The document discusses drug delivery systems and formulations. It defines key terms like dosage form, formulation, drug delivery, and drug delivery systems. It distinguishes between conventional and newer drug delivery systems. Some newer systems described include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and transdermal drug delivery systems like sonophoresis. Osmotic drug delivery systems and microencapsulation are also summarized. The advantages of newer systems include increased efficacy, targeted delivery, and controlled release of drugs.
PH 1.1 DEFINE and DESCRIBE the Principles of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherape...Dr SURENDRA BOUDDH
This document provides definitions and principles related to pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, drug, and medicine. It describes the principles of pharmacology as how exogenously administered drugs interact with the living system, which depends on pharmacokinetics of how the body affects the drug and pharmacodynamics of how the drug affects the body. Principles of pharmacotherapeutics include applying pharmacological knowledge together with disease knowledge for diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Factors like age, sex, genetics, and route of administration can modify a drug's effects.
TSDP emphasizes on understanding client’s requirements for drafting proposals for preparation of medico-marketing documents. To know more about medical writing training, visit: http://turacozskilldevelopment.org/
This document discusses promotional drug literature and guidelines for its use. It notes that while promotional literature aims to convince doctors to prescribe particular drugs, it often provides inadequate, inaccurate or misleading information. The WHO, IFPMA and national regulatory codes provide guidelines for drug promotion, requiring it to be educational, accurate and evidence-based. However, studies show promotional materials frequently distort facts or highlight only benefits without risks. Doctors must critically evaluate claims and references to assess information reliability and avoid inappropriate prescribing influences. Stronger regulatory oversight is needed to curb issues with promotional drug marketing.
This document discusses population pharmacokinetics and describes a study analyzing methylphenidate (MP) pharmacokinetics in children with ADHD. The study used a population approach to model MP concentrations in 273 children based on single blood samples. Key findings included higher total daily MP doses in children receiving the drug three times daily compared to twice daily, and clearance proportional to body weight as expected. The model explained 43% of variability in MP concentrations and supported weight-based MP dosing in children.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) measures drug levels in the blood to optimize drug dosing for individual patients. TDM is especially useful for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index that can be toxic above or below a certain concentration range. Common drugs monitored include lithium, digoxin, anticonvulsants, and antibiotics. Monitoring drug levels helps maximize efficacy, avoid toxicity, identify noncompliance or dosing issues, and guide dosage adjustments.
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
Community pharmacists can play an important role in diabetes management by providing education, monitoring medication adherence, and supporting self-monitoring of blood glucose. As accessible healthcare providers, pharmacists can help interpret blood glucose data, assist with treatment adjustments, and facilitate study circles or educational programs to help patients better manage their condition. While establishing comprehensive diabetes management programs presents challenges, systematically involved pharmacists could help reduce complications and healthcare costs by improving patient care and outcomes.
Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
PH 1.1 DEFINE and DESCRIBE the Principles of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherape...Dr SURENDRA BOUDDH
This document provides definitions and principles related to pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, drug, and medicine. It describes the principles of pharmacology as how exogenously administered drugs interact with the living system, which depends on pharmacokinetics of how the body affects the drug and pharmacodynamics of how the drug affects the body. Principles of pharmacotherapeutics include applying pharmacological knowledge together with disease knowledge for diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Factors like age, sex, genetics, and route of administration can modify a drug's effects.
TSDP emphasizes on understanding client’s requirements for drafting proposals for preparation of medico-marketing documents. To know more about medical writing training, visit: http://turacozskilldevelopment.org/
This document discusses promotional drug literature and guidelines for its use. It notes that while promotional literature aims to convince doctors to prescribe particular drugs, it often provides inadequate, inaccurate or misleading information. The WHO, IFPMA and national regulatory codes provide guidelines for drug promotion, requiring it to be educational, accurate and evidence-based. However, studies show promotional materials frequently distort facts or highlight only benefits without risks. Doctors must critically evaluate claims and references to assess information reliability and avoid inappropriate prescribing influences. Stronger regulatory oversight is needed to curb issues with promotional drug marketing.
This document discusses population pharmacokinetics and describes a study analyzing methylphenidate (MP) pharmacokinetics in children with ADHD. The study used a population approach to model MP concentrations in 273 children based on single blood samples. Key findings included higher total daily MP doses in children receiving the drug three times daily compared to twice daily, and clearance proportional to body weight as expected. The model explained 43% of variability in MP concentrations and supported weight-based MP dosing in children.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) measures drug levels in the blood to optimize drug dosing for individual patients. TDM is especially useful for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index that can be toxic above or below a certain concentration range. Common drugs monitored include lithium, digoxin, anticonvulsants, and antibiotics. Monitoring drug levels helps maximize efficacy, avoid toxicity, identify noncompliance or dosing issues, and guide dosage adjustments.
