Neuropeptide y
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that is widely distributed throughout the central and autonomic nervous systems. It was first identified in porcine brain extracts in 1978 and has since been found to have diverse functions including regulating food intake, blood pressure, stress responses, and hormone secretion. NPY operates through five receptor subtypes and has roles in stimulating food intake through Y1 and Y5 receptors as well as inhibiting appetite through Y2 and Y4 receptors. It increases food intake by preferentially stimulating carbohydrate consumption, decreasing latency to eat, and delaying satiety. NPY levels also correlate with stress and diet, potentially interfering with immune function and driving cravings for high fat foods during periods
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Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. They influence various brain and bodily functions. Some peptides act as both hormones and neuropeptides. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in processes like feeding, learning, and social behavior. It has therapeutic potential for treating obesity and anxiety/depression. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a vasodilator that may be linked to migraines. Substance P is associated with pain and inflammation. Cholecystokinin is a gut-brain hormone involved in processes like feeding and anxiety. Many neuropeptides act through G-protein coupled receptors and have potential pharmacological applications.
Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. They are responsible for many brain functions including analgesia, food intake, learning and memory, metabolism, and social behaviors. Some key neuropeptides discussed are Neuropeptide Y, which regulates appetite, and Tachykinins like Substance P which mediates pain. Arginine vasopressin regulates water balance and social behaviors through G protein-coupled receptors.
Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic nervous system, NPY is produced by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system where it acts as a strong vasoconstrictor and promotes fat tissue growth. In the brain, NPY is produced in various locations including the hypothalamus. NPY activates G protein-coupled receptors Y1 through Y5, which inhibit the production of cAMP and stimulate food intake and fat storage, playing a role in eating disorders like obesity. Higher levels of NPY are also associated with resilience to stress and dampening of fear responses.
Non adrenergic and Non cholinergic transmission
1. Co-transmission in the autonomic nervous system involves the release of multiple neurotransmitters and neuromodulators from neurons in addition to the primary neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Common co-transmitters include ATP, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and substance P.
2. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission describes responses mediated by neurotransmitters other than acetylcholine or norepinephrine, such as purines like ATP, nitric oxide, and peptides.
3. In blood vessels, endothelium-derived nitric oxide is an important NANC transmitter that causes vasodilation in response to various stimuli through activation of
Kinins
Kinins are polypeptides like bradykinin and kallidin that act as local hormones. They induce vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction by activating B1 or B2 receptors. They are part of the kinin-kallikrein system, where kininogens act as precursors that are converted by kallikreins into active kinins like bradykinin. The kinin-kallikrein system plays roles in inflammation, blood pressure regulation, coagulation, and pain signaling.
Non adrenergic non cholinergic transmission(nanc)
Neurotransmitters other than Acetyl choline and NorAdrenaline of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system play important role in synaptic junction transmission. That neurotransmitters are called NANC.
Neuropeptides
they are newer foci of research in understanding the biological basis of psychiatric disorders. It includes CRH,TRH, urocortins,oxytocin, vasopressin.
Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors are a family of transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to small lipophilic compounds like steroid hormones and lipids. They have a conserved structure of six domains including a ligand binding domain that activates gene expression when a ligand is present. Nuclear receptors function by binding to DNA as monomers or dimers and recruiting other proteins to regulate transcription. They are classified into three classes based on their ligand, subcellular localization, and mechanism of action.
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Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. They influence various brain and bodily functions. Some peptides act as both hormones and neuropeptides. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in processes like feeding, learning, and social behavior. It has therapeutic potential for treating obesity and anxiety/depression. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a vasodilator that may be linked to migraines. Substance P is associated with pain and inflammation. Cholecystokinin is a gut-brain hormone involved in processes like feeding and anxiety. Many neuropeptides act through G-protein coupled receptors and have potential pharmacological applications.
Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. They are responsible for many brain functions including analgesia, food intake, learning and memory, metabolism, and social behaviors. Some key neuropeptides discussed are Neuropeptide Y, which regulates appetite, and Tachykinins like Substance P which mediates pain. Arginine vasopressin regulates water balance and social behaviors through G protein-coupled receptors.
Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic nervous system, NPY is produced by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system where it acts as a strong vasoconstrictor and promotes fat tissue growth. In the brain, NPY is produced in various locations including the hypothalamus. NPY activates G protein-coupled receptors Y1 through Y5, which inhibit the production of cAMP and stimulate food intake and fat storage, playing a role in eating disorders like obesity. Higher levels of NPY are also associated with resilience to stress and dampening of fear responses.
Non adrenergic and Non cholinergic transmission
1. Co-transmission in the autonomic nervous system involves the release of multiple neurotransmitters and neuromodulators from neurons in addition to the primary neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Common co-transmitters include ATP, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and substance P.
2. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission describes responses mediated by neurotransmitters other than acetylcholine or norepinephrine, such as purines like ATP, nitric oxide, and peptides.
3. In blood vessels, endothelium-derived nitric oxide is an important NANC transmitter that causes vasodilation in response to various stimuli through activation of
Kinins
Kinins are polypeptides like bradykinin and kallidin that act as local hormones. They induce vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction by activating B1 or B2 receptors. They are part of the kinin-kallikrein system, where kininogens act as precursors that are converted by kallikreins into active kinins like bradykinin. The kinin-kallikrein system plays roles in inflammation, blood pressure regulation, coagulation, and pain signaling.
Non adrenergic non cholinergic transmission(nanc)
Neurotransmitters other than Acetyl choline and NorAdrenaline of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system play important role in synaptic junction transmission. That neurotransmitters are called NANC.
Neuropeptides
they are newer foci of research in understanding the biological basis of psychiatric disorders. It includes CRH,TRH, urocortins,oxytocin, vasopressin.
Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors are a family of transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to small lipophilic compounds like steroid hormones and lipids. They have a conserved structure of six domains including a ligand binding domain that activates gene expression when a ligand is present. Nuclear receptors function by binding to DNA as monomers or dimers and recruiting other proteins to regulate transcription. They are classified into three classes based on their ligand, subcellular localization, and mechanism of action.
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siRNA and miRNA both regulate gene expression, but through different mechanisms. siRNA targets specific gene sequences, while a single miRNA can regulate many genes. siRNA is found in plants, fungi, and insects but not mammals, which have other antiviral responses. miRNA are small non-coding RNAs around 22 nucleotides long that bind to mRNA to repress translation or promote degradation. They play important roles in development, physiology, and disease when their expression is dysregulated.
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Nuclear Receptors
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Final nuclear receptor
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This document discusses G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs):
- GPCRs are the largest family of transmembrane receptors and play important roles in human senses and physiology. They respond to a wide range of ligands.
- GPCRs are classified into families based on sequence homology and functional similarity. The largest family is rhodopsin-like receptors which have 7 transmembrane domains.
- GPCRs are activated via conformational changes in the transmembrane domains, primarily involving movements of "microswitches" that allow the receptor to activate associated G proteins and downstream signaling.
G- Protein Coupled Receptors
GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
Genetic variations in gpcr
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can alter receptor function and cause diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other mutations have been linked to impaired or enhanced receptor signaling. For example, a mutation in the vasopressin V2 receptor causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by decreasing ligand binding and receptor expression. Similarly, mutations in chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 impact HIV infection by altering receptor function or interaction with other coreceptors. Overall, GPCR polymorphisms are associated with diseases by changing ligand binding, receptor activation, trafficking, and coupling to downstream signaling pathways.
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Aminoacid neurotransimitter
(1) The document discusses the history of the discovery of neurotransmitters and the role of Ramón y Cajal and Otto Loewi in determining neurons communicate via chemical messengers rather than electrical signals.
(2) It provides definitions of neurotransmitter and criteria that must be met for a substance to be classified as a neurotransmitter.
(3) Glutamate is described as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, present at high concentrations in presynaptic terminals and involved in many key pathways.
Importance of si rna and microrna
siRNA and miRNA both regulate gene expression, but through different mechanisms. siRNA targets specific gene sequences, while a single miRNA can regulate many genes. siRNA is found in plants, fungi, and insects but not mammals, which have other antiviral responses. miRNA are small non-coding RNAs around 22 nucleotides long that bind to mRNA to repress translation or promote degradation. They play important roles in development, physiology, and disease when their expression is dysregulated.
presentation on Endorphin hormone
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This document summarizes kinase receptors and nuclear receptors. Kinase receptors contain an extracellular ligand-binding domain connected by a transmembrane helix to an intracellular domain with kinase activity. They signal through phosphorylation cascades like MAPK. Nuclear receptors regulate gene transcription as ligand-activated transcription factors. They contain a ligand binding domain, DNA binding domain, and transcriptional regulation domain. Nuclear receptors form dimers and recruit cofactors to modify gene expression.
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Final nuclear receptor
Nuclear receptors are a family of transcription factors that bind small molecule ligands and regulate gene expression. They contain several domains including a DNA binding domain and ligand binding domain. Upon ligand binding, nuclear receptors undergo a conformational change and recruit coactivators or corepressors to activate or repress transcription. They are classified into three classes based on their localization and dimerization properties. Class II nuclear receptors like PPARs form heterodimers with RXR, bind lipids, and regulate metabolism. PPARγ agonists like glitazones bind PPARγ, activate gene transcription, and have antidiabetic effects like sensitizing tissues to insulin.
