by

21.  In his own words: "Every point
mass attracts every single other point mass
by a force pointing along
the line intersecting both points. The force
is proportional to the product of the
two masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them".
This meant that any given objects pulled
from each other in a line, with a force given
by
 F= total force, G= gravitational constant,
m1 = first mass, m2 = second mass, and r
= distance

22.  Gravity diagram
 The Gravitational Constant is approximately
6.673×10-11 N·(m/kg)2, and it's the same all
throughout the universe.
 The theory was well received in the British
Royal Society, and it was used to explain
Johannes Kepler's study on how celestial
objects revolved around the Sun. This was the
official birth of astrophysics.