Historical Background on Genesis of Epidemics, Plant Quarantine & Phytosani...Mir G.
With the increasing international travel and trade globalization, the persistence of trans-boundary plant/animal/human diseases in the world poses a serious risk to world humans/animal/ agriculture/food security and jeopardizes international trade. See the timeline of pandemics/epidemics that, in ravaging human populations and changed history. Many destructive plant pathogens have emerged via human-assisted global migration movement from their native geographic range to a new environment. Examples of dangerous pathogens/diseases disseminated during the transboundary movement of seeds and other planting materials in international trade and exchange caused havoc and leading to profound political, economic, and social consequences. In this context, the awareness of quarantine & certification measures are compulsory in the present scenario.
Historical Background on Genesis of Epidemics, Plant Quarantine & Phytosani...Mir G.
With the increasing international travel and trade globalization, the persistence of trans-boundary plant/animal/human diseases in the world poses a serious risk to world humans/animal/ agriculture/food security and jeopardizes international trade. See the timeline of pandemics/epidemics that, in ravaging human populations and changed history. Many destructive plant pathogens have emerged via human-assisted global migration movement from their native geographic range to a new environment. Examples of dangerous pathogens/diseases disseminated during the transboundary movement of seeds and other planting materials in international trade and exchange caused havoc and leading to profound political, economic, and social consequences. In this context, the awareness of quarantine & certification measures are compulsory in the present scenario.
Impact of infectious diseases As people know, now the COVID-1.docxcharisellington63520
Impact of infectious diseases
As people know, now the COVID-19 is quite serious and spreading rapidly. And people do not have a curing method about it. COVID-19 causes xxx confirmed diagnosis and xxx death in the whole world. Also, people still don't know where COVID-19 comes from and how we can protect ourselves from being healthy. From COVID-19, people should have profound thinking about why infection diseases cause and how can human avoid virus infection and how can government-run do during the virus outbreak and reconstruction after the outbreak. Historically, there are so many infection diseases in the world, such as SARAS, Ebola, HIV and COVID-19.
Most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Diseases can be spread from person to person, directly or indirectly. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause diseases when spread to humans. However, infectious diseases are caused by multiple reasons, mostly infectious is from animals, because some animals they carry the virus in their body, those viruses may not affect themselves, however, when spreading of the virus, the virus will mutate to parasitize humans, and human's body will have an overt reaction to the virus. In this article, it will discuss 4 infectious diseases, SARAS, HIV, Ebola, and COVID-19.
In the first place, whenever someone always have doubts where infectious diseases from, how infectious diseases are formed. 普遍上来说,Infectious diseases usually have a great harm rate, because when an infectious disease breaks out, the doctors usually do not have any preparations, so they can not treat the disease well, or sometimes they can infect the doctor themselves. If people want to protect them in order to avoid disease, the most considerable thing is that they must know least one infectious history, such as how it formed, who is more susceptible to infection, does it have any medical treatment, does it success. SARAS is a typical example about it. Practically, SARS-CoV is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and it is deadly infectious diseases and people are also easily infected. SARS- CoV cause 8096 cases, including 774 deaths, in 37 countries for 8 months. The transmit speed of SRAS is very fast, people who get infection, they always have Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, chest radiographs showing shadows of both lungs, and some patients developed respiratory failure. Unfortunately, the use of antibiotics against bacterial infections has not worked. And SRAS infectious for people is depend on the strength of the personal resistance occurs. From research, SRAS-CoV's occurrence of spreading in wild animals. Because the scientist are aware of SRAS virus related to the spread of wild animals. Following this clue, the scientists first targeted the Guangdong wildlife market, and soon isolated and detected exactly the same virus as the SARS virus in the civet cats on the market..
Impact of infectious diseases As people know, now the COVID-1.docxcharisellington63520
Impact of infectious diseases
As people know, now the COVID-19 is quite serious and spreading rapidly. And people do not have a curing method about it. COVID-19 causes xxx confirmed diagnosis and xxx death in the whole world. Also, people still don't know where COVID-19 comes from and how we can protect ourselves from being healthy. From COVID-19, people should have profound thinking about why infection diseases cause and how can human avoid virus infection and how can government-run do during the virus outbreak and reconstruction after the outbreak. Historically, there are so many infection diseases in the world, such as SARAS, Ebola, HIV and COVID-19.