Glutamate receptors
This document discusses glutamate receptors, including their history, types, roles, and drugs that act on them. It notes that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There are two main types of glutamate receptors: ionotropic receptors which are ligand-gated ion channels including NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors, and metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors divided into groups 1, 2, and 3. The roles of glutamate receptors include synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and excitotoxicity. Many drugs have been developed that act as agonists or antagonists at glutamate receptors and are being investigated for conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson
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Neurosteroids
Neurosteroids are endogenous or exogenous steroids that can alter neuronal excitability through interacting with ligand-gated ion channels and cell surface receptors. They are classified as inhibitory or excitatory based on their effects. Inhibitory neurosteroids act as positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, while excitatory neurosteroids negatively modulate GABAA receptors or act as agonists of NMDA or sigma-1 receptors. Neurosteroids are involved in processes like neural plasticity, learning and memory, behavior, stress response, and mood disorders. Some synthetic neurosteroids have therapeutic applications as sedatives or for treating epilepsy.
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The document discusses G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which comprise the largest group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs have 7 transmembrane domains and signal from outside the cell to the interior by coupling to G proteins. They are involved in many human biological processes and about 45% of pharmaceutical drugs target GPCRs. GPCRs activate different intracellular signaling pathways upon ligand binding, including the cAMP pathway, IP3-DAG pathway, and channel regulation pathways, mediated by different G protein subunits.
G protein coupled receptor(gpcr)
This document discusses G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs):
- GPCRs are the largest family of transmembrane receptors and play important roles in human senses and physiology. They respond to a wide range of ligands.
- GPCRs are classified into families based on sequence homology and functional similarity. The largest family is rhodopsin-like receptors which have 7 transmembrane domains.
- GPCRs are activated via conformational changes in the transmembrane domains, primarily involving movements of "microswitches" that allow the receptor to activate associated G proteins and downstream signaling.
G- Protein Coupled Receptors
GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
Genetic variations in gpcr
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can alter receptor function and cause diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other mutations have been linked to impaired or enhanced receptor signaling. For example, a mutation in the vasopressin V2 receptor causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by decreasing ligand binding and receptor expression. Similarly, mutations in chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 impact HIV infection by altering receptor function or interaction with other coreceptors. Overall, GPCR polymorphisms are associated with diseases by changing ligand binding, receptor activation, trafficking, and coupling to downstream signaling pathways.
G protein coupled receptors
Dr. Pavani discusses G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are integral membrane proteins that sense molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and cellular responses. There are over 800 GPCRs in humans that detect a wide range of ligands and are involved in many physiological processes. GPCRs work by coupling to G proteins, which activate various intracellular effectors like adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and ion channels. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling can lead to many human diseases. Martin Rodbell and Alfred Gilman were awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries related to G proteins and GPCR signal transduction.
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This document provides an overview of glutamate and GABA, their receptors and therapeutic applications. It discusses the synthesis, storage, release and termination of glutamate and GABA in the central nervous system. It describes the ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and GABAA and GABAB receptors. It also discusses conditions associated with glutamate like seizures, neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Finally, it outlines current and upcoming therapeutic agents that target glutamate and GABA receptors and their uses, mechanisms and adverse effects.
Somatostatin
Somatostatin is a polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and pancreas that inhibits the secretion of several other hormones. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system and regulates processes in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Synthetic substitutes like octreotide and lanreotide are used to treat excess hormone secretion and gastrointestinal diseases by mimicking somatostatin. Increased somatostatin levels can result from rare tumors and cause issues like diabetes and gallstones by over-suppressing hormone secretion. Decreased levels can lead to problems from excessive growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone secretion.
Recent advances in parkinsonism
- The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It describes several new drug treatments including safinamide, istradefylline, and duodopa. Safinamide and istradefylline are FDA-approved as adjunctive treatments for Parkinson's patients experiencing "off" episodes. Duodopa is indicated for motor fluctuations. The document also discusses non-pharmacological treatments like deep brain stimulation and potential future therapies including gene therapy and stem cell transplantation. Overall, the treatment of Parkinson's disease continues to evolve with new targets and pathways being explored through various clinical trials to improve symptom management beyond levodopa.
Molecular and cellular mechanism of action of hormones
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Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. It plays various roles such as regulating mood, cognition, memory, appetite, sleep, and gastrointestinal motility. Serotonin acts through multiple receptor subtypes. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety by blocking reuptake of serotonin. Potential side effects include nausea, sexual dysfunction, and serotonin syndrome, a rare but serious condition caused by dangerously high serotonin levels.