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
Community pharmacists can play an important role in diabetes management by providing education, monitoring medication adherence, and supporting self-monitoring of blood glucose. As accessible healthcare providers, pharmacists can help interpret blood glucose data, assist with treatment adjustments, and facilitate study circles or educational programs to help patients better manage their condition. While establishing comprehensive diabetes management programs presents challenges, systematically involved pharmacists could help reduce complications and healthcare costs by improving patient care and outcomes.
Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
1) The document discusses drug therapy considerations for older adults, known as geriatrics. It covers topics like polypharmacy, altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, medication adherence, and strategies to optimize drug regimens in older patients.
2) Three case studies are presented that demonstrate issues like inadequate dosing leading to poor disease control, anticholinergic effects from certain drugs that can cause urinary incontinence, and orthostatic hypotension from antihypertensive medications potentially causing dizziness and loss of consciousness.
3) The strategies discussed for optimizing drug therapy in older adults focus on simplifying regimens, minimizing interactions, assessing adherence barriers, and educating patients
Clinical pharmacokinetics part 1 dr jayesh vaghelajpv2212
This document discusses clinical pharmacokinetics and factors affecting drug absorption and bioavailability. It defines pharmacokinetics as what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption depends on patient factors like age, gastric emptying time, and presence of food, as well as physicochemical drug properties and pharmaceutical formulation characteristics. Understanding factors influencing absorption can help optimize drug therapy.
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
The regulation of complementary medicinesTGA Australia
The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates complementary medicines in Australia using a risk-based, two-tiered system. Lower risk listed medicines can be marketed with minimal pre-market evaluation, while higher risk registered medicines require pre-market assessment of quality, safety and efficacy. The TGA oversees post-market monitoring and compliance reviews to ensure that medicines meet regulatory requirements. Guidance materials provide information on evidence requirements and the different pathways for listed and registered complementary medicines.
The document discusses severity assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It describes several scales used to assess the causality and severity of ADRs, including:
- The WHO-UMC Causality Assessment Scale which categorizes ADR causality as certain, probable, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, or unassessable.
- Scales that categorize ADR severity as mild, moderate, severe or lethal based on factors like treatment required and effects on hospitalization.
- The Naranjo Algorithm/ADR Probability Scale which assigns a probability score to determine if an ADR is definite, probable, possible, or doubtful based on responses to 10 questions.
Pharmacoeconomics evaluates the costs and outcomes of pharmaceutical products and services. It involves choosing a perspective such as patient or payer, identifying costs which can be direct, indirect, or intangible, and identifying outcomes which can be clinical, economic, or humanistic. Common pharmacoeconomic methodologies include cost-consequence analysis, cost-of-illness evaluation, cost-minimization analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. Pharmacoeconomics is important for achieving maximum benefits with limited costs and aids decision making for formularies, policies, and resource allocation.
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases, with a focus on digoxin. It provides details on the indications, pharmacokinetics, and appropriate use of TDM for digoxin including confirming toxicity, assessing factors that alter pharmacokinetics, addressing therapeutic failure, and ensuring medication compliance. The document also discusses dose adjustment and interpreting digoxin concentrations in the context of the clinical situation.
The spontaneous reporting system is a passive surveillance system where health professionals voluntarily report adverse drug reactions directly to regulatory authorities or pharmaceutical companies. It involves 3 main processes: 1) data acquisition from reported cases, 2) assessment of individual reports and pooled data, and 3) interpretation of signals based on the available data. Initiatives have been taken to widen reporting bases to include pharmacists and nurses. Special focus has been given to reporting reactions related to HIV drugs, pediatric drugs, and herbal products to improve surveillance in underreported areas.
This document discusses geriatric and pediatric pharmacology. For pediatrics, it outlines different age groups and how drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination differ for pediatric patients compared to adults due to developmental changes. Factors like gastric emptying time, plasma protein levels, and organ maturation impact pharmacokinetics in children. Dosing is typically based on age, weight or body surface area. The document also discusses ensuring medication adherence for children. For geriatrics, it describes the physiological changes that occur with aging and how they impact drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, increasing risks of adverse drug reactions. Polypharmacy is a major issue as the number of medications increases the risk of drug-drug interactions and
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
Lecture slides for Medical Undergraduate teaching in Pharmacology. Study material is based on Essentials of medical pharmacology by KD tripathi and Katzung. Figures are obtained from google image search and above mentioned textbooks.
Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and is found in high concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. It functions as both a neurotransmitter and hormone. Serotonin mediates a variety of effects through multiple receptor subtypes, including smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, gastrointestinal motility, mood, appetite, and sleep. Dysregulation of serotonin signaling has been implicated in conditions like migraine, depression, anxiety, and carcinoid syndrome, a tumor that secretes excess serotonin. A number of drugs target specific serotonin receptors to treat associated symptoms.
Requirements And Guidelines For Permission To Import / or Manufacture of New Drugs For Sale or To Undertake Clinical Trials
Schedule Y was introduced under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, to
introduce requirements for countries to get permission for:
Importing
Manufacturing new drugs
Conducting Clinical Trials.
Application for permission
Clinical Trial
Studies in specific population
Post marketing surveillance
Special studies: BA/BE studies
OTC drugs are medicines that can be purchased without a prescription. They make up a large portion of the drug market, with over 100,000 products containing around 800 active ingredients across 80 categories. While convenient for self-treatment, they can also be misused or abused, especially by adolescents. Common OTC drugs that are misused include dextromethorphan (DXM) in cough medicines and stimulants like ephedrine. Clinicians can help prevent misuse by educating patients, reviewing all medications, and encouraging guidance from medical professionals when treating with OTC drugs.
This document discusses designing dosage regimens. It begins by defining dosage form as the way a drug is administered and dosage regimen as the schedule of doses over time. It then describes five methods for designing regimens: individualized, based on population averages using fixed or adaptive models, based on partial pharmacokinetic parameters, empirical, and using nomograms. Nomograms use scales to determine dosage based on patient characteristics. The document provides examples of drugs using nomograms and discusses considerations for converting intravenous to oral dosage.
1) The document discusses pharmaceutical care, which aims to ensure safe and effective drug use through identifying and resolving drug-related problems.
2) It defines pharmaceutical care as the responsible provision of drug therapy to achieve definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life.
3) Key aspects of pharmaceutical care include assessing a patient's medication needs, developing and implementing a care plan to address actual or potential drug therapy problems, and monitoring the care plan.
The document discusses the importance of effective communication for achieving quality use of medicines. It notes that clear communication is needed between doctors and patients to explain why medicines are prescribed, address any barriers to understanding, and identify all medications patients are taking. Poor communication has been shown to be a leading cause of medication errors and patient harm. The document emphasizes the role of communication skills like briefings, handovers, patient education materials, and electronic prescribing in improving safety. Overall, it stresses that open communication between healthcare providers and patients is critical to negotiate treatment outcomes, minimize risks, and promote appropriate medication use.
Controlled release drug delivery system (cdds)articleeshweta more
The document discusses controlled release drug delivery systems (CDDS). It notes that over the last two decades, interest in these systems has remarkably increased due to factors like high drug development costs, expiration of patents, discovery of new polymers for prolonging drug release, and improved therapeutic efficiency and safety. Controlled release aims to alter a drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to achieve therapeutic objectives not possible with conventional dosage forms. The technology is now also applied to veterinary drugs.
1) The document discusses drug therapy considerations for older adults, known as geriatrics. It covers topics like polypharmacy, altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, medication adherence, and strategies to optimize drug regimens in older patients.
2) Three case studies are presented that demonstrate issues like inadequate dosing leading to poor disease control, anticholinergic effects from certain drugs that can cause urinary incontinence, and orthostatic hypotension from antihypertensive medications potentially causing dizziness and loss of consciousness.
3) The strategies discussed for optimizing drug therapy in older adults focus on simplifying regimens, minimizing interactions, assessing adherence barriers, and educating patients
Clinical pharmacokinetics part 1 dr jayesh vaghelajpv2212
This document discusses clinical pharmacokinetics and factors affecting drug absorption and bioavailability. It defines pharmacokinetics as what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption depends on patient factors like age, gastric emptying time, and presence of food, as well as physicochemical drug properties and pharmaceutical formulation characteristics. Understanding factors influencing absorption can help optimize drug therapy.
