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Neurotransmitters and their role
- 1. Neurotransmitters and their role By, R.Mirthularani I Msc., Zoology Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamilnadu.
- 2. What is a neurotransmitter??? Chatting in neuron level
- 3. How it works?? Synaptic transmission Synaptic cleft Receptor of the post synaptic neuron How it is released?? Ca ions embedded channels
- 4. Excitatory post synaptic potentials Sodium ions moves inside Inhibitory post synaptic potentials Potassium ions moves out
- 5. Ionotropic receptors •Ligand –gated ion channels •Conformation of the protein changes, opening a pore within the receptor protein that allows ions to move across the membrane Metabotropic receptors •G-Proteins •Metabolic steps •Second messengers •G-protein coupled receptors
- 8. ACETYLCHOLINE: Ionotropic- Nicotine receptor Metabotropic- Muscarinic receptor Roles: •Muscles •Transmits signal from motor neurons to the body’s skeletal muscles •Peripheral nervous system •Gastro intestinal system •Neuromuscular junction •Attention and arousal •Cholinergic neuron •Alzheimer’s disease •Myasthenia gravis •Acetylcholine esterase •Paralysis-Parathion DRUGS TOXINS LIKE BOTULIN CAN AFFECT Excitatory
- 13. Serotonin: 5-Hydroxytrptamine or 5-HT-receptor-Metabotropic-Excitatory Roles: •Emotions, cognition •Sensory perceptions •Sleep and appetite •REM and dream state-serotonin level decreases •Thermoregulation •Sexual behaviours •Depression-decreased level of serotonin •Anti-depressant drug -Fluoxetin Blocks the elimination of serotonin from synaptic cleft
- 15. Histamine: Metabotropic Receptor-H1-H4 Roles: •Control of pituitary hormone secretion •Suppression of eating •Wake promoting substance •Low in Alzheimer’s disease •High in Parkinson’s and Schizophrenia •Histaminergic neurons-Hypothalamus
- 17. AMPA( α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) - Ionotropic NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate)-Ionotropic mGlu1-8-Metabotropic •Excitatory •High concentration of glutamate –hippocampus and cerebral cortex •Learning and memory •Associative learning •Cause neurodegeneration Role of amino acids: Glutamate: Receptors:
- 19. GABA-Gamma amino butyric acid: Receptors-GABA –A-Ionotropic GABA- B-Metabotropic Inhibitory Roles: •Found in CNS •Helps in balancing •High conc in amygdala •Inhibition of fear and anxiety •Anti-anxiety •Anti-epilepsy •Insufficient inhibition-anxiety and exaggerated fear •Inhibits the Epileptic seizure •Drugs –Diazepam act on amygdala increases GABA transmission
- 21. Glycine: Receptor:Glycine-Ionotropic-Inhibitory Roles: •Processing of motor and sensory information that permits movement, vision, and audition. •Co agonist of glutamate receptor NMDA •Strychnine-toxic- block the receptor of glycine
- 22. Aspartate: Receptor-Aspartate-Ionotropic-Excitatory Roles: •Activates NMDA receptors •Roles are in debate
- 23. Role of Catecholamines: Dopamine- Receptor-Dopamine-Metabotropic-Excitatory or inhibitory Roles: •High conc in substantia nigra •Motor and neuroendocrine functions •Movement, memory, attention •Pleasurable reward •Behavior and cognition •Inhibition of prolactin production •Sleep, mood, learning •Decreased level in Parkinson’s disease-L dopa (Dihydroxy phenylalanine precursor for dopamine) •Increased level in Schizophrenia
- 26. Norepinephrine: Receptor-alpha and beta adrenergic- Metabotropic-Excitatory or inhibitory Roles: •Maintaining mood states •Decreased-Depression •Increased-Manic symptoms-arousal •High conc in terminal site of sympathetic nerves-released quickly –fight or flight •Regulation of vigilance
- 28. Neuropeptides: • Neuropeptides may have a neurotransmitter function or they may have more subtle, longterm action on the postsynaptic neurons. • In the latter case, they are often referred to as neuromodulators. A given axon generally releases only one kind of neurotransmitter, but many can release both a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator. •Substance P activated by painful stimuli. Enkephalins- inhibit the passage of pain information to the brain. •Endorphins- Block the perception of pain
- 29. •Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, have an analgesic (painreducing)effect because they are similar enough in chemical structure to bind to the receptors normally utilized by enkephalins and endorphins. •For this reason, the enkephalins and the endorphins are referred to as endogenous opiates.
- 30. •Studies have demonstrated a link between central nervous system neurotransmitter activity and urinary transmitter output. A study in rats examined the effects of oral ingestion of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), on specific brain regions. Serotonin levels were measured using brain tissue immuno reactivity and urinalysis. •A positive correlation between CNS and urinary serotonin levels. •Studies provide evidence supporting three key points: changes in urinary neurotransmitter excretion correlate with disease states, changes in neurotransmitter excretion correlate with therapeutic effectiveness, and urinary neurotransmitter assessments can assist the healthcare practitioner make more informed decisions regarding the choice of a particular intervention. •A number of laboratories have begun to utilize the brain's dependence on dietary precursors to learn more about normal brain function as well as disease states. •L-trytophan-orally given which can increase serotonin level. Recent researches:
- 31. REFERENCES: Christopher.D.Moyer.,Principles of Animal physiology.,by Pearson education.,In(2006).,New Delhi.,Pg.no:220-224 Webster.,R.A.,Neurotransmitters.,Drugs and brain function.,by john wiley and sons ltd.,(2001).,England.,Pg.no:225,226. Miecyclaw pokoriki.,Neurotransmitter Interactions and cognitive function., by Springer International Publishing (2015)., Pg.no:2 Sheila.,Nursing practice for psychiatric disorders.,by Lippincott williams and wilkins.,Pg.no:21 Lopez-corcuera,B.,Greelings, Aragon c.(2001)., Glycine neurotransmitter transporters: An update: Molecular membrane biology, 18(1), 13-20 Zhou, P., Bacaj, T., Yang, X., Pang, Z. P., & Südhof, T. C. (2013). Lipid-anchored SNAREs lacking transmembrane regions fully support membrane fusion during neurotransmitter release. Neuron, 80(2), 470-483. Meyers, S. (2000). Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(1), 64-71.