This document provides an introduction to computers, including: - The basic components of a computer like the CPU, RAM, motherboard, power supply, hard drive, and connectors. - Classification of computers into supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. - Computer processing speeds measured in milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, and picoseconds. - Networking fundamentals like topologies, cabling, IP addressing, and network devices like hubs, switches, and routers.

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
MODULE-1

2. MODULE OBJECTIVES
• What is Computer
• Characteristics Of Computer
• Classification Of Computer
• Functions of Computer
• Accepts Data Input
• Processes Data Processing
• Produces Output
• Stores Results Storage
The Information Processing Cycle

3. COMPUTER PROCESSSING SPEEDS
• Speed
• Reliability
• Storage
Millisecond – thousandth of a second
Microsecond – millionth of a second
Nanosecond – billionth of a second
Picosecond – trillionth of a second
COMPUTER CLOCK SPEEDS
MIPS – million
instructions per
second
Megahertz (MHz) –
millions of cycles per
second
Gigahertz (GHz) –
billions of cycles per
second

4. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
• Supercomputers
• Mainframes
• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers
• Personal
Computers
SUPER COMPUTERS
1.Small in size
2.Less expensive
3.Called as Personal
Computer
4.Accessible to one
person at a time
MINI COMPUTER
A computer that is
between a mainframe
and a microcomputer
in size and capacity. It
generally can serve
between 10 and 100
users simultaneously.
Market Share
1 s t Q t r 2 n d Q t r
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 s t Q t r 2 n d Q t r

5. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
• A mainframe is a large, powerful computer system
• Used by an organization to process high volumes of transactions, store large
databases, and serve as the hub of a corporate network.
• Uses:
• Transaction processing
• Preparing printed reports of many business transactions
• Real-time processing
• Transactions processed immediately
• Batch processing
• Processing months of data all at once
• Management information systems (MIS)
• Prepares reports for management
Located at a central site in the
organization
Programmed and operated by
computer professionals
Used primarily to automate
transactions and to prepare
management reports

6. SUPER COMPUTERS
• The fastest, largest, and most powerful type of computer
• Most expensive type of computer designed for massive mathematical calculations necessary for
much high-level scientific research.
• Most costliest
• Biggest in size
• Very fast processing
• Government Property

7. PC-ARCHITECHTURE
MODULE-2
• Objective
• See the major components of a PC
• Understand the different connectors in a
PC
• Recognize the most common cards in a
PC
• Learn about jumpers and switches
THE VISIBLE PC
1.CPU
2.RAM
3.Motherboard
4.Power Supply
5.Hard Drive
6.CD-ROM Drive
7.Connectors

8. CPU
• CPU – Central Processing Unit also called Microprocessor
• Where all the calculations take place
• Today’s CPU’s are normally of the type PGA ( Pin Grid
Array )
SECC ( Single Edge Contact Cartridge )
LGA ( Land Grid Array )
• Normally has a Heat-Sink for cooling
• Most Popular of them being INTEL and AMD
WHAT IS A CPU FAN?
A cpu fan is a fan that cools the cpu.
Without the fan it will cause the cpu
to overheat which in turn causes lockup
problems.

9. PROCESSORS
BASIC INTRODUCTION
• Processor is heart of the computer.
• PCs are often known with the name of processor.
• The IBM PCs started with 8088 processor as the
heart of the PC.
PENTINUM 4
• Modified SC370 design FCPGA versions with 423
pins (SC423) .
42 million transistors (26 million in the Pentium III).
• 32-bit CPU.
• 1.5GHz and 1.4GHz at introduction.
• 400MHz system bus.
• Dual channel RDRAM

10. DUAL CORE PROCESSOR TYPES OF PROCESSORS
• i3 Processor -The Core i3 was intended to be the new low
end of the performance processor line from Intel, following the
retirement of the Core 2 brand.
• The first Core i3 processors were launched on January 7, 2010
• Core i5- The first Core i5 was introduced on September 8,
2009 and is a mainstream variant of the Core i7
• Core i7- As of 2010, Core i7 is the high end of the Core
brand, which was introduced with the Bloomfield Quad-core
processor in late 2008.
• Extreme Edition -The first six-core processor in the Core
lineup is the Gulftown, which was launched on March 16, 2010.