Most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Diseases can be spread from person to person, directly or indirectly. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause diseases when spread to humans. However, infectious diseases are caused by multiple reasons, mostly infectious is from animals, because some animals they carry the virus in their body, those viruses may not affect themselves, however, when spreading of the virus, the virus will mutate to parasitize humans, and human's body will have an overt reaction to the virus. In this article, it will discuss 4 infectious diseases, SARAS, HIV, Ebola, and COVID-19.
In the first place, whenever someone always have doubts where infectious diseases from, how infectious diseases are formed. 普遍上来说,Infectious diseases usually have a great harm rate, because when an infectious disease breaks out, the doctors usually do not have any preparations, so they can not treat the disease well, or sometimes they can infect the doctor themselves. If people want to protect them in order to avoid disease, the most considerable thing is that they must know least one infectious history, such as how it formed, who is more susceptible to infection, does it have any medical treatment, does it success. SARAS is a typical example about it. Practically, SARS-CoV is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and it is deadly infectious diseases and people are also easily infected. SARS- CoV cause 8096 cases, including 774 deaths, in 37 countries for 8 months. The transmit speed of SRAS is very fast, people who get infection, they always have Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, chest radiographs showing shadows of both lungs, and some patients developed respiratory failure. Unfortunately, the use of antibiotics against bacterial infections has not worked. And SRAS infectious for people is depend on the strength of the personal resistance occurs. From research, SRAS-CoV's occurrence of spreading in wild animals. Because the scientist are aware of SRAS virus related to the spread of wild animals. Following this clue, the scientists first targeted the Guangdong wildlife market, and soon isolated and detected exactly the same virus as the SARS virus in the civet cats on the market..
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
CDC estimates renewed in 2011 indicate that each year roughly .docxtroutmanboris
CDC estimates renewed in 2011 indicate that each year roughly 1 in 6 Americans (or
48 million people) gets sick. 128,000 are hospitalized. And, 3,000 die of foodborne
diseases. According to the 2011 estimates, the most common foodborne illnesses are
caused by the bacteria Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, and Campylobacter, and
by the virus Norovirus.
1
A century ago, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and cholera were common foodborne
diseases. Ina few isolated cases botulism wiped out entire families. Improvements in
food safety, such as pasteurization of milk, safe canning, and disinfection of water
supplies have conquered those diseases. However, new foodborne infections have
taken their place. For example in 1972 we first described Campylobacter and its
foodborne illness. In 1982 we first described E. coli O157:H7 foodborne illness. In
1996, the parasite Cyclospora suddenly appeared as a cause of diarrheal illness
related to Guatemalan raspberries. In 1998, a new strain of the bacterium Vibrio
parahemolyticus contaminated oyster beds in Galveston Bay and caused an epidemic
of diarrheal illness in persons eating the oysters raw.
2
3
In the US, the USDA is responsible for ensuring safety of meat, poultry, and some
egg products.
4
The US FDA is responsible for all others foods including seafood and coordinating
retail and foodservice operations.
.
The CDC is responsible for the ship sanitation program or cruise ship food safety and
for all epidemiological functions regarding foodborne illness. Most of the data
presented in this presentation comes from the US CDC.
5
There are over 250 different food pathogens identified to date. However, most are
rarely encountered and little data is available on them. There are 31 more highly
known foodborne pathogens. Most of these pathogens are tracked by local, state,
and federal public health officials. Data in 2006 shows that Norovirus causes
approximately 40% of all foodborne illnesses. The remaining four pathogenic viruses
are not tracked in this figure. Bacteria including 21 different bacterial pathogens
makes up 23% of all foodborne illnesses. Five different parasite pathogens account
for just 1% of foodborne illnesses. Chemicals cause approximately 5% of foodborne
illnesses. At least 29% of foodborne gastroenteritis illnesses have no cause. This may
be due to insufficient data or unidentified pathogens. There is no data on potential
foodborne pathogens causing non‐gastroenteritis symptoms.
6
This slide shows the percentage change in the 2010 illnesses versus 1998. Note that
Yersinia, E. coli O157:H7, Shigella, Listeria and Campylobacter are all down from 27 to
57 percent. However Vibrio has jumped 115% and Salmonella is up 3%.
7
This chart shows the costs, in billions, of foodborne illness to just five states –
California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Pennsylvania. In fact, contaminated food
products caused more deaths e.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
1. MY HYPOTHESIS OF COVID-19
THE TRUE ORIGIN OF SEVERE
ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
CORONA VIRUS 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
The True Origin of Covid-19
Extracts.pptx
2. The Colour of Viruses
JUST LIKE COLOURS VIRUSSES AND OTHER PATHOGEN CONSISTS OF PRIMARY,
SECONDARY AND TERTIARY COMPONENTS WHICH ARE FORMED BY MIXING,
INFECTING OR FUSING A PRIMARY WITH A SECONDARY, IN OTHER WORDS BY
FUSING OR INFECTING FUNGI TO FORM A NEW SUPERVIRUS.
