Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. The main types are excitatory (like glutamate and aspartate) and inhibitory (like GABA and glycine). Some neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine can have both effects. Neurotransmitters are involved in many mental illnesses when their levels are altered. The pituitary gland regulates hormone release including growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, and prolactin which impact behaviors like stress response, mood, appetite, and libido. Neuroendocrinology studies the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems and how hormones affect cognition, emotions, and behavior.
Depressant are medicines that include sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics. These drugs can slow brain activity, making them useful for treating anxiety, panic, acute stress reactions, and sleep disorders.
Sometimes called “downers,” these drugs come in multicolored tablets and capsules or in liquid form. It comes in multicolored tablets, capsules, powder or in liquid form. They can affect concentration and coordination. They slow down the person’s ability to respond to unexpected situations. In small doses they can cause a person to feel more relaxed and less inhibited.
A seminar presentation I made as part of my residency. The drugs covered are Synthetic Cathinones, Synthetic Cannabinoids, Ecstacy/MDMA, GHB, Ketamine and Mephedrone.
Depressants slow down (or “depress”)
the normal activity that goes on in the brain. Alcohol is a depressant.
Doctors often prescribe central nervous
system (CNS) depressants to patients who are anxious or can’t sleep. When
used as directed, CNS depressants are safe and helpful for people who need
them.
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Depressant are medicines that include sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics. These drugs can slow brain activity, making them useful for treating anxiety, panic, acute stress reactions, and sleep disorders.
Sometimes called “downers,” these drugs come in multicolored tablets and capsules or in liquid form. It comes in multicolored tablets, capsules, powder or in liquid form. They can affect concentration and coordination. They slow down the person’s ability to respond to unexpected situations. In small doses they can cause a person to feel more relaxed and less inhibited.
A seminar presentation I made as part of my residency. The drugs covered are Synthetic Cathinones, Synthetic Cannabinoids, Ecstacy/MDMA, GHB, Ketamine and Mephedrone.
Depressants slow down (or “depress”)
the normal activity that goes on in the brain. Alcohol is a depressant.
Doctors often prescribe central nervous
system (CNS) depressants to patients who are anxious or can’t sleep. When
used as directed, CNS depressants are safe and helpful for people who need
them.
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The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
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Pinterest: drsnipes
Identify the signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal as well as the neurobiological effects of stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens.
CNS Drugs
CNS Drugs
The drugs which act on the CNS(Central Nervous System) are known as CNS drugs
The CNS consists of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and the spinal cord.
CNS depressants
The drugs which have a depressant action on the CNS
Non selective depressants: which produce a generalised depressant action on the CNS. Eg. Hypnotic and sedative, central muscle relaxants
Selective depressants: it selectively depress certain region or portion of the CNS.
They include tranquillizers, Analgesics and anti-convalsants
B. CNS stimulants
the drugs which stimulate and reactivate CNS
used for variety of purposes like treatment of depressive state, maintenance of wakefulness restoration of respiration and blood and restoration of normal reflexes.
C. CNS modifiers(Tranquillizers)
used in treatment of mental disorders.
they produce improvement in the mood and behaviour of the patient
Major tranquillizers: reduce the agitation and disturbed behaviour which are associated with delusion and hallucinations in schizophrenia
Minor tranquillizers: there are antianxiety agents which gives calming effect in patients in anxiety state associated with neurotic personality
This slide contains the definition of CNS drugs.
Their classification based on chemical structure and PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
about the drugs acting on central nervous system, also their physiological effect on the brain and how Neurottransmiters in the brain response to these agents
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CounselorToolbox
Pinterest: drsnipes
Identify the signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal as well as the neurobiological effects of stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens.
CNS Drugs
CNS Drugs
The drugs which act on the CNS(Central Nervous System) are known as CNS drugs
The CNS consists of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and the spinal cord.
CNS depressants
The drugs which have a depressant action on the CNS
Non selective depressants: which produce a generalised depressant action on the CNS. Eg. Hypnotic and sedative, central muscle relaxants
Selective depressants: it selectively depress certain region or portion of the CNS.