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
The regulation of complementary medicinesTGA Australia
The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates complementary medicines in Australia using a risk-based, two-tiered system. Lower risk listed medicines can be marketed with minimal pre-market evaluation, while higher risk registered medicines require pre-market assessment of quality, safety and efficacy. The TGA oversees post-market monitoring and compliance reviews to ensure that medicines meet regulatory requirements. Guidance materials provide information on evidence requirements and the different pathways for listed and registered complementary medicines.
The document discusses severity assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It describes several scales used to assess the causality and severity of ADRs, including:
- The WHO-UMC Causality Assessment Scale which categorizes ADR causality as certain, probable, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, or unassessable.
- Scales that categorize ADR severity as mild, moderate, severe or lethal based on factors like treatment required and effects on hospitalization.
- The Naranjo Algorithm/ADR Probability Scale which assigns a probability score to determine if an ADR is definite, probable, possible, or doubtful based on responses to 10 questions.
Pharmacoeconomics evaluates the costs and outcomes of pharmaceutical products and services. It involves choosing a perspective such as patient or payer, identifying costs which can be direct, indirect, or intangible, and identifying outcomes which can be clinical, economic, or humanistic. Common pharmacoeconomic methodologies include cost-consequence analysis, cost-of-illness evaluation, cost-minimization analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. Pharmacoeconomics is important for achieving maximum benefits with limited costs and aids decision making for formularies, policies, and resource allocation.
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases, with a focus on digoxin. It provides details on the indications, pharmacokinetics, and appropriate use of TDM for digoxin including confirming toxicity, assessing factors that alter pharmacokinetics, addressing therapeutic failure, and ensuring medication compliance. The document also discusses dose adjustment and interpreting digoxin concentrations in the context of the clinical situation.
The spontaneous reporting system is a passive surveillance system where health professionals voluntarily report adverse drug reactions directly to regulatory authorities or pharmaceutical companies. It involves 3 main processes: 1) data acquisition from reported cases, 2) assessment of individual reports and pooled data, and 3) interpretation of signals based on the available data. Initiatives have been taken to widen reporting bases to include pharmacists and nurses. Special focus has been given to reporting reactions related to HIV drugs, pediatric drugs, and herbal products to improve surveillance in underreported areas.
This document discusses geriatric and pediatric pharmacology. For pediatrics, it outlines different age groups and how drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination differ for pediatric patients compared to adults due to developmental changes. Factors like gastric emptying time, plasma protein levels, and organ maturation impact pharmacokinetics in children. Dosing is typically based on age, weight or body surface area. The document also discusses ensuring medication adherence for children. For geriatrics, it describes the physiological changes that occur with aging and how they impact drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, increasing risks of adverse drug reactions. Polypharmacy is a major issue as the number of medications increases the risk of drug-drug interactions and
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
Lecture slides for Medical Undergraduate teaching in Pharmacology. Study material is based on Essentials of medical pharmacology by KD tripathi and Katzung. Figures are obtained from google image search and above mentioned textbooks.
Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and is found in high concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. It functions as both a neurotransmitter and hormone. Serotonin mediates a variety of effects through multiple receptor subtypes, including smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, gastrointestinal motility, mood, appetite, and sleep. Dysregulation of serotonin signaling has been implicated in conditions like migraine, depression, anxiety, and carcinoid syndrome, a tumor that secretes excess serotonin. A number of drugs target specific serotonin receptors to treat associated symptoms.
Requirements And Guidelines For Permission To Import / or Manufacture of New Drugs For Sale or To Undertake Clinical Trials
Schedule Y was introduced under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, to
introduce requirements for countries to get permission for:
Importing
Manufacturing new drugs
Conducting Clinical Trials.
Application for permission
Clinical Trial
Studies in specific population
Post marketing surveillance
Special studies: BA/BE studies
OTC drugs are medicines that can be purchased without a prescription. They make up a large portion of the drug market, with over 100,000 products containing around 800 active ingredients across 80 categories. While convenient for self-treatment, they can also be misused or abused, especially by adolescents. Common OTC drugs that are misused include dextromethorphan (DXM) in cough medicines and stimulants like ephedrine. Clinicians can help prevent misuse by educating patients, reviewing all medications, and encouraging guidance from medical professionals when treating with OTC drugs.
This document discusses designing dosage regimens. It begins by defining dosage form as the way a drug is administered and dosage regimen as the schedule of doses over time. It then describes five methods for designing regimens: individualized, based on population averages using fixed or adaptive models, based on partial pharmacokinetic parameters, empirical, and using nomograms. Nomograms use scales to determine dosage based on patient characteristics. The document provides examples of drugs using nomograms and discusses considerations for converting intravenous to oral dosage.
