The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model, having 5 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. It compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting they have a similar functionality but the TCP/IP model was devised based on existing protocols rather than defining protocols based on the model.
TCPIP and OSI ModalOSI Reference Model-The seven layers .docxmattinsonjanel
TCP/IP and OSI Modal
OSI Reference Model:-
The seven layers of the OSI model are as follows:
· Physical layer: Converts the data into the stream of electric or analog pulses that will actually cross the transmission medium and oversees the transmission of the data
· Data Link layer: Provides an interface with the network adapter; maintains logical links for the subnet
· Network layer: Supports logical addressing and routing
· Transport layer: Provides error control and flow control for the internetwork
· Session layer: Establishes sessions between communicating applications on the communicating computers
· Presentation layer: Translates data to a standard format; manages encryption and data compression
· Application layer: Provides a network interface for applications; supports network applications for file transfer, communications, and so forth
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model. The four layers of model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
The APRANET initially started with four Internet message processors (IMPs), located at the UCLA, UCSA, Stanford research institute and the University of Utah. In the early years, the purpose and usage of the APRANET network was widely discussed, leading to many enhancements and modifications as the users steady increased and requested demanded more from the network. As time passed many enhancements were made to the existing protocol but by 1973 it was clear that NCP (Network Control Protocol) was unable to handle the volume of traffic passing through it network and proposed a new functionality. A new protocol TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol was developed over time to replace NCP.
Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP modal
OSI modal
1. The TCP/IP model doesn’t clearly distinguish between service, interval and protocol.
1. The OSI model originally distinguishes between service, interval and protocols.
2. The TCP/IP model is an implementation of the OSI model.
2. The OSI model is a reference model.
3. In TCP/TP model, the protocols came first, and the model was really just a description of the existing protocols.
3. In OSI model, the protocols came after the model was described.
4. In TCP/IP model , the protocols are not hidden.
4. In OSI model, the protocols are better hidden.
5. The TCP/IP model has only 4 layers.
5. The OSI model has 7 layers.
6. The TCP/IP model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the transport layer. giving users the choice.
6. The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the network layer, but only connection -oriented communication in transport layer.
Reference
· Where Wizards Stay Up Late - Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyons
Inside the PC - Pe ...
TCPIP and OSI ModalOSI Reference Model-The seven layers .docxmattinsonjanel
TCP/IP and OSI Modal
OSI Reference Model:-
The seven layers of the OSI model are as follows:
· Physical layer: Converts the data into the stream of electric or analog pulses that will actually cross the transmission medium and oversees the transmission of the data
· Data Link layer: Provides an interface with the network adapter; maintains logical links for the subnet
· Network layer: Supports logical addressing and routing
· Transport layer: Provides error control and flow control for the internetwork
· Session layer: Establishes sessions between communicating applications on the communicating computers
· Presentation layer: Translates data to a standard format; manages encryption and data compression
· Application layer: Provides a network interface for applications; supports network applications for file transfer, communications, and so forth
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model. The four layers of model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
The APRANET initially started with four Internet message processors (IMPs), located at the UCLA, UCSA, Stanford research institute and the University of Utah. In the early years, the purpose and usage of the APRANET network was widely discussed, leading to many enhancements and modifications as the users steady increased and requested demanded more from the network. As time passed many enhancements were made to the existing protocol but by 1973 it was clear that NCP (Network Control Protocol) was unable to handle the volume of traffic passing through it network and proposed a new functionality. A new protocol TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol was developed over time to replace NCP.
Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP modal
OSI modal
1. The TCP/IP model doesn’t clearly distinguish between service, interval and protocol.
1. The OSI model originally distinguishes between service, interval and protocols.
2. The TCP/IP model is an implementation of the OSI model.
2. The OSI model is a reference model.
3. In TCP/TP model, the protocols came first, and the model was really just a description of the existing protocols.
3. In OSI model, the protocols came after the model was described.
4. In TCP/IP model , the protocols are not hidden.
4. In OSI model, the protocols are better hidden.
5. The TCP/IP model has only 4 layers.
5. The OSI model has 7 layers.
6. The TCP/IP model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the transport layer. giving users the choice.
6. The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the network layer, but only connection -oriented communication in transport layer.
