The document provides an overview of the nervous system including its basic functions and organizational structure. It discusses the major parts of the brain and spinal cord, including the cerebral cortex, lobes, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. It also summarizes several non-invasive and invasive diagnostic tests used to examine the nervous system, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, EEGs, angiography, and myelography. Physical exams are also described to evaluate motor skills, cranial nerves, and other neurological functions.
This document provides an overview of neurologic nursing lecture notes. It covers:
1. The divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS).
2. An overview of the structure and function of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves.
3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses including effects on heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, gastrointestinal function, urinary function and more.
4. Toxic substances that can pass the blood-brain barrier such as bilirubin, lead, ammonia, and carbon monoxide.
The document discusses the physiological bases of human behavior by describing the nervous system. It explains that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The document provides diagrams and descriptions of the major parts and functions of the nervous system in regulating human behavior and responses.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human nervous system and behavior. It describes the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, including its main parts like dendrites, axons, and terminals. It explains how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The major divisions and parts of the brain are outlined, including the four lobes and structures like the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The roles of the endocrine and nervous systems in regulating human behavior and functions are briefly explained.
The regulatory system in the human body consists of the neural system, endocrine system, and sensory organs. The neural system contains nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to coordinate functions. Disorders can occur if there are imbalances in neurotransmitters in the neural system, which can be caused by conditions like Parkinson's disease or affected by drugs that influence neurotransmitters.
1. The document summarizes key aspects of the physiological basis of behavior, including the three mechanisms of behavior: receiving (sense organs), connecting (neurons), and integrating mechanisms (nervous system).
2. It describes the basic parts of a neuron and different types of neurons.
3. It outlines the two main divisions of the human nervous system: the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. The central nervous system includes the cerebrum, midbrain, and diencephalon.
4. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are listed along with their functions. Spinal nerves are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the nervous system and how it controls functions in the body. It is divided into two main parts:
1) The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
2) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes smaller nerves that connect to other parts of the body.
The CNS contains neurons that send messages via electrical and chemical signals. Neurons communicate through the release of neurotransmitters at synapses between neurons. Different neurotransmitters are involved in functions like mood, movement, and learning. The nervous system works through intricate neural pathways and networks in the brain and body.
The document summarizes the major structures and functions of the human brain. It describes that the brain is divided into left and right hemispheres which have different specialized functions. It also outlines the four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital - and describes what functions each controls. Additionally, it identifies and explains key structures like the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala and hippocampus.
The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls functions of the body and allows for thinking, feeling, and memory. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, carrying signals to and from the brain and spinal cord. Together, the nervous system uses the senses to receive information from the environment and coordinate movement and bodily functions through electrical and chemical signals.
This document provides an overview of neurologic nursing lecture notes. It covers:
1. The divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS).
2. An overview of the structure and function of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves.
3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses including effects on heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, gastrointestinal function, urinary function and more.
4. Toxic substances that can pass the blood-brain barrier such as bilirubin, lead, ammonia, and carbon monoxide.
The document discusses the physiological bases of human behavior by describing the nervous system. It explains that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The document provides diagrams and descriptions of the major parts and functions of the nervous system in regulating human behavior and responses.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human nervous system and behavior. It describes the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, including its main parts like dendrites, axons, and terminals. It explains how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The major divisions and parts of the brain are outlined, including the four lobes and structures like the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The roles of the endocrine and nervous systems in regulating human behavior and functions are briefly explained.
The regulatory system in the human body consists of the neural system, endocrine system, and sensory organs. The neural system contains nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to coordinate functions. Disorders can occur if there are imbalances in neurotransmitters in the neural system, which can be caused by conditions like Parkinson's disease or affected by drugs that influence neurotransmitters.
1. The document summarizes key aspects of the physiological basis of behavior, including the three mechanisms of behavior: receiving (sense organs), connecting (neurons), and integrating mechanisms (nervous system).
2. It describes the basic parts of a neuron and different types of neurons.
3. It outlines the two main divisions of the human nervous system: the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. The central nervous system includes the cerebrum, midbrain, and diencephalon.
4. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are listed along with their functions. Spinal nerves are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the nervous system and how it controls functions in the body. It is divided into two main parts:
1) The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
2) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes smaller nerves that connect to other parts of the body.
The CNS contains neurons that send messages via electrical and chemical signals. Neurons communicate through the release of neurotransmitters at synapses between neurons. Different neurotransmitters are involved in functions like mood, movement, and learning. The nervous system works through intricate neural pathways and networks in the brain and body.
The document summarizes the major structures and functions of the human brain. It describes that the brain is divided into left and right hemispheres which have different specialized functions. It also outlines the four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital - and describes what functions each controls. Additionally, it identifies and explains key structures like the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala and hippocampus.
The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls functions of the body and allows for thinking, feeling, and memory. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, carrying signals to and from the brain and spinal cord. Together, the nervous system uses the senses to receive information from the environment and coordinate movement and bodily functions through electrical and chemical signals.
S. Sherrill - General Psychology - Chapter 3 power pointsjbrabham
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as uninterpreted messages from the senses and perception as an individual's unique interpretation based on experiences. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of vision, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve and photoreceptors. It also discusses types of color blindness and theories of color vision. Additional senses of smell, taste, touch, balance and depth perception are explained.
The document describes the divisions of the vertebrate nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is outside the brain and spinal cord and has two divisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls organs like the heart and intestines and has sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. The document then goes into detail about parts of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and various lobes. It discusses the functions of different brain regions and how the brain areas work together as a whole system.