1) The document discusses pharmaceutical care, which aims to ensure safe and effective drug use through identifying and resolving drug-related problems.
2) It defines pharmaceutical care as the responsible provision of drug therapy to achieve definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life.
3) Key aspects of pharmaceutical care include assessing a patient's medication needs, developing and implementing a care plan to address actual or potential drug therapy problems, and monitoring the care plan.
The document discusses the importance of effective communication for achieving quality use of medicines. It notes that clear communication is needed between doctors and patients to explain why medicines are prescribed, address any barriers to understanding, and identify all medications patients are taking. Poor communication has been shown to be a leading cause of medication errors and patient harm. The document emphasizes the role of communication skills like briefings, handovers, patient education materials, and electronic prescribing in improving safety. Overall, it stresses that open communication between healthcare providers and patients is critical to negotiate treatment outcomes, minimize risks, and promote appropriate medication use.
Controlled release drug delivery system (cdds)articleeshweta more
The document discusses controlled release drug delivery systems (CDDS). It notes that over the last two decades, interest in these systems has remarkably increased due to factors like high drug development costs, expiration of patents, discovery of new polymers for prolonging drug release, and improved therapeutic efficiency and safety. Controlled release aims to alter a drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to achieve therapeutic objectives not possible with conventional dosage forms. The technology is now also applied to veterinary drugs.
Controlledreleasedrugdeliverysystemcddsarticlee 141114072549-conversion-gate01shweta more
The document discusses controlled release drug delivery systems (CDDS). It notes that over the last two decades, interest in CDDS has increased significantly due to factors such as the high cost of developing new drugs, expiration of patents, discovery of new polymers for prolonging drug release, and improved therapeutic efficiency and safety achieved through these systems. CDDS can provide various advantages including improved patient compliance, reduced fluctuations in drug levels in the body, reduced necessary total dose of drugs, and improved treatment efficiency.
Novel drug delivery systems aim to provide targeted and controlled drug delivery to improve drug efficacy and safety. The document discusses 10 questions related to novel drug delivery systems, including their advantages over traditional systems, how they improve pharmacokinetic properties, principles of sustained release, targeting strategies, and challenges in designing delivery systems for different drug types. It also covers regulatory and ethical considerations in developing such systems for human use and how delivery systems can minimize drug toxicity and safety risks.
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
The document discusses novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). NDDS aim to control the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. They involve interdisciplinary approaches combining polymer science, pharmaceutics, and molecular biology. Various drug carriers are under development like liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles to minimize drug degradation and increase bioavailability. NDDS can provide controlled release of drugs over extended periods through formulations like sustained release and targeted delivery to specific sites in the body.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
The document discusses the urethral route of drug administration and novel drug delivery systems. Specifically, it describes:
1) The urethral route involves inserting drugs like solutions or suppositories into the urethra to treat conditions like incontinence or impotence, but it can cause inconvenience or pain.
2) Alprostadil urethral microsuppositories are self-inserted drug delivery devices that are 1.4mm in diameter and release medication over 4-7 days.
3) Novel drug delivery systems aim to improve drug potency, provide sustained release, increase safety, and target specific tissues through formulation approaches and medical devices.
The document discusses drug delivery systems and targeted drug delivery. It begins by providing market size information for current drug delivery systems and definitions of key terms like prolonged release, zero-order release, and bio-responsive release. It then covers classifications of targeted drug delivery systems based on mechanism, including passive targeting, active targeting, and dual targeting. Different carrier systems, dosages forms, and specific applications for brain and cancer targeting are discussed in detail.
Pre-clinical drug development involves several key stages: high throughput screening to identify potential drug candidates, toxicology studies in animal models to determine safety, pharmacological profiling to understand mechanisms of action, and calculating initial human doses. The overall goals are to obtain sufficient data on safety, tolerability and efficacy to receive regulatory approval from the FDA to begin clinical trials in humans. Pre-clinical studies provide critical data required for an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to the FDA.
This document discusses pharmacosomes, which are a novel vesicular drug delivery system for targeted and controlled drug delivery. Pharmacosomes are amphiphilic colloidal dispersions prepared from drug-lipid conjugates, with or without additional surfactants. They have several advantages over other delivery systems, including increasing drug bioavailability, improving stability, prolonging the time drugs remain in circulation, and targeting drugs to specific sites in the body. Pharmacosomes show promise for cancer therapy by selectively delivering anticancer drugs to tumor sites, reducing toxicity to normal cells and improving therapeutic effects. Overall, pharmacosomes provide a promising approach for controlled and targeted drug delivery.
