Neural explanations of aggression a2
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This document discusses the biological explanations of aggression and the neural and hormonal mechanisms associated with it. Specifically, it examines the links between aggression and low levels of serotonin, high levels of dopamine, high levels of testosterone, and low levels of cortisol. It reviews evidence from studies on humans, monkeys and mice. While some research findings support the links, there are also conflicting results. Factors like gender and cultural biases in the studies as well as the complex interplay between biological and environmental influences are noted.
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The role of neural and hormonal factors in aggression
The document discusses neural and hormonal factors that influence aggression. Testosterone is the main hormone associated with aggression, though its effects are complex and depend on social and cultural factors. Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin have also been linked to increased aggression. While testosterone and serotonin seem to play a role, establishing clear causal relationships is difficult given individual differences and the interaction of biological and environmental influences on behavior.
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This document summarizes research on biological explanations of human aggression, focusing on the role of hormones like testosterone. Several studies are described that found correlations between higher testosterone levels and increased aggression in males, including violent criminals and athletes in aggressive sports. However, the relationship is weak and other factors like cortisol also influence outcomes. While testosterone administration increased aggression in mice studies, human studies had limitations. Overall, the research suggests testosterone may increase social dominance rather than directly cause aggression, and the issue likely involves an interaction of biological and environmental factors.
Genetics and aggression A2
This document discusses biological explanations of aggression, focusing on genetic factors. It explains that some research has linked aggression to genes on the X and Y chromosomes as well as genes that influence the hormone testosterone. Specifically, it discusses studies finding a potential link between the XYY karyotype and aggression, though later research was less conclusive. It also summarizes research linking the MAO-A gene, sometimes called the "warrior gene", to increased aggression, especially when combined with childhood abuse. Animal breeding studies that selectively bred for aggressive traits in animals are also discussed as supporting a genetic role. However, issues with reductionism and the need to consider gene-environment interactions are raised.
Genetic explanation of aggression
Genetic factors play a role in aggressive behavior:
Twin studies show approximately 50% concordance for aggression between twins, suggesting a genetic influence. Adoption studies also find correlations between adoptee and biological parent aggression. Specific genes like MAOA, which regulates serotonin, and the extra Y chromosome in XYY syndrome, have been linked to increased aggression, especially when combined with negative environments. However, genetics alone cannot explain all aggression, as environment also influences behavior.
Biological explanations of aggression
1) Neural and hormonal mechanisms influence aggressive behavior. Low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine have been linked to increased aggression. Testosterone has also been correlated with aggression, though the evidence is mixed.
2) Studies manipulating or measuring serotonin and dopamine levels in humans and animals support their role in aggression. However, low serotonin may instead lead to more serotonin receptors in the prefrontal cortex.
3) While some studies found a link between testosterone and aggression, others found no association, and high testosterone is more clearly linked to dominance than aggression. Testosterone supplements have also reduced depression in older males.
Biological expl of aggression
Biological factors such as low serotonin, high dopamine, high testosterone, and low cortisol levels are associated with increased aggression. Studies in both humans and animals have found links between these neurotransmitters and hormones and aggressive behavior. However, the evidence is complex with inconsistencies across studies. While biological factors likely influence aggression, it is reductionistic to consider them the sole cause without also considering genetic, environmental, and social factors. Research on biological explanations of aggression provides useful information but also has limitations including lack of certainty about causation, potential ethical issues, and lack of consideration of other influential factors.
Aggression
This document discusses aggression, including its definitions, types, biological and social causes, and symptom domains. It begins by exploring various definitions of aggression and how it differs from violence. It then outlines types of aggression such as instrumental vs emotional, sanctioned vs non-sanctioned, and proactive vs reactive. Biological explanations and the neuroanatomy/neurochemistry of aggression are reviewed. Social learning theory, social interaction theory, and excitation transfer theory are presented as theories of aggression. The document discusses demographic and situational factors associated with human aggression. Finally, it examines impulsivity and affective instability as two symptom domains of aggression.
Biological approach
Here are two criticisms of the biological approach to psychopathology:
1. It is reductionist - it reduces complex mental disorders down to simple biological components alone. This ignores other potential contributing factors like environment and life experiences.
2. It is deterministic - it suggests we have no free will and are solely determined by our biology. This ignores the role of psychological and environmental factors in developing mental illness.
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The document discusses neural and hormonal factors that influence aggression. Testosterone is the main hormone associated with aggression, though its effects are complex and depend on social and cultural factors. Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin have also been linked to increased aggression. While testosterone and serotonin seem to play a role, establishing clear causal relationships is difficult given individual differences and the interaction of biological and environmental influences on behavior.
Hormonal Explanation of Aggression
This document summarizes research on biological explanations of human aggression, focusing on the role of hormones like testosterone. Several studies are described that found correlations between higher testosterone levels and increased aggression in males, including violent criminals and athletes in aggressive sports. However, the relationship is weak and other factors like cortisol also influence outcomes. While testosterone administration increased aggression in mice studies, human studies had limitations. Overall, the research suggests testosterone may increase social dominance rather than directly cause aggression, and the issue likely involves an interaction of biological and environmental factors.