11. RAM
• RAM – Random Access Memory
• Place where the CPU stores the programs
and data it is currently using
• Today’s average PC will usually have
anywhere from 64MB to 256MB of RAM
• The two most currently used packages are
called SIMM’s (Single in Line Memory
Module) and DIMM’s (Dual in Line Memory
Module)
• There are many different
sizes in SIMM’s and
DIMM’s
• Different Types of
Memory
• SDRAM
• RDRAM
• DDR RAM
• EDO

12. MOTHER BOARD
• In a PC everything is connected to the motherboard,
directly or indirectly.
• Has a number of sockets that accept a number of
various connections
• Has sockets for Microprocessor, RAM, Power, etc..
• Has connectors for Floppy Drive and Hard Drives
• Also has connectors for external devices such as
mice, printers, joysticks and keyboards.
• The Motherboard has tiny wires called “Traces”,
which electrically link the various components of the
PC together
• All motherboards have multipurpose expansion slots
that allow the addition of optional components
MOTHER BOARD

14. CONTI…
POWER SUPPY
• The Power supply, provides the necessary
electrical power to make the PC operate
• Types of power supply : Linear and Switching
mode
• The power supply takes a standard 110/230V
AC power and converts into +12, -12, +5, -5
and sometimes 3.3 Volt DC power
• There is always a fan that keeps the interior
of the power supply cool
SMPS -SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY

15. OTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENTS
• Pen Drive
• USB Port
• Parallel port, Serial Port and Fire wire
• Hard Drive- Cd Rom and Connectors.
• Network Card
• Modern
• Monitor…
Parallel Port
Serial Port

16. BIOS (BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM)
MODULE-3
BOOT STRAP LOADER
• Part of the BIOS responsible for loading the Operating
System
• Loads the Operating System to the main memory
It contains:
• Power on self test
• Boot strap loader Maximum Capacity of BIOS
ROM à 8KB in PC-XT & 32KB in PC-AT
• BIOS is software stored in a Read-Only Memory
(ROM) chip on the motherboard (CMOS).
• Used to control boot sequence
• To enable or disable com ports
• It controls systems devices and test memory
• Beeps are emitted from a computer during the
boot process when some problem is encountered
and can be used to troubleshoot a dead computer.

17. TYPES OF ROM
DATA CABLE
• PROM
• EEPROM
• Flash ROM
• The BIOS is usually stored inside a PROM,
EEPROM or flash ROM. The key difference
between the three possible ROM types in their
age and programmability

18. NETWORKING –FUNDAMENTALS
MODULE 4
Module Objectives
• Identify the components of a local
area network
• Describe the advantages of
networking
• Identify peer-to-peer network
• Identify server-based network
• Identify server functions and assign
servers as needed
Stand-alone environmentA simple network

19. SHARING A PRINTER IN A
STAND ALONE
ENVIRONMENT
Sharing a printer in a networking environment

20. NETWORKING -TOPOLOGY
MODULE 5
MODULE OBJECTIVES
• Identify the three standard
topologies and their variations
• Describe the advantages and
disadvantages of each topology
• Determine an appropriate
topology for a given network
plan
BUS TOPOLOGY NETWORK Data is sent to all computers, but only the
destination computer accepts

21. CONNECTORS CAN BE USED TO COMBINE CABLE
SEGMENTS
BNC-BARREL CONNECTOR
REPEATERS CONNECT CABLES AND
AMPLIFY THE SIGNAL
Weakened
Signal Repeater
Regenerated
Signal

22. SIMPLE-STAR-NETWORK
SIMPLE RING TOPOLOGY SHOWING
LOGICAL RING
A computer grabs the token
and passes it around the
ring
A HUB IS THE CENTRAL POINT OF STAR TOPOLOGY

23. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
STAR BUS NETWORK
A break or unplugged cable takes down the
only unplugged computer
HUB AND IT’S APPLICATIONS
The physical layout of computers on a
network is called a topology
There are three primary topologies: bus,
star and ring
A hub is used to centralize LAN traffic
through a single connection point

24. NETWORKING -FUNDAMENTALS
MODULE 3
MODULE OBJECTIVES:
• Define terms related to cabling including
shielding, crosstalk, attenuation.
• Identify the primary types of network cabling.
• Distinguish between baseband and
broadband transmissions and identify
appropriate uses for each.
COAXIAL CABLE SHOWING VARIOUS
LAYERS
Outer shield
Insulation (PVC, Teflon)
Copper wire mesh or
aluminum sleeve
Conducting core

25. TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSFER AND ITS INSTRUMENTS
ATTENUATION CAUSES SIGNALS
TO DETERIORATE
CLOSE-UP VIEW OF THINNET CABLE
SHOWING WHERE IT CONNECTS TO A
COMPUTER
THICKNET CABLE HAS A THICKER CORE
THAN THINNET
Thicknet
Thinnet

26. SUMMING UP ALL THE TOPOLOGIES
• The physical layout of computers on a network is called a topology
• There are three primary topologies:bus, star and ring
• A hub is used to centralize LAN traffic through a single connection point
• Choosing the appropriate network cable depends on several factors
including installation logistics, shielding, security requirements,
transmission speed and attenuation
• There are two types of coaxial cable, thinnet and thicknet
• Twisted-pair cable is available both unshielded and shielded
• Straight-through
• Crossover cable
• Rolled cable
• Types of cable
• Straight-through cable
• Crossover cable
• Rolled cable
• The crossover cable can be used to connect:
• Switch to switch
• Hub to hub
• Host to host
• Switch to switch
NETWORK DEVICES
Repeater
Hub
Bridge
Switch
Router
Network Interface Card
Gateway
CSUDSU
Modem

27. HUBS
Hub is a physical layer
device. i.e., Layer 1 device
It is Dummy Device. It
works with 0’s and 1’s (Bits)
It works with broadcasting
It works with shared
bandwidth
It has 1 Broadcast Domain
and 1 Collision Domain
Collisions are identified
using Access Methods
calledCSMA/CD and
CSMA/CA
 Bridge
Bridges are software
based
Bridges have low port
density
Generally used for
Connecting two different
Topologies (Segments)
• Switch
Switches are hardware based
Switches have high port density
Generally used for
connecting single
Topology (Segments)

28. Router is an internetworking component, that connects networks which
are at different geographical locations
Network Interface Card (NIC)
It is a electronic circuit board placed in a computer
The NIC provides network communication to a LAN
It connects the workstation to the network
Modem stands for modulator-demodulator.

29. IP ADDRESSING
An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an
IP network
There are 4 classes of IP address : class A, Class B, Class C and
Class D
Any network that is part of larger network and is identified by a subnet
address
IP addressing is logical addressing
It works on Network Layer
Two versions of addressing scheme
 Ip version 4 – 32 bit addressing
 Ip version 6 – 128 bit addressing
IP Address = Internet Protocol Address
The basic concept of having an IP Address is to uniquely identify each machine
on the network
Every device connected to the network that uses the TCP/IP protocol has to
have a unique IP address
IP address is made up of four sets of numbers separated by dots – A.B.C.D
Each number set is one byte or 8 bits long
IP address depends upon the classification of the network
Class A – 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
Class B – 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class C - 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Class D - 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E – 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

30. THE END
SPECIAL THANKS TO:TECHNO SMART
ISO 9001:2015 REGISTERED INSTITUTE
C.E.O:P.CHARAN SAI BALAJI
MICROSOFT CIRTIFIED TRAINER:GAUTHAM KAMAT
DATE OF CERTIFICATION:13TH JUNE 2017
DONE BY
MR.PRAJWAL AMAR SINGH
RA1511004010205
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF MRS.HANNAH PAULINE