Modified-release dosage and its variants are mechanisms used in tablets (pills) and capsules to dissolve a drug over time in order to be released more slowly and steadily into the bloodstream, while having the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release (IR) formulations of the same drug.
This document provides a review of targeted drug delivery systems. It begins by defining targeted drug delivery as a method to increase the concentration of drugs in specific body parts or tissues to improve treatment efficacy while reducing side effects. It then discusses different types of targeted delivery including passive targeting via physiological factors and active targeting using ligand-receptor interactions. Various drug carrier systems that can be used are described such as liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, polymers, microspheres, and nanoparticles. Key characteristics of ideal drug carriers and components of targeted delivery systems like targets and markers are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that targeted delivery has advanced significantly but further evaluation is still needed as understanding of disease processes improves.
Drug Delivery Systems Pharmaceutical technologyafsanamamedova
This document discusses various drug delivery systems, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal, and parenteral delivery. It focuses on novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), which aim to improve drug potency, control drug release to provide sustained therapeutic effects, increase safety, and target drugs to specific tissues. NDDS can utilize advanced techniques and new dosage forms to achieve controlled, modulated, and targeted drug delivery over prolonged periods of time. The key goals of NDDS are to deliver optimal doses of drugs to the right location and time.
Novel drug delivery system, nanoparticles, resealed erythrocytes, niosomes, microspheres. It also contains information about virus, bacterias and their removal methods and sterility methods.
This document discusses controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS). It defines CDDS as formulations that release medication over an extended period from a single dose to achieve prolonged therapeutic effects. The document outlines factors that influence CDDS design such as drug properties and pharmacokinetics. It also describes various release mechanisms, classification systems, and advantages like improved compliance and maintaining therapeutic drug levels. Potential disadvantages include dumping and patient variability affecting release rates. The document concludes that CDDS can improve drug efficacy, safety, and dosing convenience compared to conventional formulations.
Ms. Prajakta Sawant presented on rate controlled drug delivery systems. She discussed how these systems aim to deliver drugs at a controlled rate over an extended period of time using mechanisms like matrix diffusion and osmosis. Rate controlled systems attempt to maintain therapeutic drug levels in the body and reduce dosing frequency. Ms. Sawant classified these systems as pre-programmed, activation-modulated, feedback-regulated, or site-targeting and provided examples of each type.
Drug delivery systems aim to control the rate, location, and time of drug release in the body to improve safety and efficacy. There have been major advancements in drug delivery technologies over the last decades, including transdermal patches that can selectively deliver drugs to specific sites. Drug delivery devices are physical agents used in drug delivery systems and include prefilled syringes, autoinjectors, infusion pumps, and more. Drugs can be delivered via several routes like oral, injection, inhalation, nasal, topical, and others. Different drug delivery methods provide either immediate, non-immediate, site-specific, or sustained release of medications over time.
Controlled drug delivery systems were first developed in the 1940s-1950s to provide sustained drug release. Over the past 30 years, controlled drug delivery systems have gained more attention due to their advantages like maintaining therapeutic drug levels and reducing dosing frequency. Controlled release drug delivery systems can be classified based on their release mechanisms and include dissolution-controlled, diffusion-controlled, and osmotic pressure-controlled systems. Factors like drug properties, dosage form properties, and biological factors influence controlled drug delivery systems.
Similar to PH1.3 Enumerate and identify drug formulations and drug delivery systems (20)
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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PH1.3 Enumerate and identify drug formulations and drug delivery systems
1. PH1.3 Enumerate and identify drug
formulations and drug delivery systems
Dr Pankaj Gupta, MD
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacology
Al Falah School of Medical Science & RC
Faridabad (HARYANA)
2. Objective
• Difference between dosage form & formulation
• What is drug delivery & drug delivery systems
• Difference between conventional & newer drug
delivery systems
• Newer drug delivery systems, their advantages &
disadvantages
• Any question
3. Dosage form Versus Formulation
• Dosage form: is a product suited for
administration to the patient by various routes
for diagnosis or treatment. They provide
accurate dosage of drugs for the treatment of
disease. Eg: Tablet, Capsule.
• Formulations: it consist of name of drug,
strength and its dosage form. Eg: Ibuprofen
400 mg as tablet
Srivastava SK, Srivastava Rohan. Manual of practical pharmacology for MBBS, First Edition 2021. Avichal Publishing Company.