Genetics and aggression A2
This document discusses biological explanations of aggression, focusing on genetic factors. It explains that some research has linked aggression to genes on the X and Y chromosomes as well as genes that influence the hormone testosterone. Specifically, it discusses studies finding a potential link between the XYY karyotype and aggression, though later research was less conclusive. It also summarizes research linking the MAO-A gene, sometimes called the "warrior gene", to increased aggression, especially when combined with childhood abuse. Animal breeding studies that selectively bred for aggressive traits in animals are also discussed as supporting a genetic role. However, issues with reductionism and the need to consider gene-environment interactions are raised.
Genetic explanation of aggression
Genetic factors play a role in aggressive behavior:
Twin studies show approximately 50% concordance for aggression between twins, suggesting a genetic influence. Adoption studies also find correlations between adoptee and biological parent aggression. Specific genes like MAOA, which regulates serotonin, and the extra Y chromosome in XYY syndrome, have been linked to increased aggression, especially when combined with negative environments. However, genetics alone cannot explain all aggression, as environment also influences behavior.
Biological explanations of aggression
1) Neural and hormonal mechanisms influence aggressive behavior. Low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine have been linked to increased aggression. Testosterone has also been correlated with aggression, though the evidence is mixed.
2) Studies manipulating or measuring serotonin and dopamine levels in humans and animals support their role in aggression. However, low serotonin may instead lead to more serotonin receptors in the prefrontal cortex.
3) While some studies found a link between testosterone and aggression, others found no association, and high testosterone is more clearly linked to dominance than aggression. Testosterone supplements have also reduced depression in older males.
Biological expl of aggression
Biological factors such as low serotonin, high dopamine, high testosterone, and low cortisol levels are associated with increased aggression. Studies in both humans and animals have found links between these neurotransmitters and hormones and aggressive behavior. However, the evidence is complex with inconsistencies across studies. While biological factors likely influence aggression, it is reductionistic to consider them the sole cause without also considering genetic, environmental, and social factors. Research on biological explanations of aggression provides useful information but also has limitations including lack of certainty about causation, potential ethical issues, and lack of consideration of other influential factors.
Aggression
This document discusses aggression, including its definitions, types, biological and social causes, and symptom domains. It begins by exploring various definitions of aggression and how it differs from violence. It then outlines types of aggression such as instrumental vs emotional, sanctioned vs non-sanctioned, and proactive vs reactive. Biological explanations and the neuroanatomy/neurochemistry of aggression are reviewed. Social learning theory, social interaction theory, and excitation transfer theory are presented as theories of aggression. The document discusses demographic and situational factors associated with human aggression. Finally, it examines impulsivity and affective instability as two symptom domains of aggression.
Biological approach
Here are two criticisms of the biological approach to psychopathology:
1. It is reductionist - it reduces complex mental disorders down to simple biological components alone. This ignores other potential contributing factors like environment and life experiences.
2. It is deterministic - it suggests we have no free will and are solely determined by our biology. This ignores the role of psychological and environmental factors in developing mental illness.
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Emotions (1)
1) Emotions consist of physiological responses, feelings, and behaviors that work together. They help mobilize energy for dealing with important situations.
2) The amygdala plays a key role in processing fear and other emotions. It detects emotionally arousing stimuli and coordinates behavioral and physiological responses.
3) Serotonin and prefrontal cortex activity help regulate aggression levels. Low serotonin is associated with more aggression.
Biological approach in psychology
The biological approach in psychology emphasizes how biology influences behavior. Biopsychologists study the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics. They examine topics like the relationship between mind and body, the effects of the mind on the body, and the influence of heredity on behavior. Biopsychologists believe mental illnesses have physical causes and can be treated physically, for example through medication, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery. The biological approach uses research methods like genetics studies, brain scans, and case studies to understand these influences.
Impulse Control Disorders
Intermittent explosive disorder involves discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assault or property damage. Between episodes, individuals feel remorse and regret. Etiology may involve psychodynamic factors like attempts to manage difficult emotions, psychosocial factors like exposure to violence, or biological factors like abnormalities in brain regions involved in impulse control. Treatment involves psychotherapy and medication to manage impulsivity and aggression.
Biological Aspects of Addiction
1) Dopamine plays a key role in addiction by mediating pleasure, motivation, and salience, while genetic differences in dopamine receptors influence addiction risk.
2) Glutamate affects synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation, which impact learning processes in addiction.
3) Stress responses differ in addicted individuals, and early-life stress can trigger addiction by sensitizing the brain's reward pathways.
