This document reviews metabolic syndrome and the role of omega-3 fatty acids. It summarizes early studies showing omega-3's positive effects on cardiovascular health. Two supporting studies and one main study are discussed. Supporting Study 1 found fish oil reversed metabolic abnormalities in rats. Supporting Study 2 found omega-3 supplements improved cardiovascular risk factors in humans with metabolic syndrome. The main study found omega-3's improved endothelial function and arterial stiffness in metabolic syndrome patients, with anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, increasing omega-3 intake may benefit reversing metabolic syndrome. Future research on optimal ratios and long-term effects is recommended.
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3
oils, ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids,
are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
characterized by the presence of a double
bond three atoms away from the terminal
methyl group in their chemical structure.
They are widely distributed in nature, being
important constituents of animal lipid
metabolism, and they play an important
role in the human diet and in human
physiology.
https://www.slideshare.net/DauRamChandravanshi1
Omega 3,6 & 9 Fatty AcidsOmega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are PUFAs and omega-9 fatty acids are usually MUFAs. The omega numbers simply reference how many carbons away from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain that the first carbon-carbon double bond appears. If the double bond is three carbons away, it's called an omega-3 fatty acid.,
Inadequate long-chain omega-3 fatty acid status has a substantial impact on our health. Human RCT, observational, in vitro and in vivo animal studies all demonstrate that omega-3 fats from fish improve inflammatory regulation and its associated conditions. Yet, due to inconsistency in findings, the validity of omega-3 fatty acids as ‘treatments’ has been brought into question in the reporting of studies. To date, few studies have monitored the correlation between omega-3 dose, subsequent cellular enrichment of these fatty acids and clinical outcomes.
In this webinar, Dr Bailey presents the latest evidence for the importance of a biomarker-based, personalised approach to omega-3 treatment – one that significantly improves consistency in clinical outcomes and offers an antidote to the ‘one-size fits all’ approach that is responsible for significant individual variations in response in many published studies.
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASEBabie Maibam
Prevention of age-related cognitive decline - a public health challenge.Nutrition, a major lifelong environmental factor, offers promising perspectives.
During this webinar Dr Bailey reviews the latest evidence for the clinical application of omega-3 fats found in fish oil with a focus on choosing the best source, form, bioavailability and strength for your client’s condition management.
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3
oils, ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids,
are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
characterized by the presence of a double
bond three atoms away from the terminal
methyl group in their chemical structure.
They are widely distributed in nature, being
important constituents of animal lipid
metabolism, and they play an important
role in the human diet and in human
physiology.
https://www.slideshare.net/DauRamChandravanshi1
Omega 3,6 & 9 Fatty AcidsOmega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are PUFAs and omega-9 fatty acids are usually MUFAs. The omega numbers simply reference how many carbons away from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain that the first carbon-carbon double bond appears. If the double bond is three carbons away, it's called an omega-3 fatty acid.,
Inadequate long-chain omega-3 fatty acid status has a substantial impact on our health. Human RCT, observational, in vitro and in vivo animal studies all demonstrate that omega-3 fats from fish improve inflammatory regulation and its associated conditions. Yet, due to inconsistency in findings, the validity of omega-3 fatty acids as ‘treatments’ has been brought into question in the reporting of studies. To date, few studies have monitored the correlation between omega-3 dose, subsequent cellular enrichment of these fatty acids and clinical outcomes.
In this webinar, Dr Bailey presents the latest evidence for the importance of a biomarker-based, personalised approach to omega-3 treatment – one that significantly improves consistency in clinical outcomes and offers an antidote to the ‘one-size fits all’ approach that is responsible for significant individual variations in response in many published studies.
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASEBabie Maibam
Prevention of age-related cognitive decline - a public health challenge.Nutrition, a major lifelong environmental factor, offers promising perspectives.
During this webinar Dr Bailey reviews the latest evidence for the clinical application of omega-3 fats found in fish oil with a focus on choosing the best source, form, bioavailability and strength for your client’s condition management.