4. •Dosage form= Drug (API) + Excipients
•Formulation= Dosage form (Drug + Excipients) + Drug strength
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8512302/
5. Drug delivery
• A method or a process of administering or
delivering a pharmaceutical compound in
systemic circulation to achieve its therapeutic
effect in humans or in animals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465154/
6. What are drug delivery systems?
• Drug delivery systems are engineered technologies for
the targeted delivery and/or controlled release of
therapeutic agents.
• Many drugs have unacceptable side effects due to the
drug interacting with healthy tissues that are not the
target of the drug. Side effects limit ability to design
optimal medications for many diseases such as cancer,
neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases.
• Drug delivery systems control the rate at which a drug
is released and the location in the body where it is
released. Some systems can control both.
https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/drug-delivery-
systems-getting-drugs-their-targets-controlled-manner
7. What are drug delivery systems?
Any drug delivery system may be defined as a system comprising
of:
– Drug formulation
– Medical device or technology to carry the drug inside the
body
– Mechanism for the release
https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/drug-delivery-
systems-getting-drugs-their-targets-controlled-manner
8. Types of drug delivery system (DDS)
• Conventional/traditional drug delivery system
• Novel drug delivery system
https://www.pharmapproach.com/drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/
9. Conventional/traditional drug delivery system
• Conventional DDSs are classical methods for delivery of a drug
into the body.
• These systems are used more often when the goal is quickly
absorption of a drug; therefore, a quick release of the drug is
required.
• Example:- conventional drug delivery forms include simple
oral, topical, inhaled, or injection methods.
https://www.pharmapproach.com/drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/
10. Various routes & conventional/traditional drug
delivery system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8512302/
12. Ideal characteristics of drug delivery systems
• It should increase the bioavailability of the drug.
• It should transport the drug intact to the site of action
while avoiding the non-diseased host tissue.
• The product should be stable and delivery should be
maintained under various physiological variables.
• A high degree of drug dispersion.
• The same method should be applicable to a wide range
of drugs.
• It should be easy to administer to the patient.
• It should be safe and reliable.
• It should be cost-effective.
https://www.pharmapproach.com/drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/
13. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS)
• A combination of advanced techniques and new
dosage forms to introduce better drug potency,
control drug release, provide greater safety, and
target a drug specifically to a desired tissue.
• NDDSs lead to efficient use of expensive drugs and
excipients, and reduce in production cost.
• NDDS brings better therapy by improved comfort
drug delivery devices which increase the standard of
living.
https://www.pharmapproach.com/drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/
14. Targeted drug delivery
Targeting is the ability to direct the drug-loaded system to the site
of interest. Two major mechanisms can be distinguished for
addressing the desired sites for drug release:
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
15. Therapeutic benefits of new systems
(Controlled drug release systems and targeted drug delivery systems)
• Increased efficacy of the drug
• Site specific delivery
• Decreased toxicity/side effects
• Increased convenience
• Viable treatments for previously incurable
diseases
• Potential for prophylactic applications
• Better patient compliance.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
16. Various Drug Delivery Systems
(For controlled and targeted delivery of drug)
Carrier based Drug Delivery System:
•Liposomes
•Nanoparticles
•Microspheres
•Monoclonal antibodies
•Niosomes
•Resealed erythrocytes as drug carriers
Trasdermal Drug Delivery Systems:
•Sonophoresis
•Mucoadhesive delivery systems
•Supramolecular delivery systems
•Variable release delivery systems
•Osmotic pump
•Microencapsulation
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
17. Drug Delivery Carriers
• To obtain systems with
– Optimized drug loading and release properties
– Long shelf-life
– Low toxicity
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
18. • Liposomes: Liposomes are a form of vesicles that consist either of many, few
or just one phospholipid bilayers. The polar character of the liposomal core
enables polar drug molecules to be encapsulated.
• Nanoparticles: Nanoparticles (including nanospheres and nanocapsules of
size 10-200nm) are in the solid state and are either amorphous or crystalline.
They are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against
chemical and enzymatic degradation.
• Microspheres: Microspheres are characteristically free flowing powders
consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers which are biodegradable in nature
and ideally having a particle size less than 200 μm.
• Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers: Erythrocytes, the most abundant
cells in the human body, have potential carrier capabilities for the delivery
of drugs. Erythrocytes are biocompatible, biodegradable, possess very
long circulation half lives and can be loaded with a variety of chemically
and biologically active compounds using various chemical and physical
methods.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
19. Examples of nanocarriers in controlled drug delivery
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8512302/
20. Properties of resealed erythrocyte of novel drug
delivery carriers
• The drug should be released at target site in a controlled manner.