Chronic stress and impulsivity effect in obesity
Chronic stress increases impulsivity through its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and dopamine levels in the brain. Stress leads to increased glucocorticoid release which can cause degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, lowering dopamine activity and increasing impulsivity. Impulsivity is positively associated with excessive food intake and obesity. Low dopamine states linked to chronic stress may impair brain reward pathways and make individuals more susceptible to obesity through increased food impulsivity and intake.
Mood disorders
mood disorders - bipolar and major depressive disorders . other mood disorders are also covered on the slides. enjoy your read feel free to comment.
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Biological approach 2015
The biological approach to psychology combines biology and psychology to provide physiological explanations for human behavior. It assumes that all psychological phenomena have biological and physiological causes, such as genes, biological structures, and neurochemistry. The biological approach studies how factors like genetics and evolution influence behaviors and individual differences through concepts like genotype, phenotype, natural selection, and sexual selection. Researchers employ methods like experiments, observations, and brain imaging to investigate these influences from a scientific perspective.
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This document provides information about the behaviorist approach to explaining human behavior, including classical conditioning. It discusses key concepts like Ivan Pavlov's research with dogs, John Watson's blank slate view of human nature, and Watson and Rayner's controversial study of "Little Albert." The document aims to explore and explain the behaviorist approach and classical conditioning, while also evaluating classical conditioning as an explanation of behavior. It provides context about behaviorist assumptions, Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, and Watson and Rayner's case study, which attempted to condition a child's fear but faced ethical issues.
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A2 Cross cultural research into gender roles
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Behaviourist model AS Psychology
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Neural explanations of aggression a2
- 1. Biological explanations of aggression Neural and hormonal mechanisms and aggression 1
- 2. Essentially the argument is • Low levels of serotonin • High levels of dopamine • High levels of testosterone • Low levels of cortisol ..... are associated with aggression 2
- 3. Serotonin AO1 • Thought to inhibit aggressive responses to emotional stimuli • Low levels associated with increased susceptibility to impulsive behaviour, aggression & violent suicide • Drugs which reduced serotonin increased measures of hostility and aggression in males (but not females) 3
- 4. Dopamine AO1 • Link less well established than serotonin • Giving amphetamines (which increase dopamine) increases aggressive behaviour • Giving anti-psychotics (which reduce dopamine) reduced aggressive behaviour in violent delinquents 4
- 5. Testosterone AO1 • Thought to act on areas of brain which control aggression from young adulthood onwards • Thought to be primary biochemical influence on aggression • Salivary testosterone levels were able to differentiate between violent and non-violent criminals and their crimes • Aggressive behaviour in drunken males also positively correlated with testosterone levels • Castrated male mice showed decreased aggression which then increased when given testosterone again 5
- 6. Cortisol AO1 • Cortisol mediates other hormones such as testosterone • High levels of cortisol inhibit testosterone and so inhibit aggression • So low levels of cortisol associated with increased aggression and studies have supported this. • Low levels of cortisol have been found in habitual violent offenders and also in violent schoolchildren 6
- 7. AO2 Serotonin • Findings on serotonin replicated in vervet monkeys (Raleigh et al (1991)) But issue of: – extrapolation • Meta-analysis (Scerbo 1993) supports low level of serotonin consistently found in aggressive children and adults but found no dopamine abnormalities • Bond – drugs (anti-depressants) that increase serotonin levels to reduce impulsive aggressive behaviour. 7
- 8. AO2 Serotonin • Findings on serotonin also confirmed via studies on anti-depressants • However Lenard (2008) cautions that serotonin not just linked to aggression: also to impulsive behaviour, depression, over-eating, alcohol abuse; violent suicide 8
- 9. AO2 Dopamine • Causal role of dopamine unclear • Perhaps high levels of dopamine are an effect rather than a cause because dopamine is released by performing aggressive acts, so aggression could be being rewarded in the brain. 9
- 10. AO2 Testosterone • Evidence conflicting on role of testosterone • Studies showing positive correlation small samples and self-report measures • Studies mainly correlational (eg. Wagner) so not possible to conclude that testosterone causes aggression • Also testosterone not always associated with negative characteristics: improved sporting and spatial abilities also been found 10
- 11. AO2 issues and debates • Gender bias evident as most research done on males (animals and humans) whereas it is known that there are differences between the genders in androgens • Also cultural bias as most research conducted in western countries 11
- 12. AO2 debates • Reductionist to just consider role of biochemistry alone • Also need to consider genetic factors and brain structure • Eg. Phineas Gage suffered brain injury and showed heightened levels of aggression • Also need to consider the contribution of environmental factors such as situational cues, temperature, noise, overcrowding, and the role of learning 12
- 13. AO2 application • Clearly a very important & useful area of biopsychological research and theory as aggression associated with many anti-social phenomena in society, eg. numerous forms of crime, violence • If the role of biochemistry can be understood it can perhaps be treated or managed • Although there would be ethical issues associated with giving people drugs simply to alleviate aggression (ie. for social control) , or male castration, even if it may be in the interests of multiple parties • Could perhaps be treated more ethically through diet (tryptophan) and exercise 13