The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives input from sensory neurons, directs motor neurons, and associates stimuli with responses through association neurons to maintain homeostasis. The human CNS allows for complex behaviors like learning, memory, emotions and self-awareness. The embryonic development of the CNS begins with the formation of the neural tube which becomes the CNS, while the neural crest forms the peripheral nervous system.
Slides that go with the first in a series of four talks by Mahasraddha on Buddhism, science, philosphy, and consciousness. Given at the Manchester Buddhist Centre on 26th March 2007.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its organization and major components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Key topics covered include the structure and function of neurons, types of neurons, nerve impulses, and synaptic transmission. The major divisions and structures of the brain are outlined. The role of the spinal cord and reflex arcs are also summarized.
The document discusses human senses and how they compare to sensors in robots. It begins by asking questions about the five main human senses - sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. It then describes how two of these senses, vision and touch, work. For vision, it explains how light enters the eye and is processed by the retina and brain. For touch, it notes that skin contains nerve endings that detect stimuli like pressure and send signals to the brain. Finally, it provides examples of robotic sensors that correspond to human senses, such as cameras that function like eyes and touch sensors that mimic skin.
The document discusses several key areas of the brain involved in sensory processing and integration. It describes how the somatosensory cortex integrates tactile and proprioceptive information, and how the posterior parietal cortex projects to motor areas. It also discusses pathways to visual, auditory and association areas, and how unimodal inputs converge on multimodal areas, allowing for comprehension, cognition and consciousness.
This document provides an introduction to brainwaves and brainwave entrainment. It describes the five main brainwave patterns (gamma, beta, alpha, theta, delta), their associated frequencies in Hertz, the mental and neural states and processes associated with each pattern. Each brainwave pattern is involved in different cognitive processes and states of consciousness, from high-frequency gamma waves during deep focus to low-frequency delta waves during deep sleep or meditation.
Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. They have three main parts - a cell body containing the nucleus, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. There are different types of neurons classified by structure and function, including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Neurons are formed through neurogenesis, migrate to their destinations, differentiate, and form neural networks. Diseases can cause neuron death. Key neurotransmitters mediate signaling between neurons.
The nervous system functions as the control center for all body activities and responds to changes inside and outside the body. It has two main divisions - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It contains neurons which are microscopic nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body and allow for sensation and movement. Common problems of the nervous system include concussions, paralysis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and depression.
Introduction to central nervous system – Structure, Function & DiseasesPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
biological foundation of behaviour discussed by including, structure and functions of the brain, nervous system, impulse transmission and the disorders of dementia and delirium, rehabilitation, and its types
Judith Ford Presentation - SRF Webinar Sep 13, 2012wef
Neurophysiological studies using EEG and ERPs have provided insights into auditory verbal hallucinations. Studies compare neural activity during hallucination periods versus non-hallucination periods within subjects (symptom capture) and between hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients. Symptom capture studies show involvement of auditory cortex but findings are inconsistent. Studies comparing patients find hallucinators have smaller ERP responses to probes, suggesting voices disrupt processing of external auditory events.
1. The document discusses the anatomical organization and functional roles of different areas of the cerebral cortex, including sensory processing, motor control, and association areas.
2. It specifically focuses on Brodmann's mapping of the human cortex, which identified 47 distinct regions based on cytoarchitecture.
3. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted as the area that gives humans capacities for empathy, understanding humor, and regulating social behavior.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and controls all nervous system activities. It is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The spinal cord transmits messages between the brain and body and enables reflexes through ascending and descending pathways.
The document discusses various methods used to study the human brain including postmortem studies, animal studies, and imaging techniques. Postmortem studies examine the brain after death to identify abnormalities associated with certain behaviors or conditions. Animal studies involve inserting microelectrodes into animal brains to monitor single neuron activity or selectively lesioning areas to observe functional deficits. Imaging techniques discussed include EEG, PET, fMRI and MRI which produce images of brain activity and anatomy. The document also outlines the main structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain and lobes.
The document provides an overview of brain and nervous system topics including:
- Gall introduced phrenology and Broca discovered specific brain areas for behaviors
- Neurons are the basic unit that communicate via dendrites, axons, and synapses
- The nervous system includes the central and peripheral nervous systems, with the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
- The brain is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, with the cerebral cortex responsible for higher functions
- The endocrine system regulates hormones, including from the pituitary gland
- Genetics determines traits through genes on chromosomes
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document discusses different types of sensory receptors in the human body, including exteroceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, and nociceptors. It explains what stimuli each receptor type responds to, such as touch, temperature, light, and pain. The summary also mentions the retina contains rods and cones that contain photopigments like rhodopsin to detect light and allow for vision.
This document summarizes the key human sensory systems and how they work. It discusses the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and describes the sensory organs and receptors for each. It also outlines the nervous system, including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of sensory and motor nerves. It distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary movements and muscles.
Carlos Darcy Alves Bersot is a medical doctor who is responsible for the anesthesia department at the Federal Hospital of Lagoa in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He is also an anesthesiologist at Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, which is affiliated with the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The document provides biographical information about Dr. Bersot and his medical roles and affiliations.
Perception involves awareness of sensory stimuli through mental processes like memory and interpretation. Coordination requires perception of necessary movements and completion of actions via muscles working together. The central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and neuroendocrine system control coordination and perception. [Neurons, neuroglia, neurotransmitters, and nerves are the basic structures involved. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.]
Central Nervous System, The Autonomic Nervous Systemcarmencrivii
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. It describes the ANS as having two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the body during stress through pathways involving the hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal grey matter. The parasympathetic system calms the body during rest. The enteric nervous system is also described as the "second brain" that helps control gastrointestinal functions.