JUST LIKE THE COLOURS YELLOW, RED AND BLUE, ARE AT THE TOP OF ANY
CLOUR STRUCTURE, THE SAME HAPPENED WITH THE FORMATION OF VIRUSSES
AND OTHER PHATOGENS.
IN COVID-19 FORMATION THERE IS A CERTAIN PRIMARY PATHOGEN AND HIS
NAME IS ASPERGILLUS NIGER AND IT’S METABOLITE IS OCHRATOXIN A . NEXT
SLIDE WILL SHOW THE IMAGE OF WHAT A METABOLITE LOOKS LIKE.
BEFORE I EXPLAIN HOW THE NEW VIRUS (COVID-19 OR SARS) COME TO BE, LET
ME INTRODUCE YOU TO THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COMPOUNDS.
Important Note: In future scientists will be able to KNOWING IN
ADVANCE and predict the outcome of viruses and the DISEASES that will
occur after mix and match certain fungi Mycotoxins to certain specific
Mycovirus species.
3. Patient Zero - Time line
Patient Zero was working in a Citric acid manufacturing factory in Huangshi City, Hubei Province,
P.R China, this company was establish in 1965, with employee totals between 1000 and 2,499,
including technicians, She worked for many years at this factory, through many winters. She’s is in her
late 40’s, obese and almost 50 years old. She started to work at this factory since the 1970’s. In her
younger days she was used to the seasonal flu. But as the years pass by and she got older things is a bit
different now. It’s almost the end of September 2019 and she didn’t feel well for a couple of days now,
she had a history of diabetics and now that she’s been infected by the Influenza A virus, it’s different
now, things don’t look good for her as the days progress. During the manufacturing process of citric
acid they need to use Aspergillus niger for higher yields. But she’s not aware that she inhaled now for
many years the spores that carry the metabolite or mycotoxin, Ochratoxin A.
Suddenly war clouds is on the rise, deep inside her body Influenza A virus decide to merge (infect) with the
mycotoxin Ochratoxin A and they now form a new (unit) virus (Covid-19) and declare war against her, by
increasing her blood sugar levels and weakened her immune system. With the increased blood sugar levels,
Ochratoxin A incite a process called fermentation and increase the production of Citric Acid in huge
concentrations in her bloodstream. What happens next is mind boggling. Her Kreb’s cycle kick into gear to
get rid of all the huge concentrations of citric acid build-up in her body. Now with her Krebs cycle or Citric
Acid cycle in top gear, hypercapnia occur, a build up of too much carbon dioxide in her blood. Not enough
oxygen enters the lungs and not enough carbon dioxide is emited. She find it difficult to breath, the
pressure and pain in her chest is terrible, together with fatigue, a dry cough, headaches and intense body
aches she burst into tears. Among all the provinces in the Chinese mainland, Hebei, Ningxia, and Gansu
provinces have the highest incidence of influenza virus, which is twice the national average.
4. Patient Zero and citric acid
Aspergillus niger needs sugar (Glucose) to produce citric acid. And that’s
where everything went terribly wrong for Patient Zero. Now that her immune
system is compromised suddenly everything went wrong. Hyperglycemia in
diabetes is thought to cause dysfunction of the immune response, which fails to
control the spread of invading pathogens in diabetic subjects. We are already
overwhelm by citric acid on a daily basis in our foods and other commodities.
5. China and The Origin of Covid-19
How long does the Covid-19 virus last outside of the body on surfaces?
The virus can last between 3 hours and 28 days. A new study posted on BioRx found that SARS-
CoV-2. the virus responsible for covid-19, can survive on frozen meat and fish for periods up to 3
weeks, as researchers continue to explore the possibility that contaminated food could be the source
of new outbreaks in countries which had previously controlled the virus.
The study, which has not yet been peer reviewed, noted the presence of infectious (live) virus, not
just genetic material, on meat which was previously refrigerated and frozen for up to 3 weeks—and
later thawed. This study comes on the heels of another recent report from Shenzen, China which
found SARS- CoV-2 genetic material, not live virus capable of replication, on the surface of frozen
chicken wings, a story recently covered by fellow Forbes contributor, Bruce Lee.