Nutrition science seems to change on an almost daily basis and much of what was previously considered mainstream or consensus science is being challenged and changed as the new wave of more personalised intervention trials start to clarify many of the reasons behind why nutrition study results can be so conflicting.
No research area, it seems, is more subject to conflicting and confusing results than that of omega-3s which is why, here at Igennus, we do our best to stay on top of ALL the omega-3 research so we can not only help you unpick the fact from fiction (and answer all your questions about every single product on the market!), but also ensure our formulations and education reflect the most cutting edge and clinically proven ingredient research.
Dr Bailey’s ever-growing brain contains a veritable treasure chest of omega-3 knowledge and as we know you are big fans of the work she does, this webinar is dedicated to Dr Bailey’s brain and sharing with you all the latest updates, innovations and applied therapeutic research that she has been reading about over the last year. We aim to help you separate fish oil fact from fiction by answering as many of your omega-3 and fatty acid therapeutic-related questions as possible. Covering everything from which and how much omega-3 to take for certain conditions, how and when taking omega-3 can affect the benefit and amount absorbed, why very high doses can be dangerous, the truth behind what companies and headlines are telling you about omega-3s, to any other areas you want us to cover! We will do our best to cover the most common and important questions and concerns we hear about from you via phone or email and when out and about training in stores and at events every day. As always, we will also clarify some of the reasons behind the frustratingly confusing conflicts in the research and media and what exciting things are coming out of the omega-3 world.
Omega 3 fatty acids are the most important and least understood nutrition among people. Here we try to show you a glimpse of what it is.....Read more on our blog....
In this slide deck I demonstrate the effects of carbohydrate restriction on different lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB). The effect of butter and saturated fat as such are compared to unsaturated fat and especially to canola oil. Meta-analysis by Mensink et al. 2003 is the primary reference for the analysis.
In this slide deck, I describe the up-to-date evidence on Low Carbs and heart health. The evidence is based mainly on two recent meta-analyses (Hession et al. & Kodama et al.) and prospective cohort studies. Limited evidence on renal aspects is also demonstrated.
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
This webinar is designed to teach practitioners about how to use and recommend the Igennus cardiovascular health treatment protocol for maximum results in your clients. We will cover the evidence for the use of the nutrients within the protocol and provide the recommended dosing regime for a range of cardiovascular health concerns.
To learn more and watch the webinar, visit:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/brain-circuits-driving-appetite-obesity-2020
In many western countries, nearly a quarter of us meet the criteria for clinical obesity and more than half of us are overweight. This is a medical concern because obesity is a serious risk factor for many major chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer, and as a result, obesity is associated with reduced lifespan by almost a decade. The rapid escalation in the prevalence of obesity and the paucity of obesity medications underscores the necessity of an understanding of the basic neurobiology underlying body weight.
During this webinar, Professor Heisler will discuss brain circuits that are the main known controllers of body weight, such as those activated by the adipocyte hormone leptin. She will review how our genes impact our waistline and will discuss crucial genes such as those in the melanocortin system. Professor Heisler will discuss how obesity medications capitalize on this basic neurobiology to promote satiety, reduce hunger and decrease body weight.
Key discussion topics include:
– Gut to brain communication
– Key brain chemicals mediating satiety
– Key brain chemicals controlling hunger
Nutrition science seems to change on an almost daily basis and much of what was previously considered mainstream or consensus science is being challenged and changed as the new wave of more personalised intervention trials start to clarify many of the reasons behind why nutrition study results can be so conflicting.
No research area, it seems, is more subject to conflicting and confusing results than that of omega-3s which is why, here at Igennus, we do our best to stay on top of ALL the omega-3 research so we can not only help you unpick the fact from fiction (and answer all your questions about every single product on the market!), but also ensure our formulations and education reflect the most cutting edge and clinically proven ingredient research.