Reference
· Where Wizards Stay Up Late - Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyons
Inside the PC - Pe ...
1. Answer the following questions about OSI modela.At which layer.pdflohithkart
1. Answer the following questions about OSI model:
a.At which layer of the OSI reference model, routers operate?
b. At which level of the OSI model, bits are packaged into frames?
c. List the layers of the OSI model from top to down.
d. Mark those from the following list that operate at the presentation layer?
i.MIDI
ii.FTP
iii.SMTP
iv.TFTP
v.JPEG
e. List the two protocols at the Transport Layer.
f. What is the difference between logical and physical address? Do your research (do not copy
your answer). Which type of address is used in the network layer of the OSI model?
g. Which OSI layer implements IP?
2. Answer the following questions about Router:
a. What is a router?
b. How many types are routers are available to use? Name them.
c. Explain how a router works?
d. How many interfaces can be assigned to a router?
3. Describe the components of address classes A~E of TCP/IP addresses. Also explain
mathematically how many maximum network and hosts per network can be addressed by these
classes.
4. Answer the following questions:
a. what is the difference between IP address and MAC address?
b. What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? Why IPv6 was introduced? Show an example
of each and explain how they are represented mathematically.
Solution
1) a) At what level of OSI the routers operates : The routers operates at the third layer of the
model which is Network Control Layer, where a router examines the packets\' data structure and
determine whether to forward or not.
b) At which level of the OSI model, bits are packaged into frames : Bits are packaged into
frames at data link layer, which setups the links accross the physicsl network.
c) Layers of OSI model : The seven layers of OSI are Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network
Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer.
Application Layer : At this layer communication partners are identified where we see some one
to talk to.
Presentation Layer : This is basically part of Operation System where incoming and outgoing
data are changed from one format to another.
Session Layer: This layer basically handles session and conversations/communications where
services include authentication and reconnecting service after interruption.
Transport Layer : This layer manages packetiztion of data, delievery of those packets, checking
for error.
Network Layer : This part is responsible for handling addressing and routing of packets.
Data Link Layer : This setup links between physical networks putting packets into frames.
Physical Layer : This layer communicates, conveys bit stream through network.
d) The protocols that work on transport layer are UDP(User DataGram Protocol),
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
e) Logical Address : In terms of memory logical address is the location where an item resides
with the perspective of executing program.
Physical Address : Its the actual address or location residing in memory which is defined in
binary form.
g) The Network Layer impleme.
The Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol Layers .docxrhetttrevannion
The Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol Layers refers to the communication protocols that enable use to do anything over the internet. There are four layers. In the Network Interface Layer things like sending information between hosts on the same local network and translating data from higher layers are done. The layer right above that would be the Internet Layer where data is packaged into packets, receive incoming packets of data, and addressing and transmitting packets occur. Then there is the Transport Layer this layer is responsible for end-to-end communication on the network. In short, the transport layer collects message segments from the application and transmits the to the nest layer.
Physical Layer – hubs, cables, modems, and repeaters.
Data Link Layer – bridges, switches, NIC’s,
Network Layer – routers, brouters
Transport Layer – gateways, firewalls,
Application Layer – PC’s, smartphones, servers
The TCP/IP Protocol suite was developed in the 1960’s and recognized throughout the world after 1983. As for the OSI reference model it was also recognized throughout the world in 1983. Some key similarities between the TCP/IP and OSI Model is that they describe how data is transmitted between devices on a network. Both models also divide the networking concepts into layers. The ideas about how data is broken down into smaller pieces and passed from layer to layer is the same as well. Another similarity is that these models are used to troubleshoot various networking problems. Both are modular and each layer represents a separate set of functions and protocols. Some of the ley differences between the two would be that the OSI model is a more elaborated model where each layer has separate functionality. Unlike the TCP IP model, it does not combine any layers. The OSI has 7 layers, and the TCP IP has 4 layers. The TCP/IP model is more geared towards networking hardware and software used on the internet as to the OSI models is more general and can be applied to any type of network.