Needless to say, as Lee emphasizes, finding genetic material on the surface of food is not the same
as finding live replicating virus. This distinction is important because viruses are quite different than
bacteria—they cannot survive on their own without a live host. Besides, having even enough virus
is even more crucial to risk of infection. As a result, the potential for infectivity—possessing a high
enough viral load which is then capable of transmission to a person—after eating the particular food
is quite remote.
6. Lockdown in China
When China shutdown Wuhan, in a bit to prevent further spread of the disease, the world was
stunned. Quarantine had never been tried on such an enormous scale in the modern world. Tens of
millions of people in nearby cities were soon brought under lockdown as well, as the scale of the crisis
became apparent. Two months on, Beijing’s approach appears vindicated. China has reported its first day
with no domestic transmissions of the disease; all newly identified cases had been imported from abroad,
health authorities say.
Countries with their own exponentially growing outbreaks are imposing similar measures, from Italy and
Spain to Germany and California, though none are strict as Wuhan’s.
Starting within hours of the announcement, transport into and out of the city was closed, with no
exceptions even for personal and medical emergencies. Schools and universities were already on holiday,
but that was extended indefinitely. All shops shut except those selling food or medicine. With no vehicles
on the road the streets went empty and silent. Restrictions soon tightened. Some areas limited outings to
one family member every two days to buy necessities. Later the policy became even more aggressive,
with health officials going door to door for health checks, and forcing anyone ill into isolation.
Masks became ubiquitous across the country, and in many places required; the state-owned tabloid
Global Times shared footage of authorities using drones to scold people in Inner Mongolia- more than
1000 km from Wuhan – who had gone without masks.
With this China also suppressed (shut down) the real origin of the virus. Unlike men this virus has
patience. It will waits till China open up all the factories especially where citric acid is been
manufactured. It will strike again, and again and again………………
7. An old foe with a different jacket
In the history of human kind and as long as there were Aspergillus species this virus put its
tentacles into human flesh. Spanish flu, lasting from February 1918 to April 1920, it infected 500 million
people – about a third of the world’s population at the time. Number of deaths: 50 000 000 start date:
1918.
Citric acid exists in a variety of fruits and vegetables, notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have
particularly high concentrations of the acid. But the manufacturing (synthetic) version in 1917, discovered
by an American food chemist James Currie discovered certain strains of the mold Aspergillus niger could
be efficient citric acid producers, and the pharmaceutical company Pfizer began industrial-level
production using this technique two years later, followed by Citrique Belge in 1929.
In this production technique, which is still the major industrial route to citric acid used today, cultures of
Aspergillus niger are fed on a sucrose or glucose containing medium to produce citric acid. The source of
sugar is corn steep liquor, molasses, hydrolysed corn starch, or other inexpensive, sugary solution.
China produces 2/3rds of the world’s volume citric acid today. The outbreaks of respiratory viruses
(pandemics) will always be associated with where the concentration of citric acid is, because of
Aspergillus niger. Citric acid is overwhelming us. It’s in all products literally.
Close the Citric Acid factories all over China and the rest of the world, find the origin of the
contamination in the citric acid factory responsible for it. And stop this virus for once and for all.
9. KREBS (Citric Acid) Cycle Steps by Steps Explanation and
shortness of breath
It is also known as TriCarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle. In the prokaryotic cells, the citric
acid occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix
of the mitochondria.
The process oxidises glucose derivatives, fatty acids and amino acids to carbon dioxide (CO2)
through a series of enzyme controlled steps.
In short by this cycle, carbon skeleton are got, which are used in process of growth and for
maintaining the cells. Citric acid cycle is one of the main metabolic pathways that living cells
utilize to completely oxidize biofuels to CARBON DIOXIDE and water.
Could Huge concentrations of citric acid result in more carbon dioxide molecules produced by
the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), that leads to shortness of breath?
Hypercapnia is excess carbon dioxide (CO2) build-up in your body. The condition, also
described as hypercapnea, hypercarbia, or carbon dioxide retention, can cause effects such as
headaches, dizziness, and fatigue, as well as serious complications such as seizures or loss of
consciousness.
10. Patient Zero summary
The first person ever to get infected by Covid-19 was diabetic, or had high blood sugar
(hyperglycemia) levels, and he or she worked in a factory where Citric Acid is been
manufactured (synthetic processes) includes chemical synthesis of citric acid by the
enzymes and biological fermentation by the microorganisms. Specifically Huangshi City
where Huangshi Xinghua Biochemical Co. Ltd is based in Hubei province. Although
Wuhan City (Huangpi District) also has a citric acid manufacturer called Wuhan
Shuangfeng Citric Acid Co. Ltd.