S. Sherrill - General Psychology - Chapter 3 power pointsjbrabham
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as uninterpreted messages from the senses and perception as an individual's unique interpretation based on experiences. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of vision, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve and photoreceptors. It also discusses types of color blindness and theories of color vision. Additional senses of smell, taste, touch, balance and depth perception are explained.
The document describes the divisions of the vertebrate nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is outside the brain and spinal cord and has two divisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls organs like the heart and intestines and has sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. The document then goes into detail about parts of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and various lobes. It discusses the functions of different brain regions and how the brain areas work together as a whole system.
The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives input from sensory neurons, directs motor neurons, and associates stimuli with responses through association neurons to maintain homeostasis. The human CNS allows for complex behaviors like learning, memory, emotions and self-awareness. The embryonic development of the CNS begins with the formation of the neural tube which becomes the CNS, while the neural crest forms the peripheral nervous system.
Slides that go with the first in a series of four talks by Mahasraddha on Buddhism, science, philosphy, and consciousness. Given at the Manchester Buddhist Centre on 26th March 2007.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its organization and major components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Key topics covered include the structure and function of neurons, types of neurons, nerve impulses, and synaptic transmission. The major divisions and structures of the brain are outlined. The role of the spinal cord and reflex arcs are also summarized.
The document discusses human senses and how they compare to sensors in robots. It begins by asking questions about the five main human senses - sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. It then describes how two of these senses, vision and touch, work. For vision, it explains how light enters the eye and is processed by the retina and brain. For touch, it notes that skin contains nerve endings that detect stimuli like pressure and send signals to the brain. Finally, it provides examples of robotic sensors that correspond to human senses, such as cameras that function like eyes and touch sensors that mimic skin.
The document discusses several key areas of the brain involved in sensory processing and integration. It describes how the somatosensory cortex integrates tactile and proprioceptive information, and how the posterior parietal cortex projects to motor areas. It also discusses pathways to visual, auditory and association areas, and how unimodal inputs converge on multimodal areas, allowing for comprehension, cognition and consciousness.
This document provides an introduction to brainwaves and brainwave entrainment. It describes the five main brainwave patterns (gamma, beta, alpha, theta, delta), their associated frequencies in Hertz, the mental and neural states and processes associated with each pattern. Each brainwave pattern is involved in different cognitive processes and states of consciousness, from high-frequency gamma waves during deep focus to low-frequency delta waves during deep sleep or meditation.
Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. They have three main parts - a cell body containing the nucleus, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. There are different types of neurons classified by structure and function, including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Neurons are formed through neurogenesis, migrate to their destinations, differentiate, and form neural networks. Diseases can cause neuron death. Key neurotransmitters mediate signaling between neurons.
The nervous system functions as the control center for all body activities and responds to changes inside and outside the body. It has two main divisions - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It contains neurons which are microscopic nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body and allow for sensation and movement. Common problems of the nervous system include concussions, paralysis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and depression.
Introduction to central nervous system – Structure, Function & DiseasesPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
biological foundation of behaviour discussed by including, structure and functions of the brain, nervous system, impulse transmission and the disorders of dementia and delirium, rehabilitation, and its types
Judith Ford Presentation - SRF Webinar Sep 13, 2012wef
Neurophysiological studies using EEG and ERPs have provided insights into auditory verbal hallucinations. Studies compare neural activity during hallucination periods versus non-hallucination periods within subjects (symptom capture) and between hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients. Symptom capture studies show involvement of auditory cortex but findings are inconsistent. Studies comparing patients find hallucinators have smaller ERP responses to probes, suggesting voices disrupt processing of external auditory events.
1. The document discusses the anatomical organization and functional roles of different areas of the cerebral cortex, including sensory processing, motor control, and association areas.
2. It specifically focuses on Brodmann's mapping of the human cortex, which identified 47 distinct regions based on cytoarchitecture.
3. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted as the area that gives humans capacities for empathy, understanding humor, and regulating social behavior.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and controls all nervous system activities. It is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The spinal cord transmits messages between the brain and body and enables reflexes through ascending and descending pathways.
The document discusses various methods used to study the human brain including postmortem studies, animal studies, and imaging techniques. Postmortem studies examine the brain after death to identify abnormalities associated with certain behaviors or conditions. Animal studies involve inserting microelectrodes into animal brains to monitor single neuron activity or selectively lesioning areas to observe functional deficits. Imaging techniques discussed include EEG, PET, fMRI and MRI which produce images of brain activity and anatomy. The document also outlines the main structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain and lobes.
The document provides an overview of brain and nervous system topics including:
- Gall introduced phrenology and Broca discovered specific brain areas for behaviors
- Neurons are the basic unit that communicate via dendrites, axons, and synapses
- The nervous system includes the central and peripheral nervous systems, with the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
- The brain is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, with the cerebral cortex responsible for higher functions
- The endocrine system regulates hormones, including from the pituitary gland
- Genetics determines traits through genes on chromosomes
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document discusses different types of sensory receptors in the human body, including exteroceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, and nociceptors. It explains what stimuli each receptor type responds to, such as touch, temperature, light, and pain. The summary also mentions the retina contains rods and cones that contain photopigments like rhodopsin to detect light and allow for vision.
This document summarizes the key human sensory systems and how they work. It discusses the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and describes the sensory organs and receptors for each. It also outlines the nervous system, including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of sensory and motor nerves. It distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary movements and muscles.
Carlos Darcy Alves Bersot is a medical doctor who is responsible for the anesthesia department at the Federal Hospital of Lagoa in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He is also an anesthesiologist at Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, which is affiliated with the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The document provides biographical information about Dr. Bersot and his medical roles and affiliations.