Dr Bailey’s ever-growing brain contains a veritable treasure chest of omega-3 knowledge and as we know you are big fans of the work she does, this webinar is dedicated to Dr Bailey’s brain and sharing with you all the latest updates, innovations and applied therapeutic research that she has been reading about over the last year. We aim to help you separate fish oil fact from fiction by answering as many of your omega-3 and fatty acid therapeutic-related questions as possible. Covering everything from which and how much omega-3 to take for certain conditions, how and when taking omega-3 can affect the benefit and amount absorbed, why very high doses can be dangerous, the truth behind what companies and headlines are telling you about omega-3s, to any other areas you want us to cover! We will do our best to cover the most common and important questions and concerns we hear about from you via phone or email and when out and about training in stores and at events every day. As always, we will also clarify some of the reasons behind the frustratingly confusing conflicts in the research and media and what exciting things are coming out of the omega-3 world.
Omega 3 fatty acids are the most important and least understood nutrition among people. Here we try to show you a glimpse of what it is.....Read more on our blog....
In this slide deck I demonstrate the effects of carbohydrate restriction on different lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB). The effect of butter and saturated fat as such are compared to unsaturated fat and especially to canola oil. Meta-analysis by Mensink et al. 2003 is the primary reference for the analysis.
In this slide deck, I describe the up-to-date evidence on Low Carbs and heart health. The evidence is based mainly on two recent meta-analyses (Hession et al. & Kodama et al.) and prospective cohort studies. Limited evidence on renal aspects is also demonstrated.
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
This webinar is designed to teach practitioners about how to use and recommend the Igennus cardiovascular health treatment protocol for maximum results in your clients. We will cover the evidence for the use of the nutrients within the protocol and provide the recommended dosing regime for a range of cardiovascular health concerns.
To learn more and watch the webinar, visit:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/brain-circuits-driving-appetite-obesity-2020
In many western countries, nearly a quarter of us meet the criteria for clinical obesity and more than half of us are overweight. This is a medical concern because obesity is a serious risk factor for many major chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer, and as a result, obesity is associated with reduced lifespan by almost a decade. The rapid escalation in the prevalence of obesity and the paucity of obesity medications underscores the necessity of an understanding of the basic neurobiology underlying body weight.
During this webinar, Professor Heisler will discuss brain circuits that are the main known controllers of body weight, such as those activated by the adipocyte hormone leptin. She will review how our genes impact our waistline and will discuss crucial genes such as those in the melanocortin system. Professor Heisler will discuss how obesity medications capitalize on this basic neurobiology to promote satiety, reduce hunger and decrease body weight.
Key discussion topics include:
– Gut to brain communication
– Key brain chemicals mediating satiety
– Key brain chemicals controlling hunger
Hosted by with Sophie Tully BSc MSc, 10th October
This presentation addresses the role of cholesterol in CVD and the latest evidence into nutritional strategies to manage and treat high cholesterol and support healthy CVD function. Sophie covers the aetiology of CVD and why cholesterol has long been considered an important marker of CVD health and the emergence of newly identified CVD risk factors which may offer a more effective diagnostic tool. Finally she discusses new opinions on nutritional approaches to keep cholesterol levels healthy and prevent CVD events.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
NAFLD is a vast topic and recently gaining a lot of importance. Fatty liver, NASH, are other topics discussed here. sleissenger, sheila sherlock and Harrisons are used for reference
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2. OBJECTIVES
1. Review the definition, diagnostic criteria, and prevalence of metabolic
syndrome
2. Explore n-3 PUFAs and how they relate to metabolic syndrome (MetS)
3. Discuss the findings from early studies
4. Summarize the results, strengths and weaknesses, and recommendations of
the supporting and main articles
5. Give recommendations for future research
6. Provide a take home message
3. Family with Mets
MeMom Dad
GrandM
other
GrandF
ather
Uncle
GrandM
other
Great
Uncle
AuntUncle
Great
Aunt
Cousin
• 6 on my mother’s side • 5 on my father’s side
11 total family members with MetS
4. 10% of children have MetS
34% of American adults have MetS according to the AHA
50% of adults >50 yrs old have MetS
Individuals with MetS are 5x more likely to develop diabetes and 2x more likely to