They include tranquillizers, Analgesics and anti-convalsants
B. CNS stimulants
the drugs which stimulate and reactivate CNS
used for variety of purposes like treatment of depressive state, maintenance of wakefulness restoration of respiration and blood and restoration of normal reflexes.
C. CNS modifiers(Tranquillizers)
used in treatment of mental disorders.
they produce improvement in the mood and behaviour of the patient
Major tranquillizers: reduce the agitation and disturbed behaviour which are associated with delusion and hallucinations in schizophrenia
Minor tranquillizers: there are antianxiety agents which gives calming effect in patients in anxiety state associated with neurotic personality
This slide contains the definition of CNS drugs.
Their classification based on chemical structure and PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
about the drugs acting on central nervous system, also their physiological effect on the brain and how Neurottransmiters in the brain response to these agents
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
CEs can be earned for this presentation at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/search?q=pharmacology+of+recovery
Pinterest: drsnipes
Nurses, addiction and mental health counselors, social workers and marriage and family therapists can earn CEUs for this and other presentations at AllCEUs.com
Learn how to add certain foods and make little changes to your lifestyle to improve your mood and support recovery from physical illness, mood disorders and addictions.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Neurotransmitters in mental health
1. Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a
synapse.
Types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory - Glutamate Aspartate Nitric oxide
Inhibitory- Glycine GABA Serotonin Dopamine
Both - Acetylcholine Nor epinephrine
Neuro-
transmitter:
ACh
Acetylcholine
NE
Norepinephrine
DA
Dopamine
5-HT
Serotonin
Glu
Glutamate
GABA Opioids Cannabinoids Histamine
Effects:
↓Heart rate
↑Secretions (sweat,
saliva) ↑Memory
↑Muscle
contractions
↑Heart rate ↑Alertness
↑Happiness ↓Blood
circulation ↓Pain
↑Alertness
↑Happiness
↓Hunger
↑Happiness ↑Fullness
↓Pain
The most common
excitatory
neurotransmitter
↑Sleepiness
↓Anxiety ↓Alertness
↓Memory ↓Muscle
tension
↑Sleepiness
↓Anxiety
↓Pain
↑Hunger
↑Wakefulness
↑Stomach acid
↑Itchiness
↓Hunger
Possible
Implications
for Mental
illness
Increased levels:
Depression
Decreased levels :
Alzheimer’s
Disease,
Huntington’s
disease, Parkinson’s
Disease
Decreased levels :
Depression
Increased levels :
Mania, Anxiety states,
Schizophrenia
Decreased Levels :
Parkinson’s
disease and
Depression
Increased levels :
Mania and
Schizophrenia
Decreased levels :
Depression
Increased levels :
Anxiety states
Increased levels :
Huntington’s disease,
temporal lobe
epilepsy, spinal
cerebellar
degeneration.
Decreased levels :
Huntington’s
disease, anxiety
disorders,
schizophrenia, and
various forms of
epilepsy
Decreased
levels -
Depression
Drugs that
increase or
mimic:
Nicotine, muscarine,
Chantix, nerve gases
(VX, Sarin),
Alzheimer's drugs
(Aricept, Exelon),
physostigmine,
Tensilon,
pilocarpine
Amphetamine,
cocaine, SNRIs
(Effexor, Cymbalta),
tricyclic
antidepressants,
MAOIs, Wellbutrin,
LSD, pseudoephedrine
(Sudafed), albuterol,
pyridostigmine
Amphetamine,
cocaine,
Parkinson's drugs
(levodopa,
bromocriptine,
benztropine),
MAOIs,
Wellbutrin, LSD
Amphetamine,
cocaine, LSD,
psychedelics
(mushrooms,
mescaline), SSRIs
(Prozac, Zoloft),
tricyclic
antidepressants,
MAOIs, BuSpar,
triptans (sumatriptan,
for migraines)
D-cycloserine,
domoic acid
(shellfish)
Alcohol, barbiturates
(phenobarbital),
benzodiazepines
(Valium), GHB,
baclofen,
neurosteroids
(alphaxolone),
muscimol
Morphine,
heroin,
fentanyl,
hydrocodone
(Vicodin)
THC
(marijuana,
hashish),
nabilone
Opiates,
betahistine
2. Drugs that
decrease or
block:
BZ, atropine,
scopolamine,
benztropine,
biperiden, curare,
Botox,
mecamylamine, α-
bungarotoxin
Propranolol, clonidine,
phentolamine,
reserpine, AMPT
Antipsychotics
(Haldol),
reserpine,
tetrabenazine,
AMPT
Atypical
antipsychotics
(Risperdal, Seroquel),
Zofran, reserpine
PCP, ketamine,
Namenda (for
Alzheimer's),
dextromethorphan
(Robitussin),
dizocilpine
Flumazenil,
bicuculline,
bemegride, Ro 15-
4513, phaclofen
Naloxone,
naltrexone
Rimonabant
Benadryl,
antipsychotics,
Tagamet,
Zantac
Drugs alter neurotransmission
Agonist - A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.