Perception involves awareness of sensory stimuli through mental processes like memory and interpretation. Coordination requires perception of necessary movements and completion of actions via muscles working together. The central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and neuroendocrine system control coordination and perception. [Neurons, neuroglia, neurotransmitters, and nerves are the basic structures involved. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.]
Central Nervous System, The Autonomic Nervous Systemcarmencrivii
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. It describes the ANS as having two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the body during stress through pathways involving the hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal grey matter. The parasympathetic system calms the body during rest. The enteric nervous system is also described as the "second brain" that helps control gastrointestinal functions.
It includes NERVOUSSYSTEM CLASSIIFCATION; PARTS OF CEREBUM & FUNCTIOS; PARS OF CEREBELLUM & FUCTIONS ; PATS OF BRAIN STEM & THEIR FUNCTION WITH CRANIAL NERVES
1. The document discusses the anatomy and pathways of the pain sensation system. It describes how nociceptors detect painful stimuli and transmit signals to the spinal cord and brain.
2. The spinal cord plays an important role in pain processing. It contains ascending tracts that carry pain signals to the brain and descending tracts that modulate pain. Key nuclei in the spinal cord dorsal horn relay and modulate pain transmission.
3. Pain signals are transmitted from the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus and then to regions of the cerebral cortex involved in pain perception and modulation like the somatosensory, cingulate, and insular cortices. The periaqueductal
The document summarizes the main components and functions of the human nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by membranes and bones. The PNS includes all nerves and connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The ANS controls involuntary organs. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrical signals and allow the nervous system to coordinate bodily activities.
The document summarizes the nervous system, which is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is made up of lobes that control functions like movement, speech, hearing, vision, and smell. The PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and branch into dorsal and ventral roots.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS controls and coordinates body activities, while the PNS connects the CNS to other parts of the body. Within the nervous system are neurons, which transmit signals, and the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia through which signals travel from the CNS to the rest of the body and back.
The document discusses the structure and function of neurons and the nervous system. It notes that neurons are cells that communicate via electrochemical signals. They have extensions called dendrites and axons that allow them to receive and transmit signals. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). The CNS contains neurons and glial cells that support neurons. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and contains sensory neurons, motor neurons, and ganglia. The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and function of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system.
This chapter discusses biology and behavior, including:
- Neurons transmit signals via neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
- The brain is divided into hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain regions controlling various functions.
- Imaging techniques like EEG, MRI, PET scan reveal brain structure and activity.
- The cerebrum contains hemispheres specialized in language and spatial reasoning.
- Development and aging impact brain structure through processes like synaptogenesis and pruning.
- Men and women's brains differ slightly in proportions of gray and white matter.
This document provides an overview of the human nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes nerves connecting the CNS to muscles and sensory organs.
- The nervous system has sensory, integrative, and motor functions. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals to the CNS. The CNS integrates these signals and directs motor neurons to respond.
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in various types. They are supported by glial cells like oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The CNS is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, which has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for fight or flight by increasing heart rate and blood pressure. The parasympathetic system then takes over once the stressor is gone, calming the body down.
The brain is composed of neurons that transmit signals through the nervous system. There are two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different lobes and structures that each have unique functions, such as controlling movement, senses, thinking, emotions, homeostasis and more. The PNS connects to the CNS and contains nerves that link to the rest of the body. Together the brain and nervous system allow for processing information and controlling bodily functions.
The brain is composed of neurons that transmit signals through the nervous system. There are two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different lobes and structures that each have unique functions, such as controlling movement, senses, thinking, emotions, homeostasis and more. The PNS connects to the CNS and contains nerves that link to the rest of the body. Together the brain and nervous system allow for processing information and controlling bodily functions.
The nervous system has two main divisions:
1. The central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising all other nerves outside the CNS.
Nerve tissue contains neurons, which transmit signals, and neuroglial cells which provide support. Neurons communicate via electrochemical signals called nerve impulses, traveling along nerve pathways between neurons. The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes and fluid within the skull and vertebral column. The brain has three main parts which work together to control voluntary and involuntary functions.
lecture 5 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Golgi, Cajal, parts of the neuron, action potentials, synapse, neurotransmitters, agonist, antagonist, parts of the nervous system
1. The document describes the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and autonomic nervous system.
2. It discusses the various parts of the brain including the cerebral cortex and its lobes, as well as cognitive functions localized to different brain regions.
3. The document provides an overview of consciousness and disorders that can cause unconsciousness, methods for assessing level of consciousness including the Glasgow Coma Scale.
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. It regulates responses to internal and external stimuli. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is outside the central nervous system and includes cranial and spinal nerves. The brain is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It serves functions like imagination, memory, speech, movement, and hormone secretion. Neurons and glial cells make up brain tissue and neurons communicate via synapses.
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It provides details about each nerve, including its nuclei, emergence point from the brain, regions innervated, and whether it contains sensory, motor, or parasympathetic fibers. It describes the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, and facial nerves in further detail. The cranial nerves mediate the special senses and innervate muscles of the head, face, and neck. They carry sensory information from these regions to the brain and motor signals from the brain to muscles.
The document discusses various methods for collecting data, including using existing data, observations, self-reporting, and different types of instruments like questionnaires and interviews. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observations and interviews, open-ended vs closed-ended questions, and advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods. The document also covers guidelines for developing instruments, evaluating instruments through pilot testing, and quantitative vs qualitative measurement of variables.
The document discusses identifying the population to be studied in research. It defines key population types including the target population, subject/respondent population, and stratum population. It also defines sampling, the sampling unit, sampling frame, and sampling design. The document outlines different sampling methods including probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling and stratified random sampling, and non-probability sampling techniques like convenience sampling and purposive sampling. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of probability and non-probability sampling. The reasons for designing a sampling plan are also provided.