develop CVD
5. WHAT IS METABOLIC SYNDROME?
Definition: A cluster of biochemical and physiological
abnormalities associated with the development of cardiovascular
disease and type 2 diabetes
Diagnostic Criteria: The patient must present with 3 of the 5
biochemical/physiological complications
o Waist circumference and HDL differ between genders
6. ROLE OF N-3 PUFAS
N-3 PUFAs shown to modulate
- Inflammation
- Oxidative stress
- Obesity
- Endothelial dysfunction
- Hypertriglyceridemia
Exert slight effects on
- Hypertension
- LDL size
- Insulin sensitivity
7. OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
ALA, EPA, & DHA
ALA food sources: Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds
EPA/DHA food sources: marine fish, fish oil
Interconversion is very limited
8. ESSENTIALITY AND N-6/N-3 RATIO
N-3 PUFAs are essential nutrients
Humans lack desaturase enzymes needed to
synthesize N-3’s de novo
N-3 needs depend on N-6 intake
N-3 and N-6 share a similar metabolic pathway and compete for
desaturase and elongase enzymes
The higher the n-6 intake, the more n-3 will be required to see positive
effects of intervention
Baseline levels vary by geographical location
9. DOSAGE AND SIDE EFFECTS
N-3 recommendations depend on disease progression
Most interventional studies use between 1-2g/day
The AI has been set at 1.6g/day for men and 1.1g/day for women
Very few and minimal negative effects: fishy taste, fish burps, GI disturbance,
steatorrhea, slight LDL-C increase, potential for increased bleeding risk, potential
for decreased immunity, possible environmental contamination
FDA ruled that intakes up to 3 g/day are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)
and are unlikely to result in bleeding
10. EARLY STUDIES ON METS ABNORMALITIES
1978: Dyerberg reported that higher EPA levels are protective against thrombosis and atherosclerosis
1979: Dyerberg reported Greenland Eskimos have lower incidence of thrombotic disorders and heart attack due to
substitution of arachidonic acid with EPA
1980: Hirai reported higher EPA/AA ratio in a Japanese fishing village with lower incidence of cardiovascular and
inflammatory diseases
1980: Kromann reported lower incidence of inflammatory disorders in Greenland Eskimos with high fish intake
1983: Prickett reported EPA protected mice from autoimmune nephritis by reducing inflammation
1985: Kromhout et al reported an inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart
disease
11. EARLY STUDIES CONT.
1987: Joel reported that fish oil supplementation resulted in alleviation of active rheumatoid arthritis
1991: Dolecek reported an inverse relation between dietary PUFA intake and all cardiovascular diseases
1991: Stenson reported fish oil supplementation results in significant improvements in ulcerative colitis
1997: Daviglus et al reported an inverse relation to fish consumption and death from myocardial infarction
2002: Hu et al reported higher consumption of fish and N-3 PUFAs is associated with a lower risk of CHD death
12. N-3/N-6 METABOLISM AND INFLAMMATION
N-6 fatty acids N-3 fatty acids
Arachidonic Acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Series 2 Prostaglandins Series 3 Prostaglandins
Series 2 Thromboxanes Series 3 Thromboxanes
Series 4 Leukotrienes Series 5 Leukotrienes
Pro-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory
• Mechanism to reduce inflammation/oxidative stress/endothelial dysfunction
13. PUFA REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
• Mechanism to reduce hypertriglyceridemia & obesity / increase HDL
Protein Effect of n-3 PUFA
SREBP1
(sterol regulatory element
binding protein)
Inhibition
(Decreases lipogenic genes)
Sp1
(Stimulatory protein 1)
Inhibition
(Decreases lipogenic genes)
NF-Y
(Nuclear factor Y)
Inhibition
(Decreases lipogenic genes)
PPAR
(Peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptor response
element)
Activation
(Increases lipolytic genes)
CETP
(Cholesterol ester transfer
protein)
Inhibition
(Increases HDL cholesterol)
14. Supporting Article 1
Metabolic Syndrome: Effects of n-3 PUFAs on
a Model of Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance,
and Adiposity
Lombardo, Y. B., Hein, G., & Chicco, A. (2007). Metabolic Syndrome:
Effects of n-3 PUFAs on a Model of Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance,
and Adiposity Lipids, 42, 427-437.