inhibition of reuptake & deactivation
stimulate release
Antagonist: A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.
prevent synthesis & storage
block release
Drug class:
Specific drugs:
Mechanism: Major effects: Side effects: Any medical use:
Subgroup: Examples:
Sedatives
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam (Valium), clonazepam (Klonopin),
lorazepam (Ativan), temazepam (Restoril),
flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), triazolam
(Halcion), alprazolam (Xanax)
Agonist at benzodiazepine
site on the GABA-A
receptor
Calm, relaxed muscles, sleepy
Drowsiness, falls, impaired
coordination, impaired
memory, dizziness
Anxiety, insomnia,
epilepsy, many other
diseases
Benzodiazepine
agonists
Zolpidem (Ambien), eszopiclone (Lunesta),
zopiclone, zaleplon (Sonata)
Same as above
Mainly just sleepy, sometimes
hallucinations and sleep-like
states
Same as benzodiazepines Insomnia
Barbiturates
Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental
(sodium pentothal, sodiumamytal),
secobarbital
Agonist at barbiturate site
on the GABA-A receptor
Calm, euphoric, sleepy
Same as benzodiazepines,
plus breathing suppressed,
terrible withdrawal, death
Epilepsy, other
diseases in the past
and more rarely
today
Alcohol
Opens BK potassium
channels (hyperpolarizing
neurons), closes SK
potassiumchannels in
reward center of brain
(causing DA release),
probably other effects
Calm, euphoric, loss of
inhibitions (facilitates
socializing, talking, singing,
sex), relaxed
Same as benzodiazepines,
plus nausea, vomiting,
breathing suppressed, terrible
withdrawal (including
psychosis and seizures), brain
damage, various diseases,
death
Alcohol withdrawal
Gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB), GBL, 1,4-butanediol
Agonist at GHB receptor
(may desensitize it or inhibit
GABA), agonist at GABA-
B receptor
Euphoric, energetic, sleepy,
calm (mix of stimulant and
sedative effects)
Same as benzodiazepines,
plus nausea, vomiting,
breathing suppressed,
psychosis, seizures, death
Narcolepsy
(improves cataplexy,
not simply a sleep
aid)
3. Stimulants
Amphetamines
Amphetamine (Adderall), methamphetamine
(Desoxyn), methylphenidate (Ritalin),
phentermine, 4-methylaminorex,
phenmetrazine (Preludin), methcathinone,
fenfluramine (Pondimin, Fen-Phen),
dexfenfluramine (Redux), pseudoephedrine
(Sudafed), ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine
(old Triaminic), phenylephrine (Sudafed PE)
Increase release and inhibit
reuptake of 5-HT, DA, and
NE.
Euphoric, energetic, able to
work, concentrate, stay
awake. Reduces appetite.
Anxiety, paranoia, psychosis,
high blood pressure, heart
attack, stroke, brain damage
when used excessively
ADHD, narcolepsy,
obesity, rarely
depression
MDMA (ecstasy), MDA, MDEA
Like above, but releases a
lot more 5-HT
Euphoric, energetic, deep and
unusual thoughts, perceived
inspiration and novelty,
enhances sex, dancing, music,
art, touch and senses.
Contentment. Connection to
other people, strong emotions.
Same as amphetamine, plus
brain damage, confusion,
agitation, frequently death
due to hyperthermia, heart
attack, water intoxication, and
other problems.
