The document discusses several hormones and peptides involved in regulating hunger, satiety, and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus. It describes hormones/peptides secreted by the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. CCK, PYY, GLP-1), adipose tissue (leptin), pancreas (insulin, PP), stomach (ghrelin), and thyroid gland. Many of these hormones act synergistically on the hypothalamus, specifically on NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus, to integrate signals about physiological state and maintain energy homeostasis.
Describe neuroendocrine regulation of energy metabolism during the fed state
Discuss regulation of energy metabolism during the fasted state.
List the counter-regulatory hormones and describe their effects.
Discuss the Maintenance of Long-Term Energy Balance & Fat Storage
Correlate this knowledge to the related clinical conditions.
Describe neuroendocrine regulation of energy metabolism during the fed state
Discuss regulation of energy metabolism during the fasted state.
List the counter-regulatory hormones and describe their effects.
Discuss the Maintenance of Long-Term Energy Balance & Fat Storage
Correlate this knowledge to the related clinical conditions.
This Keynote contains information on the function of the Hypothalamus in our brain, it's controls and what the dysfunctions of this part of the brain can cause to the rest of our body. Also included are studies involving the Hypothalamus.
Eating Well While Eating Out: How calories on the menu can guide healthy choicesRobin Allen
Eating right when eating out: How calories on the menu can guide healthy choices.
Confused about how to choose healthy foods when you eat out?
What does the restaurant label mean?
Are you confused about the current FDA menu labeling regulation? Do they apply to your facility? How can your patients' use the menu labeling to help make healthier food choices?
OBJECTIVES: After this webinar, the participant will be able to:
1. Describe the basic tenants of FDA’s menu labeling legislation.
2. List at least 3 new insights about eating away from home (and its impact on dietary intake and health outcomes).
3. Apply new ideas and resources (including calories on the menu) to help consumers make better choices when eating outside the home.
Presented by Cheryl Dolven, MS, RD
This Keynote contains information on the function of the Hypothalamus in our brain, it's controls and what the dysfunctions of this part of the brain can cause to the rest of our body. Also included are studies involving the Hypothalamus.
Eating Well While Eating Out: How calories on the menu can guide healthy choicesRobin Allen
Eating right when eating out: How calories on the menu can guide healthy choices.
Confused about how to choose healthy foods when you eat out?
What does the restaurant label mean?
Are you confused about the current FDA menu labeling regulation? Do they apply to your facility? How can your patients' use the menu labeling to help make healthier food choices?
OBJECTIVES: After this webinar, the participant will be able to:
1. Describe the basic tenants of FDA’s menu labeling legislation.
2. List at least 3 new insights about eating away from home (and its impact on dietary intake and health outcomes).
3. Apply new ideas and resources (including calories on the menu) to help consumers make better choices when eating outside the home.
Presented by Cheryl Dolven, MS, RD
Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Osun State (2)iosrjce
The study compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly attending geriatric day
care centres and those who did not in Ile-Ife and Imesi-Ile both in Ife-Ijesasenatorial district of Osun State. It
was aimed at examining the relationships between income, acute diseases and food intake on dietary intake and
nutritional status of the elderly people. A total of four hundred and eighteen elderly respondents were recruited
for the study through a snow balling sampling technique. One hundred and thirty two elderly attending geriatric
day care centres were recruited as study group and 318 who do not attend any of the centres were recruited as
control group. Data was collected by using a twenty-item questionnaire adapted from Nestle Mini Nutritional
Assessment (MNA) scale.
Findings revealed that more (9.1%) of the respondents in the study group were undernourished, and 25.9% of
the respondents in the same group were overweight. There was no significant difference in the nutritional status
of respondents from both groups (X2=2.25, p= >0.05). This study concluded that attendance of geriatric day
care centres and income conferred no added benefit on the nutritional status and dietary pattern of the elderly.
By:Nader Al-assadi
Taiz university
Definition of weight loss:
Clinically important weight loss is defined as the loss of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) or >5% of one’s body weight over a period of 6–12 months.
Weight loss can be divided into 2 categories: involuntary or voluntary.
-1 Involuntary weight loss is a manifestation of cachexia associated with many disease states.
2- Voluntary weight loss, in the form of healthy dieting, is common among men and women. However, signifcant voluntary weight loss can herald a psychiatric illness such as an eating disorder, particularly among women.
K E Y T E R M S:
Anorexia Loss of the desire to eat.
Anorexia nervosa4 Intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain weight at or above a minimally appropriate weight for height and age.
Bulimia nervosa4 Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by recurrent compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (ie, laxative abuse and self-induced vomiting).
Cachexia General muscle and/or fat wasting with malnutrition usually associated with chronic disease.
Involuntary weight loss The unintended loss of weight; sometimes not reported by the patient and only noted upon chart review.
Malnutrition Poor nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients or their impaired utilization.
Voluntary weight loss The conscious effort to lose weight; frequently not a complaint among those with eating disorders.
1. MAIN AIMS.
A full view of food intake regulation and energy
balance.
To study hunger and satiety regulation by the
hypothalamus.