Research developing theoretical and conceptual frameworksJonnie Navarro
This document defines key concepts in developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks for research. It discusses the definitions and types of theories, conceptual models, and variables. It also describes the purpose of a theoretical framework and how it guides research. Key elements that must be defined for a study are identified, such as the independent, dependent, and intervening variables through operational definitions. The differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions and purpose statements are also outlined.
The document discusses holistic and complementary therapies. It explains that holistic care believes people can grow from health, illness, and dying by promoting active participation in their own healthcare. Complementary and alternative medicine focuses on maximizing the body's inherent healing ability and treating the whole person, rather than just symptoms. Some healing and dying modalities discussed include centering, relaxation, imagery, meditation, music therapy, aromatherapy, reminiscence, journaling, touch therapies, herbology, homeopathy, and prayer. The benefits of complementary and alternative medicine are said to include strengthening the body's defenses, empowering patients, and being safer and gentler than conventional therapies.
Pallia spiritual and cultural considerationsJonnie Navarro
The document discusses several key aspects of providing spiritual care:
1. It defines spirituality, religion, and spiritual care, emphasizing compassion and being present with those suffering.
2. It lists the most important things to remember when providing end-of-life spiritual care: don't wait, intently watch and listen, and trust your instincts.
3. It emphasizes the importance of cultural competence, including assessing a patient's cultural beliefs and practices and respecting their preferences and worldview.
The document discusses holistic and complementary therapies. It explains that holistic care believes people can grow from health, illness, and dying by promoting active participation in their own healthcare. Complementary and alternative medicine focuses on maximizing the body's inherent healing ability and treating the whole person, rather than just symptoms. Some healing and dying modalities discussed include centering, relaxation, imagery, meditation, music therapy, aromatherapy, reminiscence, journaling, touch therapies, herbology, homeopathy, and prayer. The benefits of complementary and alternative medicine are said to include strengthening the body's defenses, empowering patients, and being safer and gentler than conventional therapies.
The document discusses ethical and legal considerations in palliative care, outlining key ethical principles like respect, autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence that should guide decision making, as well as legal implications around issues like the right to die, advanced directives, do not resuscitate orders, terminal weaning, death certificates, organ donation, and autopsies. Ethical theories around deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue-based ethics are also presented as approaches to adopting an ethical perspective in palliative care situations.
This document discusses palliative care and symptom management for terminal illnesses. It covers assessing common symptoms like pain, dyspnea, delirium, depression and managing them through both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Key symptoms discussed are pain, which is common in advanced cancer and other diseases, and dyspnea, the most common severe symptom in the last days of life. The document also covers psychosocial considerations in palliative care like communication skills, breaking bad news sensitively to patients and families, and addressing their information needs and emotional responses.
This document discusses death and dying, defining death as the irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions. It outlines three definitions of death in the US and describes the theories and stages of death and dying, including the five stages proposed by Kubler Ross: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Finally, it lists common signs and symptoms of impending death such as decreased eating, increased sleeping, incontinence, breathing changes, skin changes, restlessness, and the signs present at the time of death.
This document discusses several emerging infectious diseases including West Nile virus, Legionnaire's disease, Lyme disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and AH1N1 virus. It describes the causative agents, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches for each disease. The key points covered are prevention through avoidance of mosquito/tick bites or contaminated areas/rodents, recognition of symptoms such as fever and respiratory distress, and using proper hygiene and barrier techniques to limit transmission.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens through primary organs like the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary organs like the spleen and lymph nodes. It uses innate defenses like physical barriers and acquired defenses through active and passive immunity. When injured, the body responds through inflammation mediated by histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and platelet activating factor. HIV infects and depletes CD4+ T-cells, leading to opportunistic infections as cellular and humoral immunity declines. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, combination antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus and prolong life.
This document summarizes cerebrovascular disorders and ischemic stroke. It defines cerebrovascular disorders as abnormalities of the central nervous system blood supply. Ischemic stroke is described as the most common type of stroke, accounting for 85% of cases. The document outlines the different types of ischemic stroke based on etiology. Risk factors for stroke are discussed, including both modifiable factors like hypertension, smoking, and diabetes as well as non-modifiable factors like age, gender, and race. Signs and symptoms of stroke are provided. Diagnosis and treatment approaches for acute stroke and long-term prevention are summarized.
This document discusses different types of allergic reactions and allergic disorders. It outlines 5 types of hypersensitivity or allergic reactions including type 1 rapid reactions, type 2 cytotoxic reactions, type 3 immune complex mediated reactions, type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and type 5 stimulatory reactions. It then describes several allergic disorders like anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, dermatitis medicamentosa, urticaria, and serum sickness. For each condition it provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, management, and supportive care.
The document ranks and prioritizes three health problems for a family: 1) poor home/environmental sanitation due to breeding sites for disease vectors, 2) inadequate underwear for children posing infection risks, and 3) poor personal hygiene due to lack of access to clean water. It then outlines goals, objectives, and interventions for each problem, including educating the family on health risks and exploring low-cost solutions through home visits and community resources.
The document lists activities for a General Assembly event taking place on August 1, 2010 from 7:30am to 5:00pm. The activities include obstacle races, an amazing race, track & field, dancing, tug of war, jumping rope, and team banners/chants. Participants are asked to wear yellow for the event.
NA, please discern na what game you want to play or if you want to be assigned sa pagkaon nah and team banner and chant making. please take note that all are required to attend the event and thus you are all required to take part in the games. i will pass around a hard copy of this during microbiology this wednesday so please do write down your name there, and not here or in a private message. Also, the players will still be evaluated before I can give you the final listing of the players. okay? let's participate ha :) Thank you and God bless us all!