None
Cocaine
Inhibits 5-HT, NE, and DA
reuptake, blocks voltage-
gated sodiumchannels
Same as amphetamine
(above)
Same as amphetamine, plus a
worse risk of heart attack
Local anesthesia and
bleeding control,
diagnostic tests
Narcotics
Full opioid
agonists
Morphine, heroin (diacetylmorphine),
hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone
(Percocet, Oxycontin), fentanyl, Demerol,
codeine, opium, hydromorphone (Dilaudid),
oxymorphone (Opana), methadone
Activate all opioid receptors
completely. Reduce NE
release.
Euphoric, pain relief, calm,
relaxed, sleepy, appetite
suppression
Nausea, constipation,
vomiting, drowsiness,
breathing suppressed
Pain relief, rarely
depression and
diarrhea
Partial, selective,
or mixed opioid
agonists
Buprenorphine (Suboxone), pentazocine,
nalbuphine, tramadol (Ultram), tifluadom
Only activate certain
subtypes of opioid
receptors, and/or do not
activate them fully, and/or
block certain subtypes.
Pain relief, not quite as
euphoric or relaxing as full
agonists (above)
Nausea, constipation,
vomiting, drowsiness
Pain relief, rarely
depression, opioid
addiction
Cannabis
Active ingredient is mostly tetrahydrocannabinol, some other
active ingredients like cannabidiol in smaller quantities
Agonist at cannabinoid
receptors
Unusual thoughts and
feelings, sometimes calm,
happy, hungry, enhanced
appreciation of art
Memory, thinking, reflexes,
and coordination are
impaired. May contribute to
psychosis in the long term.
Might relieve
nausea, vomiting,
and neuropathic
pain. Pills already
legal, other forms
under investigation.
Psychedelics
Phenethylamines
Mescaline (peyote cactus), 2C-series drugs
(2C-B, 2C-I, 2C-C, 2C-T-7), 3C-E, 4-MTA,
PMA, DO-series drugs (DOC, DOB, DOI,
DOM)
Partial agonist at 5-HT2
receptors (2A and possibly
2C). This receptor is mostly
excitatory, but it is
inhibitory in certain parts of
the brain dealing with
perception.
Feeling of novelty,
inspiration, reverence. Fast,
disordered thoughts, trances.
Perceptual anomalies: patterns
move, colors brighter, seeing
sounds, smelling colors.
Crazy ideas and beliefs.
Anxiety, insomnia, paranoia,
temporary psychosis. May
contribute to psychosis in the
long term, or cause
"flashbacks" (HPPD). Some
cause nausea, increased body
temperature, tremors.
None
Tryptamines
Psilocybin and psilocin (both in mushrooms),
bufotenin (in toads), DMT (in plants), 5-
MeO-DMT (in plants), 5-MeO-DiPT, DET,
AMT, 4-HO-DiPT
Psilocybin and LSD
have been tested for
the treatment of
cluster headaches
4. Ergolines
Lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), LSA
(ergine, in plants)
Same as above, plus
agonism at other 5-HT, DA,
and NE receptors.
Same as above, plus other
effects, depends of frequency
of use and dose.
Other ergolines are
used for many
diseases but are not
psychedelic.
Dissociative
anesthetics
Phencyclidine (PCP), dextromethorphan, ketamine
NMDA (glutamate receptor)
antagonists
Feeling of distance from
reality and body, numbing of
sensations and pain.
Convincing and absorbing
hallucinations.
Nausea, vomiting, coma,
violence, extreme confusion,
temporary psychosis. PCP
causes brain damage.
Anesthesia. A
related drug,
memantine, is used
in Alzheimer's
disease, and these
could be used in
stroke sufferers.
Deliriants
Scopolamine and atropine (in plants), diphenhydramine
(Benadryl), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Muscarinic (ACh receptor)
antagonists
Loss of memory, convincing
and absorbing hallucinations.