15. SUPPORTING ARTICLE 1: LOMBARDO ET AL
Purpose: Investigate the effectiveness of fish oil to reverse dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and adiposity induced by long term feeding of a
sucrose-rich diet
Methods
1. Wistar rats randomly divided into a control group(N=12) or experimental group (N=12)
o Experimental: Sucrose rich diet (62.5% sucrose, 17% casein, 8% corn oil, 7.5% cellulose, 3.5% salt mixture, 1.5% vitamin mixture)
o Control (CD): Isocaloric diet except sucrose was replaced by starch
2. After 6 months, the experimental group randomly divided into two subgroups.
o Subgroup 1(SRD): Continued the sucrose rick diet up to 8 months
o Subgroup 2 (SRD + FO): Source of fat was replaced with fish oil for the remaining two months
o Control Diet (CD): maintained control diet throughout the 8 month period
- Diets were isoenergetic and provided ad libitum
3. Blood samples were taken to test for FFA and glucose concentrations
Liver, pancreas, gastrocnemius, and adipocyte tissues were assayed for lipogenic and glycogenic enzyme activity
Statistical Analysis: 1-way ANOVA and Newman Keul’s test
16. RESULTS
• Fish oil significantly reduced
plasma triglyceride, FFA, and
glucose concentrations
• Lipogenic enzymes are significantly reduced in the FO group
• Lipolytic enzymes are significantly increased in the FO group
• Triglycerides and triglyceride secretion rate significantly reduced in the
FO group
17. • Insulin sensitivity restored
in FO group
• FO significantly reduced
fat concentration, cell
volume, and relative
weight in both epididymal
and retroperitoneal areas
• LPL levels significantly
higher in SRD group
18. • FO completely normalized glucose stimulated insulin secretion
in SRD fed rats
• In pancreatic islet cells, triglyceride levels were significantly
lower in the FO group which allowed for a normalization of
PDHc activity
19. STRENGTHS/WEAKNESSES
Strengths
• Long study period (8 months)
• Multiple analytical methods (blood samples, tissue
assays from multiple sites, different stimulators for
insulin secretion response)
• Randomization
• Confounding variables tightly controlled for
Weaknesses
• Small sample size (N=12)
• Animal study can’t be generalized to humans
20. Supporting article 2
Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the
cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with
metabolic syndrome, including markers of
inflammation and auto-immunity
Ebrahimi, M., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Rezaiean, S., Hoseini, M., Parizade,
S.M., Farhoudi, F., & Hosseininezhad, S.J. (2009). Omega-3 fatty acid
supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with
metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity
Acta Cardiologica, 64(3), 321-327.