It is produced mainly by submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger or Candida sp.
From different sources of carbohydrates, such as molasses and starch based media.
I belief the origin was in Huangshi City, Hubei Province at a Citric Acid factory, that
manufacture and export citric acid, and Because Wuhan has an International airport,
Wuhan Tianhe International Airport, from there the virus transmit to the rest of the world.
11. The History of Citric Acid
The manufactured citric acid (MCA) that is used extensively as a food and beverage additive.
Approximately 99% of the world’s production of MCA is carried out using the fungus
Aspergillus niger since 1919. Approximately 99% of the world production of MCA is through
microbial processes using predominantly a mutant strain of the black mold Aspergillus Niger.
This method has been the industry standard for production of MCA since 1919, long before the
FDA’s involvement in evaluating food additives.
When the FDA adopted the Food Additives Amendment in 1958, Congress excluded from the
definition of Food Additive the common food ingredients in use before 1958, including MCA.
Although the FDA has studied many food additives to ensure that they are within acceptable
safety parameters, certain additives were granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by
the FDA due to lack of demonstrated harm over a history of prior use. Thus, MCA was
considered GRAS and did not undergo any FDA evaluation. MCA is one of the most common
additives used today, with applications ranging from food to non-food industries. It is estimated
that 70% is used in foods and beverages, 20% in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. In
foods and beverages, it is used as a flavouring, a preservative, an acidulant, and to provide pH
control. The growth of the processed foods industry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics is currently
the driving force behind the rapid growth of the citric acid market globally.
12. The Birth of Covid-19
Now something very interesting happens in her body. She had now Diabetics,
Plus the spores that she inhaled from Aspergillus niger (Ochratoxin A, the
Mycotoxin), and she have Influenza A virus.
What happens next is very interesting. Influenza A becomes a Mycovirus and
infects Ochratoxin A an Mycotoxin and form a brand new virus (keep all the
characteristics of both) capable of induce epidemics and the clever people call it
Covid-19.
The rest is history. Do Influenza A posses the properties to be a Mycovirus?
Yes indeed.
13. Replication of Mycoviruses
Replication of mycoviruses inside the fungal cell has been reviewed by Buck (1979, 1980). He
has reported some host enzymes capable of transcribing the ssRNA and dsRNA in laboratory
conditions and probably dsRNA in vivo.
Highly specific virus-coded RNA polymerases are necessary for effective in vivo transcription
and replication of dsRNA. Such polymerase has been reported in some dsRNA mycoviruses. It
is thought that the polymerases remain confined within the virion during the replicative cycle
of mycoviruses.
The mechanism of infection and transmission of mycoviruses is still obscure. They have been
found in fungal spores and it is believed that they are transmitted through the spores. The
presence of viral-RNA in the fungal cells does not appear to affect any cellular properties such
as antibiotic production.
For example Penicillium notation contains a dsRNA mycovirus, but penicillin production by
the fungus is not affected at all. In recent years the dsRNA mycoviruses have attracted the
attention of scientists since they have ability to induce interferon production in animal cells.
Also, they do not appear to the animal cells be toxic unlike other chemicals that induce
interferon production.
14. Mycovirus dynamics
Mycoviruses are intracellular within the fungus, are transmitted between hosts by cell-to-
cell contact/fusion, and can be disseminated within spores.
Fungal viruses or mycoviruses are widespread in fungi and are usually associated with
symptomless infections. Mycoviruses are transmitted intracellularly during cell
division, sporogenesis, and cell fusion, and they lack an extracellular phase to their life
cycles. Their natural host ranges are limited to individuals within the same or closely related
vegetative compatibility groups. Recent technological advances, however, allowed the
establishment of experimental host ranges for a few mycoviruses. Although the majority of
known fungal viruses have double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes that are packaged in
isometric particles, an increasing number of mycoviruses with single-stranded RNA
genomes are being reported. The best characterized of the dsRNA mycoviruses belong to
the family Totiviridae whose members have simple undivided dsRNA genomes that code for
a coat protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
17. Covid-19 and Charlie Chaplin
Bats are in caves most of their lives. And just come out at night to feed.
A lot of animals got similar diseases than us humans. Like dogs and cats and
shimpanzees. You can’t blame bats for every new disease Mr Charlie Chaplin.
First everybody blame bats for HIV, now again for Covid-19 poor bats. Bats
are in caves I belief there’s a lot of fungi in caves.
Oh and viruses are not fleas. They don’t jump from animals to humans.
Imagine Covid-19 jump from human to human.
This is just shortened extracts from my current research.
References is available