Extreme confusion,
temporary psychosis, hot, dry
skin, dry mouth, huge pupils,
fast heartbeat, death
Many legitimate uses
Inhalants
Diethyl ether (starter fluid), toluene, gasoline, glue, paint, xenon,
freon, halothane, sevoflurane
Unknown, probably
multiple mechanisms
Calm, relaxed, euphoric, pain
relief, hallucinations, strange
sensations (different inhalants
cause different effects from
this list)
Many diseases,death, nausea,
vomiting, accidental
asphyxiation, falls, varies
depending on particular drug
General anesthesia
Nitrous oxide
Unknown, but opioid
pathways are necessary
Calm, euphoric, pain relief,
memory loss,
unconsciousness
Similar to above
General or partial
anesthesia
Nitrites Isoamyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite
Stimulate NO system(NO
is a neurotransmitter)
"Head rush", muscle
relaxation, dizziness
Dangerously low blood
pressure, fainting
Heart conditions
Other
Salvinorin A (salvia divinorum)
Selective agonist of the
kappa opioid receptor
Convincing, absorbing
hallucinations, visionary
states, pain relief
Dysphoria, panic, headache,
inability to talk, falls,
sweating, persisting anxiety
Theoretically similar
to pain relievers
(pentazocine)
Muscimol (amanita muscaria) GABA-A agonist Vaguely like a hallucinogen Nausea, other side effects Useful in research
Nicotine (tobacco)
Nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor agonist
See Wikipedia, PubMed, Google
Caffeine (coffee, tea, other plants)
Adenosine receptor
antagonist, inhibits some
PDE enzymes causing
increased cAMP signaling
Alertness, wakefullness,
energy, appetite suppression,
headache relief
Insomnia, anxiety, headaches
on withdrawal, diuresis
Headaches
Methaqualone (Quaalude, Sopor), thalidomide, meprobamate
(Miltown), carisoprodol (Soma), glutethimide, chloral hydrate
(knockout drops, Micky), ethchlorvynol (Placidyl), methyprylon,
primidone
Various mechanisms,
mostly related to GABA,
similar to barbiturates
Depending on the drug: Calm,
sleepy, euphoric, relaxed
muscles, pain relief, nausea
relief
Falls, poor coordination and
memory, coma, other side
effects vary from drug to drug
Anxiety, depression,
insomnia, pain,
anesthesia, epilepsy,
muscle relaxation,
nausea
5. Neuroendocrinology
Study of the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system and the effect of various hormones on cognitive, emotional and behavioural
functioning.
Pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
o growth hormone
Target organs: bone and tissues
Function: growth in children protein synthesis in adults
Possible behavioral coorelation to altered secretion: anorexia nervosa
o Thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone by hypothalamus.
Function: Stimulation of secretion of needed thyroid hormones.
Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion:
Increased level: Insomnia, anxiety
Decreased level: Fatigue and depression
o ACTH ( adeno corticotropic hormone )
Target organs: Adrenal gland
Function: Secretion of cortisol, which plays an important role in response to stress.
Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion
Increased level: Mood disorder and psychosis
Decreased level: Fatigue and depression
o Prolactin
Function: Stimulation of milk production.
Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion: Depression, Decreased libido, anxiety, irritability.
o Gonadotrophic hormone
Target organs: Ovaries and testes
Function: Stimulation of secretion of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone, role in ovulation and sperm production.
Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion:
Increased level: Aggressiveness and increased sexual behavior.
Decreased level: Depression and anorexia nervosa
o Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Location: Anterior pituitary, release stimulated by onset of darkness.
Target organs: Pineal gland
6. Function: Stimulation of secretion of Melatonin.
Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion: Increased level: Depression .
Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis
o ADH ( anti diuretic hormone )
Location: Posterior pituitary, release stimulated by dehydration, pain, stress.
Target organs: Kidney
Function: Conservation of body water and maintenance of blood pressure.
Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion: Polydypsia , Modified sleep pattern.
o Oxytocin
Location: Posterior pituitary, release stimulated by pregnancy, sexual arousal, stress.
Target organs: Uterus Breasts
Function: Contraction of the uterus for the labor and release of breast milk.
Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion: Stress
Thyroid gland
o Function – Breathing, Heart rate, Central and peripheral nervous systems, Body weight, Muscle strength, Menstrual cycles, Body temperature,
Cholesterol levels
o Possible behavioral correlation to altered secretion: bipolar disorder panic disorder
Chandni Narayan
11.4.2021