References
Ahmad, A. (2022, May 9).
Comparison Between TCP/IP and OSI Model
. Retrieved from https://afrozahmad.com/blog/tcp-ip-vs-osi-model-differences-and-similarities/
What is the TCP/IP Model? Layers and Protocols Explained
. (2020, November 3). Retrieved from FreeCodeCamp: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-is-tcp-ip-layers-and-protocols-explained/
.
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP LayerNetwax Lab
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
TCP/IP OSI
It has 4 layers. It has 7 layers.
TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards
around which the internet has developed.
OSI Model however is a "generic, protocolindependent standard."
Follows Vertical Approach Follows Horizontal Approach
In TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer does not
Guarantees delivery of packets.
In OSI Model, Transport Layer Guarantees
delivery of packets.
1- What is the difference between OSI and TCP-IP layered models-Soluti.docxtjames442
1. What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP layered models?
Solution
1. OSI which stands for Open Systems Interconnection is a conceptual model which define standards on how two systems can communicate on a network.
TCP/IP which stands for  Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) is protocol suite which defines different protocols for communication between two systems on the internet.
3. OSI model has 7 layers which include
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Later
Physical Layer
3. TCP.IP has 4 layers
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Link Layer or
.
1. Answer the following questions about OSI modela.At which layer.pdflohithkart
1. Answer the following questions about OSI model:
a.At which layer of the OSI reference model, routers operate?
b. At which level of the OSI model, bits are packaged into frames?
c. List the layers of the OSI model from top to down.
d. Mark those from the following list that operate at the presentation layer?
i.MIDI
ii.FTP
iii.SMTP
iv.TFTP
v.JPEG
e. List the two protocols at the Transport Layer.
f. What is the difference between logical and physical address? Do your research (do not copy
your answer). Which type of address is used in the network layer of the OSI model?
g. Which OSI layer implements IP?
2. Answer the following questions about Router:
a. What is a router?
b. How many types are routers are available to use? Name them.
c. Explain how a router works?
d. How many interfaces can be assigned to a router?
3. Describe the components of address classes A~E of TCP/IP addresses. Also explain
mathematically how many maximum network and hosts per network can be addressed by these
classes.
4. Answer the following questions:
a. what is the difference between IP address and MAC address?
b. What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? Why IPv6 was introduced? Show an example
of each and explain how they are represented mathematically.
Solution
1) a) At what level of OSI the routers operates : The routers operates at the third layer of the
model which is Network Control Layer, where a router examines the packets\' data structure and
determine whether to forward or not.
b) At which level of the OSI model, bits are packaged into frames : Bits are packaged into
frames at data link layer, which setups the links accross the physicsl network.
c) Layers of OSI model : The seven layers of OSI are Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network
Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer.
Application Layer : At this layer communication partners are identified where we see some one
to talk to.
Presentation Layer : This is basically part of Operation System where incoming and outgoing
data are changed from one format to another.
Session Layer: This layer basically handles session and conversations/communications where
services include authentication and reconnecting service after interruption.
Transport Layer : This layer manages packetiztion of data, delievery of those packets, checking
for error.
Network Layer : This part is responsible for handling addressing and routing of packets.
Data Link Layer : This setup links between physical networks putting packets into frames.
Physical Layer : This layer communicates, conveys bit stream through network.
d) The protocols that work on transport layer are UDP(User DataGram Protocol),
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
e) Logical Address : In terms of memory logical address is the location where an item resides
with the perspective of executing program.
Physical Address : Its the actual address or location residing in memory which is defined in
binary form.
g) The Network Layer impleme.
The Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol Layers .docxrhetttrevannion
The Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol Layers refers to the communication protocols that enable use to do anything over the internet. There are four layers. In the Network Interface Layer things like sending information between hosts on the same local network and translating data from higher layers are done. The layer right above that would be the Internet Layer where data is packaged into packets, receive incoming packets of data, and addressing and transmitting packets occur. Then there is the Transport Layer this layer is responsible for end-to-end communication on the network. In short, the transport layer collects message segments from the application and transmits the to the nest layer.
Physical Layer – hubs, cables, modems, and repeaters.
Data Link Layer – bridges, switches, NIC’s,
Network Layer – routers, brouters
Transport Layer – gateways, firewalls,
Application Layer – PC’s, smartphones, servers
The TCP/IP Protocol suite was developed in the 1960’s and recognized throughout the world after 1983. As for the OSI reference model it was also recognized throughout the world in 1983. Some key similarities between the TCP/IP and OSI Model is that they describe how data is transmitted between devices on a network. Both models also divide the networking concepts into layers. The ideas about how data is broken down into smaller pieces and passed from layer to layer is the same as well. Another similarity is that these models are used to troubleshoot various networking problems. Both are modular and each layer represents a separate set of functions and protocols. Some of the ley differences between the two would be that the OSI model is a more elaborated model where each layer has separate functionality. Unlike the TCP IP model, it does not combine any layers. The OSI has 7 layers, and the TCP IP has 4 layers. The TCP/IP model is more geared towards networking hardware and software used on the internet as to the OSI models is more general and can be applied to any type of network.
References
Ahmad, A. (2022, May 9).
Comparison Between TCP/IP and OSI Model
. Retrieved from https://afrozahmad.com/blog/tcp-ip-vs-osi-model-differences-and-similarities/
What is the TCP/IP Model? Layers and Protocols Explained
. (2020, November 3). Retrieved from FreeCodeCamp: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-is-tcp-ip-layers-and-protocols-explained/
.
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP LayerNetwax Lab
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
TCP/IP OSI
It has 4 layers. It has 7 layers.
TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards
around which the internet has developed.
OSI Model however is a "generic, protocolindependent standard."
Follows Vertical Approach Follows Horizontal Approach
In TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer does not
Guarantees delivery of packets.
In OSI Model, Transport Layer Guarantees
delivery of packets.
1- What is the difference between OSI and TCP-IP layered models-Soluti.docxtjames442
1. What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP layered models?
Solution
1. OSI which stands for Open Systems Interconnection is a conceptual model which define standards on how two systems can communicate on a network.
TCP/IP which stands for  Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) is protocol suite which defines different protocols for communication between two systems on the internet.
3. OSI model has 7 layers which include
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Later
Physical Layer
3. TCP.IP has 4 layers
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Link Layer or
.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
3. THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It
was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
Topics discussed in this section:
8. LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each layer in the OSI
model.
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Topics discussed in this section:
10. The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
11. Physical layer
• Type of transmission media
• Representation of bits
• Data rate
• Synchronization of bits
• Line Configuration
• Topology
• Transmission mode
34. TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in
the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP
protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network,
transport, and application.
36. ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
39. Comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP Reference
Models
Functionality of the layers is roughly similar
Concepts central to OSI model
• Services : The service definition tells what the layer does, not how entities
above it access it . It defines the layer's semantics.
• Interfaces : tells the processes above it how to access it. It specifies what
the parameters are and what results to expect
• Protocols: the layer's own business.
40. Comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP
Reference Models
OSI reference model was devised before the corresponding protocols were
invented. This ordering means that the model was not biased toward one
particular set of protocols
In TCP/IP, the protocols came first, and the model was really just a
description of the existing protocols
Number of layers: the OSI model has seven layers and the TCP/IP has four
layers.
The TCP/IP model has only one mode in the network layer (connectionless)
but supports both modes in the transport layer.