21. SUPPORTING ARTICLE 2: EBRAHIMI ET AL
Purpose: To investigate the effect of n-3 PUFAs on established cardiovascular risk factors
including anthropometric and biochemical parameters and heat shock protein (Hsp) 27
antibody titers in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to either a control group (N=60)or experimental
group (N=60) for the 6 month test period
o Control group: Maintained normal diet throughout the 6 months
o Experimental group: Normal diet plus daily fish oil capsules (1g/day)
- Fatty acid capsules contained 180mg EPA + 120mg DHA
- Compliance monitored by weekly visits and counting capsules
o Anthropometric and lab data were collected at the end of the trial
Statistical Analysis: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ANOVA, Fisher’s exact test, chi square test
22. RESULTS
• Fish oil significantly
reduced weight, BMI,
and systolic blood
pressure
23. • The fish oil group significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and
triglycerides
• Significant reduction of inflammatory markers Hsp 27 and CRP
24. STRENGTHS/WEAKNESSES
Strengths
• Length of study (6 months)
• Sample size (120)
• Compliance was monitored
Weaknesses
• Many subjects were taking anti-hypertensive and anti-
diabetic medication
• Effects may have been due to other dietary factors
• Not double-blind or placebo controlled
• Effects in the intervention group may have been due to
25. Main Article
Omega-3 PUFAs improved endothelial
function and arterial stiffness with a parallel
anti-inflammatory effect in adults with
metabolic syndrome
Tousoulis, D., Plastiras, A., Siasos, G., Oikokomou, E., Verveniotis, A.,
Kokkou, E., & Maniatis, K. (2014). Omega-3 PUFAs improved endothelial
function and arterial stiffness with a parallel antiinflammatory effect
inadults with metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis, 232, 10-16.
26. MAIN ARTICLE: TOUSOULIS ET AL
• Purpose: Evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFAs on vascular
function and inflammatory processes in subjects with MetS
• Methods: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design
Subjects randomly assigned to either a control group (N=14) or
experimental group (N=15) for 12 weeks
o Experimental: Regular diet + daily N-3 PUFA capsule (2g/day,
46% EPA & 38% DHA)
o Control: Regular diet + daily placebo capsule
Statistical Analysis: ANOVA
- Subjects instructed to avoid changes in diet or exercise
patterns
- Compliance monitored by daily physical activity and diet logs
- Those on cardiovascular or inflammatory medications were
excluded
27. RESULTS
• Significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C at day 28
• Significant improvements in FMD, PWV, lipid profile, glucose, IL-6, and PAI-1 at day 84
28. • Endothelial function and arterial
stiffness significantly improved
• Inflammation significantly reduced
• Normalization of fibrinolysis
29. STRENGTHS/WEAKNESSES
Strengths
• Double-blind, placebo controlled
• Crossover design
• Strictly controlled for confounding variables (medications,
diet, exercise)
• Length of study (3 months)
• Multiple measurements to test endothelial functionWeaknesses
• Didn’t test other inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-a, IL-8)
• Small sample size (29)
30. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Study Objective Conclusion
Lombardo et al
- Supporting Article 1
Investigate the effectiveness of
fish oil to reverse dyslipidemia,
insulin resistance, and adiposity
induced by long term feeding of
a sucrose-rich diet
Dietary fish oil reverses
dyslipidemia and improves insulin
action and adiposity in SRD fed
rats.
Ebrahimi et al
- Supporting Article 2
To investigate the effect of n-3
PUFAs on established
cardiovascular risk factors
including anthropometric and
biochemical parameters and heat
shock protein (Hsp) 27 antibody
titres in subjects with metabolic
syndrome
Omega-3 supplementation
improves the cardiovascular risk
profile of subjects with MetS,
having positive effects on weight,
BMI, systolic blood pressure, lipid
profile, and markers of
inflammation and immunity.
Tousoulis et al
- Main Article
Evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFAs
on vascular function and
inflammatory processes in
subjects with MetS
Treatment with omega-3 PUFAs
may favorably affect endothelial
function and the elastic
properties of the arterial tree in
MetS subjects, with a parallel
anti-inflammatory effect.
31. FUTURE STUDIES
Defining the optimal N-6/N-3 ratio for metabolic syndrome
Further understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms used by N-3 PUFAs
Studying N-3 effects on subjects with different genotypes
Differentiating the independent effects of EPA vs. DHA vs. ALA
Long term effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation
32. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Reducing the intake of omega-6, and increasing the
intake of omega-3 PUFAs, will be beneficial for reversing
the aberrations of metabolic syndrome including
hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, central obesity,
endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation.
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