• It should be appropriate size, shape and should permit the passage
through capillaries. And Minimum leakage of drug should take place.
• It should be biocompatible and should have minimum toxic effect.
• It should possess the ability to carry a broad spectrum of drug.
• It should possess specific physicochemical properties by which desired
target size could be recognized.
• The degradation product of the carriers system, after release of the drug
at the selected site should be biocompatible. It should be physico -
chemically compatible with drug.
• The carrier system should have an appreciable stability during storage.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
21. • Niosomes: the vesicles forming amphiphile is a non-ionic surfactant such as
Span – 60 which is usually stabilized by addition of cholesterol and small amount
of anionic surfactant such as dicetyl phosphate.
• Niosomes and liposomes are equiactive in drug delivery potential and both
increase drug efficacy as compared with that of free drug.
• Niosomes are preferred over liposomes because the former exhibit high chemical
stability and economy.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
24. Transdermal Drug Delivery System
• Defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which, when
applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug, through the skin at
controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
25. Advantages
– Avoidance of first pass metabolism
– Avoidance of gastro intestinal incompatibility
– Predictable and extended duration of activity
– Improving physiological and pharmacological response
– Termination of therapy is easy at any point of time
– Greater patient compliance due to elimination of multiple
dosing profile
– Provide suitability for self administration
– Enhance therapeutic efficacy
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
26. Sonophoresis
• It is a process that exponentially increases the
absorption of topical compounds (transdermal
delivery) into the epidermis, dermis and skin
appendages by ultrasonic energy.
• Sonophoresis is a localized, non‐invasive, convenient
and rapid method of delivering low molecular weight
drugs as well as macromolecules into the skin.
• Ultrasound at various frequencies in the range of 20
kHz–16 MHz with intensities of up to 3W/cm2 are
being used for sonophoresis.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
28. Osmotically Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
• Osmotic pressure is used as driving force for these systems to
release the drug in controlled manner .
Classification of Osmotic Drug Delivery System:
They can be divided in oral and implantable systems
Implantable:
•The Rose and Nelson Pump
•Higuchi Leeper Pump
•Higuchi Theuwes pump
•Implantable Miniosmotic pump
Oral osmotic Pump
•Single chamber osmotic pump
•Elementary osmotic pump
•Multi chamber osmotic pump
•Push pull osmotic pump
•Osmotic pump with non expanding second
chamber
•Specific types:
•Controlled porosity osmotic pump
•Osmotic bursting osmotic pump
•Liquid OROS
•Delayed Delivery Osmotic device
•Telescopic capsule
•Oros ct (colon targeting)
•Sandwiched oral therapeutic system
•Osmotic pump for insoluble drugs
•Monolithic osmotic system and OSMAT
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
29. Osmotic Pressure Controlled
Gastrointestinal Delivery System
• These are systems fabricated by encapsulating an osmotic
drug core containing an osmotically active drug within a semi
permeable membrane made from biocompatible polymer eg-
cellulose acetate
Osmotic pressure controlled drug delivery system (Elementary Osmotic Pump)
30. Advantages of Osmotic Drug Delivery System
• They typically give a zero order release profile after an initial lag.
• Deliveries may be delayed or pulsed if desired.
• Drug release is independent of gastric pH and hydrodynamic condition.
• They are well characterized and understood.
• The release mechanisms are not dependent on drug.
• The rationale for this approach is that the presence of water in GIT is relatively
constant, at least in terms of the amount required for activation and controlling
osmotically base technologies.
• Higher release rates are possible with osmotic systems compared with
conventional diffusion-controlled drug delivery systems.
• The release from osmotic systems is minimally affected by the presence of food in
gastrointestinal tract.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
31. Disadvantages
• Expensive
• If the coating process is not well controlled there is a risk of film defects,
which results in dose dumping
• Size hole is critical
• Dose dumping
• Retrieval therapy is not possible in the case of unexpected adverse events.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext
33. ViadurTM implant is used for prostate cancer and after insertion it is effective for 12 months
34. Microencapsulation
• Process in which small droplets or particles of liquid or solid
material are surrounded or coated by a continuous film of
polymeric materials.
• Microencapsulation process helps for converting the liquids to
solids, changing the colloidal and surface properties, providing
environmental protection and controlling the release
characteristics of different coated materials.
http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel-drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/?view=fulltext