To learn about hormonal factors and peptides in the
gastrointestinal tract involved in feeding regulation.
To find out what role the hormonal factor of adipose
tissue plays in the food intake regulation.
INTRODUCTION.
This regulation is controlled by hormonal signals from the adipose tissue, the nervous system, the
endocrine system and the gastrointestinal system. These signals are integrated into the
hypothalamus. In the arcuate nucleus many hormones converge that come from the adipose tissue
and the gastrointestinal system to regulate both food intake and energy expenditure.
In the arcuate nucleus there are two neural types involve on the food intake regulation. One of them
expressed proopiomelanocortin (POMC) which reduces food intake. The other type of neurons is
rich in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) which increases food intake and
reduced energy ingestion. NPY and POMC neurons are targets of several hormones that regulate
appetite, some of them are dealt with this work.
• The pancreatic hormone is produced in the
β-cells of the pancreatic islets of
Langerhans.
• NPY/AgRP neurons are inhibited and POMC
neurons are stimulated by insulin decreasing
food intake and weight. The insulin actions
are controlled by insulin receptors (IR) in the
arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
• An increase of adiposity causes a decreased
insulin sensitivity.
Insulin
• Proglucagon undergoes post-
translational processing resulting in
GLP-1 in intestinal cells.
• GLP-1 decreases feeding and
stimulates insulin expression in
hyperglycemia state.
• The PYY and GLP-1 are co expressed
after ingestion and act synergistically
inducing satiety
GLP-1
• Peptide YY is secreted by the
intestinal cells in ilium.
• NPY/AgRP neurons are
blocked and POMC neurons
are stimulated by PYY across
Y2 receptors in the
hypothalamus. Thus, PYY
inhibits food intake.
• PYY and GLP-1 have
synergic effects.
PYY
• CCK is released from the enteroendocrine
cells of the duodenum and jejunum.
• The role of CCK is to stimulate satiety through
CCKA receptors present in vagal afferent
fibers and circular muscle cells from the
pyloric sphincter.
• The satiating effect of CCK is enhanced by
leptin.
CCK
REFERENCES.
1. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Tratado de fisiología médica. 2. Calzada-león R, Altamirano-bustamante N, Ruiz-reyes MDL. Reguladores neuroendocrinos y gastrointestinales del apetito y la saciedad. Servicio de Endocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Pedriatría, Secretaría de Salud, México, DF, México. 2008. 3. Crespo CS, Cachero
AP, Jiménez LP, Barrios V, Ferreiro EA. Peptides and food intake. Frontiers Endocrinology (Lausanne). 2014. 4. Moran TH, Chen J, Sheng B. Cholecystokinin And Satiety. Handbook Biologically Active Peptides. 2006. 5. Moran TH, Dailey MJ. Intestinal feedback signaling and satiety. 2012. 6. Sahu A. Minireview: A
hypothalamic role in energy balance with special emphasis on leptin. Endocrinology. 2004. 7. Briggs DI, Andrews ZB. Metabolic status regulates ghrelin function on energy homeostasis. Neuroendocrinology. 2011
CONCLUSIONS.
Many factors are involved in hunger and satiety. Some of them act synergistically on the hypothalamus. The signals from different parts of the body provide
information to the hypothalamus about the physiological state of the organism. In this way, the hypothalamus produces hunger or satiety feelings to maintain
energy homeostasis of the body.
• Satiety and expenditure energy are stimulated by
leptin. This hormone inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons
and stimulates POMC neurons through leptin
receptors in the arcuate nucleus.
• Insulin stimulates leptin expression. And leptin
levels are decreased by thyroid hormones.
• GH receptors stimulate leptin production in white
adiposity tissue.
Leptin
• These hormones are secreted by the
thyroid glands. Thyroid hormones
stimulate NPY neurons expression
and POMC-neuron-inhibition. Thus,
thyroid hormones stimulate food
intake.
Thyroid hormones
• Oxintomodulina is
produced by intestinal
cells. OXM decreases
hunger and increases
energy expenditure
through binding to GLP-1
receptors.
OXM
• mRNA pro-ghrelin is expressed in the
stomach cells. Pro-ghrelin is processed
to ghrelin. The binding of the ghrelin
with its receptors (GHSR) in the
hypothalamus causes NPY/AgRP
neuron activation. At the same time
POMC neurons are inhibited. Thus,
ghrelin stimulates food intake.
• Ghrelin increases weight gain through
ghrelin receptors in the paraventricular
nucleus of the hypothalamus.
• CCK, GLP-1 and leptin increase
ghrelin levels. Insulin decreases ghrelin
expression.
Ghrelin
• The pancreatic polypeptide is
released by islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas.
• PP reduces hunger through Y4
receptors in the hypothalamus.
PP
Sònia Colás Medà
Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Modified from Nature Neuroscience.
Extractedfrom:GUYTON,C.G.andHALL,J.E.TextbookofMedicalPhysiology.11ªEdición.Elsevier,2006.
Gut-derived
hormones
Hypothalamus
Adipocyte
signals
Modulation of
feeding
behaviour