The document discusses network models and data communication. It covers layered tasks, the OSI model and its seven layers, as well as the TCP/IP protocol suite. The key layers of TCP/IP include physical, data link, network, transport and application. Common network protocols like IP, TCP and UDP are examined along with addressing schemes in TCP/IP. Examples of network communication between nodes, routers and across local area networks are provided.

1. Network Models
DATA
COMMUNICATION
Network Models
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
PCC-ECE-604: DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER
NETWORKS
Department of ECE
School of Engineering and Technology
Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University
Prepared by: Junaid Farooq War
© Junaid Farooq War

2. Contents
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
• LAYERED TASKS
• OSI MODEL
• Layers in OSI MODEL
• TCP/IP PROTOCAL SUITE
• PROTOCOLS
• ADDRESSING
• EXAMPLES
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

3. LAYERED TASKS
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
We use the concept of layers in our daily life.
As an example, let us consider two friends who communicate through postal mail.
TASKS INVOLVED
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

4. Contents
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
• LAYERED TASKS
• OSI MODEL
• Layers in OSI MODEL
• TCP/IP PROTOCAL SUITE
• PROTOCOLS
• ADDRESSING
• EXAMPLES
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

5. OSI MODEL
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO).
It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
OSI covers all aspects of network communications
Note: ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.
Trick:
Please Do Not Teach Stupid People Algebra
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

6. Interaction between layers in the OSI model
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

7. Exchange using the OSI model
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

8. Contents
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
• LAYERED TASKS
• OSI MODEL
• Layers in OSI MODEL
• TCP/IP PROTOCAL SUITE
• PROTOCOLS
• ADDRESSING
• EXAMPLES
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

9. Physical Layer
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Representation in bits
2. Physical characteristics of medium and interface
3. Data Rate
4. Synchronization of bits
5. Line configuration: (P2P, Multi-point)
6. Physical Topology
7. Transmission Mode: (Simplex, half Duplex, full duplex)
The physical layer is responsible for movements
of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

10. Data Link Layer
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Framing
2. Physical Addressing
3. Flow Control
4. Error Control
5. Access Control
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

11. Hop to Hop Delivery
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

12. Network Layer
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Logical Addressing
2. Routing
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

13. Source to Destination Delivery
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

14. Transport Layer
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Segmentation and reassembly
2. Port Addressing
3. Connection Control
4. Flow Control
5. Error Control
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

15. Process to Process Delivery
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

16. Session Layer
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Dialog Control
2. Synchronization
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

17. Presentation Layer
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Translation
2. Encryption
3. Compression
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

18. Application Layer
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

19. Summary
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

20. Contents
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
• LAYERED TASKS
• OSI MODEL
• Layers in OSI MODEL
• TCP/IP PROTOCAL SUITE
• PROTOCOLS
• ADDRESSING
• EXAMPLES
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

21. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
1. Host-to-network
2. Internet
3. Transport and
4. Application
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made
of five layers:
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model.
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers:
1. Physical
2. Data link
3. Network
4. Transport and
5. Application

22. Comparison of TCP/IP with OSI
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

23. Contents
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
• LAYERED TASKS
• OSI MODEL
• Layers in OSI MODEL
• TCP/IP PROTOCAL SUITE
• PROTOCOLS
• ADDRESSING
• EXAMPLES
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

24. PROTOCOLS
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
At Physical and data link layer, TCP/IP doesn't define any specific protocol
It supports all the standards and proprietary protocols
Internetworking Protocol (IP)
Unreliable and connectionless protocol – best effort delivery service
Does its best to get a transmission through to its destination- with no guarantee
IP transports data in packets called datagrams
Datagrams can travel along different routes
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

25. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
ARP is used to associate logical address with a physical address
Address Resolution Protocol
RARP allows a host to discover its IP address when it only knows its Physical address
Internet Control Message Protocol
Mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems
back to the sender
Internet Group Message Protocol
Used to facilitate simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients
User datagram Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol
Stream Control Protocol
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

26. Contents
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
• LAYERED TASKS
• OSI MODEL
• Layers in OSI MODEL
• TCP/IP PROTOCAL SUITE
• PROTOCOLS
• ADDRESSING
• EXAMPLES
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

27. Addressing in TCP/IP
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
48 bits 32 bits
64 bits
16 bits
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

28. Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
bgsbu.ac.in
abc@bgsbu.ac.in
192.168.0.1
70:6A:1B:45:C0:F8
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

29. Contents
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
• LAYERED TASKS
• OSI MODEL
• Layers in OSI MODEL
• TCP/IP PROTOCAL SUITE
• PROTOCOLS
• ADDRESSING
• EXAMPLES
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

30. Example 1
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
In Figure below, a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address
87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer
with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Here, there is no need of logical address because the communicating
devices are in the same network
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

31. Example 2
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
Figure shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is
connected to three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of
addresses, one for each connection.
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses usually
remain the same.
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models

32. Example 3
DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Layered Tasks
• OSI Model
• Layers in OSI
• TCP/IP
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Examples
The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in
the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer.
The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and port addresses
usually remain the same.
© Junaid Farooq War
Network Models