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https://insidescientific.com/webinar/brain-circuits-driving-appetite-obesity-2020
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This document discusses insulin resistance and related topics. It begins with a brief history of insulin resistance and defines it as a failure of target organs to respond normally to insulin. It then discusses various factors that can contribute to insulin resistance, including obesity, diet, genetics, and certain drugs. The document also discusses the metabolic syndrome, which includes insulin resistance along with other risk factors. It provides diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome and discusses treatments like weight loss, exercise, and dietary changes. The rest of the document discusses various proteins and cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and TNF-alpha, and their roles in insulin resistance. It also discusses how lack of adipose tissue can
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My recent introduction talk for the Nutrigenomics Masterclass 2011 in Wageningen (The Netherlands):
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- Leptin normally inhibits appetite but leptin
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The document discusses several hormones and peptides involved in regulating hunger, satiety, and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus. It describes hormones/peptides secreted by the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. CCK, PYY, GLP-1), adipose tissue (leptin), pancreas (insulin, PP), stomach (ghrelin), and thyroid gland. Many of these hormones act synergistically on the hypothalamus, specifically on NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus, to integrate signals about physiological state and maintain energy homeostasis.
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- A variety of dietary phytochemicals from foods commonly consumed during pregnancy may be able to cross the placenta and influence the fetal epigenome, potentially providing protection against disease programming. Further research is still needed.
Phytochemicals and fetal epigenome
- Maternal nutrition and environmental exposures during pregnancy can impact the fetal epigenome through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. This can increase the risk of health issues like metabolic syndrome later in life.
- Certain phytochemicals from foods like epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, genistein, and curcumin may beneficially influence the fetal epigenome by regulating enzymes involved in epigenetic modifications.
- Adequate intake of nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals during pregnancy and lactation may help protect the offspring by modulating the fetal epigenome.
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Adipose tissue innate immunity & inflammation - a nutrigenomics perspective o...
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This research article examines the potential disease-modifying effect of adiponectin (APN) in models of alpha-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The study finds that APN is localized within Lewy bodies in human brain tissue from patients with these conditions. In cell and mouse models expressing alpha-synuclein, APN treatment suppressed alpha-synuclein aggregation, phosphorylation, and release through an AdipoR1-AMPK pathway. Intranasal APN treatment in transgenic mice improved histopathology and motor function when initiated early. APN may exert these effects by modifying metabolic pathways to have a therapeutic potential for alpha-synu
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5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Neuropeptide y
- 1. Presented by Vijay Anand M. Pharmacy (2nd sem) NEUROPEPTIDE Y
- 2. Introduction o 36 amino acid peptide with structural similarities to Peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) o Widely distributed throughput CNS and ANS o Five subtypes- Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, Y6 o diverse functions including food intake, blood pressure, circadian rythms, stress pain, hormone secretion, reproduction, alcohol consumption. o Also implicated in number of disorders such as feeding disorders , seizures, hypertension, pain, depression, anxiety
- 4. Discovery o Identified in the porcine brain extracts o 1978- novel method developed for the detection of biologically active peptides based on C- terminal amide structure o 1980- 2 peptide amide- HI (PHI) AND PYY o 1982- peptide with C- terminal tyrosine amide-NPY o 1983- Galanin o 1985- NPK o 1986- Pancreastitin
- 5. Distribution o CNS - brain- cortex, hippocampus, hindbrain, hypothalamus o ANS - high levels of NPY found in sympathetic ganglia and in tissues receiving a dense sympathetic innervation, such as -vas deferens - heart atrium -blood vessels -spleen -kidney -respiratory -urogenitary tracts -visceral smooth muscle o Neuronal elements of gut and pancreas
- 7. Receptors o NPY operates on is a G protein-coupled receptor in the rhodopsin like 7-transmembrane GPCR family. o Five subtypes of the NPY receptor have been identified in mammals, four of which are functional in humans. o Subtypes Y1 and Y5 have known roles in the stimulation of feeding o Subtypes Y2 and Y4 seem to have roles in appetite inhibition (satiety). o Some of these receptors are among the most highly conserved neuropeptide receptors.
- 9. Functions o Role in food intake - it stimulates food intake with preferential effect on carbohydrate - it decreases latency to eat, increases motivation to eat, delays satiety by augmenting meal size o Role in obesity -an increase in glucocorticosteroid concentrations in plasma; -insensitivity or resistance to insulin; -mutation of leptin receptor; and -an increase in NPY mRNA and NPY release
- 11. o Role in alcoholism NPY might protect against alcoholism o Correlation with stress and diet - large amounts of NPY are released which may interfere with immune defence mechanism - this explains why we tend to eat more than what our body needs when exposed to different levels and types of stress ↔
- 12. o Neuropeptide Y, in addition to cortisol triggers cravibgs for salty, sweet and high fat the more uncontrolled stress in your life, the more likely you are to turn to food for emotional relief