The overall goal of family planning is to provide universal access to family planning services and information. It aims to reduce infant, neonatal, under-five, and maternal deaths. Responsible parenthood principles include respect for life, informed choice, birth spacing, and responsible parenting. Family planning methods include natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, as well as barrier methods, hormonal methods, and sterilization. Nurses play an important role in educating clients on family planning options based on their individual needs, values, and circumstances.
This document provides guidelines for safe oxygen therapy including appropriate concentrations and flow rates. It discusses various devices for oxygen delivery including nasal cannula, simple mask, and Venturi mask. Safety precautions are essential as oxygen supports combustion. Signs of oxygen toxicity may occur with prolonged use of high concentrations. Assessment of need and monitoring of patients on oxygen therapy is important.
The document outlines the various programs, services, and initiatives of the City Health Office of Cagayan de Oro City. These include maternal and child health services, nutrition programs, tuberculosis treatment, immunization programs, family planning services, environmental sanitation, sexually transmitted disease services, dental health services, and integrated management of childhood illness. The goal is to provide quality healthcare and promote health, empowerment, and productivity among residents.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. NEURO 3. Parietal- sensory: pain, temperature, touch
- Interprets size, shape
M. Guimalan- January 15, 2012 - Lobe of non-dominant hand
4. Temporal- hearing
- Language: Wernicke’s Area
ANA-PHYIOSOLOGY - Memories
Neuron: Cerebellum- little brain
- Axon- efferent - 2 hemispheres joined by Vermis
- Dendrites- afferent; branches - Cerebellon perduncles connects to brainstem
- Walnut shaped
Synapse- neurotransmitters
- Position, proprioception, balance, motor
Pre-synaptic- sender - Coordinates sensory input from inner ear and
Post synaptic- receiver muscles
Electrical- direct open fluid channels
Brainstem- connects forebrain and the spinal cord
o Our body has negative charges
except for the olfactory nerve
Chemical- excitable neurotransmitters
- Breathing and blood pressure
Basic Function
a. Midbrain
1. Sensory- by afferent - Cranial nerve 3 & 4
2. Integrative- appropriate response - Auditory, visual, reflex
3. Motor- efferent b. Pons
- CN 5-8
Nervous System Organizational structure - Respiratory center
- Pneuomotoxic and apneustic- breathing
A. Central Nervous system
- Sleep and arousal
a. Brain and spinal cord
c. Medulla oblangata
B. Peripheral Nervous system
- CN 9-13
a. Cranial and Spinal Nerves, ANS
- Consciousness and arousal
Brain- encephalon - Respiratory center
- Vasomotor
- Has 2 layers: - Cardiovascular
o Cerebral Cortex- grey matter
(unmyelinated) PRIMITIVE STRUCTURES
Outer, 7in thick, 16ft
1. Limbic- within temporal lobe
2 folds and grooves
- Emotional brain- drives (hunger, aggression,
Sulci fissures
sexual, emotional arousal, fear, anger, pleasure)
o Corpus Callosum- joins the hemisphere
- If damaged, memories and recent events will be
Cerebral lobes: forgotten
2. Diencephalon
1. Frontal- judgement and planning a. Thalamus- cognition
- Abstract reasoning, visual b. Hypothalamus- homeostasis
- Speech center- Broca’s Area o Body temp, appetite, water balance,
- Emotions and social behaviour pituitary secretion (hormones)
- Motor (movement) o Emotions (with limbic)
2. Occipital- visual processing
2. o ANS (fight/flight) 4. MRI- Gadolinium (magnetic) is administered in
o Sleep-wake cycle (Circadian rhythm) vein
3. Reticular activating system - Takes 50-90mins
- Excitable neurons - Ix: multiple sclerosis, brain tumor
- Sleep-wake cycle stimulator 5. EEG- graphic recording of brain’s electrical
4. Spinal cord activity
- 31 pairs - Determines brain death
- Fora magnum- joins brain - Interfering factors: fasting, caffeine, body and
- Information integration eye mov’t, sedatives, anticonvulsants
5. PNS- provides sensory (afferent) information to - Hair care
CNS and carries motor (efferent) commands out - Hyperventilate for 30mins
to body’s tissue - Takes 1hr or more
- Dermatome- area of skin that picks stimulation - Sleeping is shortened night before the test:
6. ANS- internal organs adults: 4-5hrs, children: 5-7hrs
- Visceral efeferent nerves 6. Carotid ultrasound (artery duplex scanning)
Sympathetic NS- thoracolumbar - Ix: headache, neurologic symptoms
o Exits the spinal cord between levels of - UTZ- Doppler and grayscale image
TL & L2 2nd - Extracranial carotid artery
- Pupillary dilation, inc RR, HR, BP and
contractility, diaphoresis, inhibits GI secretion, Invasive:
inc glucose secretion and blood clotting, inc 1. Cerebral angiography- radiographic visualization
mental alertness and metabolic rate, dec urine of the cerebral vascular symptoms
output, adrenergic activity - Ix: cerebral patency
PNS- craniosacral - Sites: carotid system, vertebral artery
- Go so slow - Determines aneurysms, occlusions, stenosis,
- Pupillary and bronchiole constriction, dec HR, AVM
RR, BP - If on GA, put on NPO 6hrs prior
- Inform 2-3hrs hot feeling when dyes is injected,
NEURODX TESTS
metallic taste
Non-invasive: - POST: bed rest overnight
o Pedal pulse may be diminished
1. X-ray- skull 2. Lumbar puncture- measures pressure
2. CT Scan- 3d view - Administration of anesthetics
- Indication:
- Pressure greater than 20cm H2O is considered
o Intracranial bleeding, lesion, (not) normal and indicative of increased
hydrocephalus, cysts, head trauma, intracranial pressure
cerebrovascular disturbances, CBF
- Apply digital pressure on prone position with
- Takes 30-50minutes pillow under abdomen
- NPO 4hrs before - Increase fluid with straw
- Drink fluids after - Reclining position for 1hr
- Determine allergies to contrast - Normal: 50-100mm H2O
3. Positron Emission Tomography- determines - Takes 15mins
cerebral blood flow - During: side lying, kneels and neck flexed
- Inhale stable stenon gas 26 - Tube1: glucose, protein, electrophoresis
- Normal: 55m per 100g/minute - Tube2: gram stain bacterial and viral culture
- Brain death if CBF=0 - Tube3: cell count & differential; tube 4
3. 3. Myelography- Xray of entirovertebral canal with - Language test
radioiplaque dye on air - Construction- shapes
- Ix: SI, meningocele & metastatic tumor,
herniated intravertebral disks, lesions,
obstruction 2. Cranial nerves- perfume, alcohol
- Contrast mediums:
o Oil-based- pantopaque (preferred)
o Water-based- Amipaque
3. Motor- to evaluate cerebellum, cerebral cortex
- 15mL dye injected
- Compare left and right, proximal and distal
- During: prone position, head tilted down, lights
- Absence of gait and posture
off
Muscle tone (@rest): flaccid (dec); rigid/spastic
- POST: if oil based, flat on bed for 6-24hrs
(inc strength)
o If water- HOB elevated 30-60deg at all
- Hyper/hypotonia
times for 8-24hrs
4. Electromyography- electrical activity
- To detect primary muscular disorders
- CIx: anticoagulant, anticholinergics, 4. Coordination and gait
anticonvulsants, tea, coffee, alcohol, cigarettes Rapid altering movements: arms, fingers,
tandem- gait, heel-to-toe walking
NEURO AX - Heel-shin
- Romberg test- balance, eyes open and closed
Materials:
while standing
- Reflex hammer, tuning fork, Snellen chart or
Rosenbaun chart, penlight/otoscope, wooden
handed cotton swabs, paperclips, 5. Sensory
opthalmoscope Pain
Temp
7categories:
Light touch- cotton swab
1.Mental status- changing of position Response to vibration- tuning fork
Level of consciousness: awake/fully conscious Extinction
- Drowsy/confusion Sense of position
- Stupurous- painful stimuli Graphesthesia
- Lethargy- somnolent, responsive to verbal and Sterognosis point localization
tactile stimulus but goes back to sleep
- Comatose- unarousable
- Deep coma/vegetative- absence of brain stem 6. Reflexes
reflexes, corneal, pupillary, and tendon reflexes Deep tendon reflexes:
Glasgow coma scale (15pts) o Biceps (C5, C6)
- Best eye opening, verbal, motor response o Elbow,
- Coma: <7 o Patellar
- Lowest: 3 o Achilles (S1, S2)
Mini-MSE o Brachioradial
- Orientation- name of hospital Superficial
- Registration- 3 objects and repeat o Pharyngeal/gag
- Attention & calculatioin o Abdominal
- Recall o Cream asteric reflex
4. o Anal Akinteic mutism- a state of unresponsiveness to the
o Bulbocavernous environment in which the patient makes no movement
o Corneal or sound but sometimes opens or closes his eyes
Pathologic superficial:
Persistent vegetative stage- a condition in which the
o Grasp
o Sucking unresponsive patient resumes sleep-wake cycles after
o Snout- puckering coma but is devoid of cognitive or affective mental
o Babinski function
Causes:
- Neurologic (head injury, stroke)
7. Special tests
Vital signs - Toxicology (drug overdose, alcohol intoxication)
- Temperature- hypothalamus or brainstem - Metabolic (hepatic or renal failure, DKA)
involvement Leads to disruption in the cells of the nervous
- Pulse rate- ANS controls PR and rhythm by system, neurotransmitters, or brain anatomy
pressure on brain stem & CN: hypoglossal and Results to faulty impulse transmission,
vagus impeding communication within the brain or
o Low pulse rate- Spinal Cord injury from the brain to other parts of the body
- BP- pressor receptors in medulla- carotid sinus Medical Mgt:
and aortic sinus
- Respiration- medulla and pons - Obtain and maintain patent airway
Assessing unconscious brain stem o Orally or nasally intubated;
- Oculocephalic (Doll’s eye) tracheostomoy; mechanical ventilation
o If positive, brain stem is intact o Relaxation of muscles- tongue falls back
o Don’t perform procedure if you suspect ward- obstruction
SCI or inc ICP o Elevate head, positioning, side-lying,
o Normal- eyes turn to side opposite from suction
where head is facing, opposite from - Maintain fluid balance status
brain stem- damage at pons or - Nutritional support- feeding tube, gastrostomy
midbrain - Monitoring of circulatory status
- Oculovestibular (Caloric Ice water test) o Blood pressure and heart rate- changes
o Assess for intact tympanic membrane are signs of inc ICP, esp bounding pulse
and clear external ear canal o Monitor ABG, O2 in tank, provide oral
o Irrigation with 20-200mL of cold or ice care
water, done by MD
Complications:
o Normal response- conjugate eye
movement or eyes deviate toward - Respiratory distress or failure
stimulated ear in comatose patients o Supportive care is given
with intact brainstem- 10mL: nausea - Pneumonia- pts who are receiving mechanical
o Abnormal- dysconjugate movement ventilation
o Absent- no eye movement o Passive ROM exercises
- Pressure ulcers- pts unable to move or turn
- Aspiration of gastric contents- may precipitate
MGT OF PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL pneumonia or airway occlusion
DYSFUNCTION: o CPT
5. Inc ICP - HOB elevation
Cranial Vault: Secondary effects of inc ICP:
Brain- 1,400 grams - May be caused by a variety of conditions: brain
tumors, subarachnoid hemorrhage, toxic and
Blood- 75cc CSF viral encephalopathies
Blood volume- 75cc Changes in vital signs- caused by pressure on brain
stem. 1st sign of inc ICP. Assess for:
Monro-kellie hypothesis- because of the limited space - Rising BP or widening pulse pressure. This may
for expansion within the skull, an inc in any of the be followed by hypotension, labile vital signs,
components cause a change in the volume of the others indicating further brain stem compromise
- Grave signs of ICP- Cushing Triad: Bradypnea,
Brain compensates by bradycardia, hypertension
- Pulse changes with bradycardia changing to
- displacing or shifting CSF
tachycardia as ICP rises
- Reduction of cerebral blood volume -> hypoxia -
- Respi irregularities
inc icp
- Hyperthermia followed by hypothermia
- Displacement of brain tissue- volume
increases ischemia
Decortication- internal rotation and flexion of upper
Causes:
extremities and plantar flexion of the lower extremities
1. Cerebral blood flow
- Occurs with the damage to the cerebral
Cerebral blood flow/edema inc ICP reduction of hemispheres
cerebral blood flow ischemia
Decerebration- extension and outward rotation of the
Factors that affect CBF: upper extremities and plantar flexion of the lower
extremities
- Concentration of CO2 in the blood and brain
tissues - Represents damage to the midbrain or pons
o PACO2 causes cerebral vessels to dilate
Flaccidity- extremities become flaccid and reflexes are
leading to inc CBF and inc ICP
absent
o Dec PaCO2 causes vasoconstriction
causing a dec venous outflow limiting - Rag doll appearance: jaw sags and the tongue
blood flow to the brain; inc cerebral becomes flaccid
blood volume causing an inc ICP - Airway obstruction and inadequate respiratory
2. Cerebral edema- occurs when there is an inc in change
the water content of the CNS
- Certain brain tumors are associated with the Management:
excessive production of anti-diuretic hormone 1. Decreasing cerebral edema
resulting in fluid retention - Osmotic diuretics: Mannitol, Glycerol
- Dec ATP- for sodium-potassium pump o Draw water across intact membranes
Tx of inc ICP: o Indwelling urinary catheter is usually
inserted
- PaCO2- 25-30mmHg - Corticosteroids: dexamethasone
- Provide loop and osmotic diuretics
6. o Helps reduce edema surrounding brain - Patient becomes volume overloaded and has
tumors when it is the cause of an inc dec UO
ICP - Serum sodium concentration becomes dilute
- Limit fluid intake - Tx: fluid restriction, administration of phenytoin
to dec ADH release
HEADACHE- cephalgia
2. Controlling fever- elevated temp increases
cerebral metabolism and the rate at which - Vasodilation of blood vessels, releases
cerebral edema forms chemicals that wraps around the arteries
- Shivering causes an inc ICP (avoid) by increasing stimulates nerve fibers to vasoconstrict
vasoconstriction, catecholamines and oxygen - One of the most common of all physical
consumption, metabolism complaints
- Provide TSB, paracetamol, cooling blankets - A symptom rather than a dse entity
- May indicate organic dse, a stress response,
vasodilation, skeletal muscles tension, or a
3. Reducing metabolic demands combination of factors
- Administer barbiturates - Can occur 1-8times in a day
- Sedation and analgesia should also be provided Primary headache- is one for which no organic cause
because the paralyzing agents do not provide can be identified: migraine, tension-type, cluster
either
headache
- Do not test for GCS
- Improves oxygenation/circulation, reduces Secondary headache- is a sx associated with an organic
metabolic demand, didribam cause: brain tumor, aneurysm
- pts receiving these meds are cared for in the
ICU and require cardiovascular monitoring, Divisions:
endotracheal intubation, mechanical 1. Sinus- usually behind the forehead and/or
ventilation, ICP monitoring and arterial pressure cheekbones, caused by blowing of nose
monitoring 2. Cluster- pain is in and around one eye
- normal ICP: 0-10mmHg, up to 15 3. Tension- pain is like a band squeezing the head
4. Migraine- pain, nausea and visual changes are
Complications of inc ICP:
typical of classic form
1. Brain stem herniation - Exercise, sleep
- when the pressure builds in the cranial vault,
the brain tissue presses down on the brain Migraine- a symptom complex characterized by periodic
stem increase pressure on the brain stem and recurrent attacks of severe headache
cessation of blood flow in the brain - Often considered to be a vascular headache
irreversible brain anoxia brain death with vasospasm and ischemia of intracranial
2. Diabetes insipidus- result of dec secretion of vessels being the cause of pain
anti-diuretic hormone - Lasts up to 3days
- Has excessive urine output - Has aura, sensitive to light and noise
- Therapy consist of: administration of fluids, - Usually starts at puberty; occurs commonly in
electrolyte replacement women and has strong familial tendencies
- 20L or urine, 150cc/hr - Headache is unilateral; throbbing and pulsatile
3. Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic - Factors:
hormone- result of inc secretion of ADH
7. o Can be triggered by menstrual cycles, - Addtl drug therapy includes the use of
bright lights, stress, depression, sleep antidepressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers
deprivation, fatigue, overuse of certain
medications, exercise Cluster headache
o Food such as aged cheese, chocolate, - Up until 8 attacks
citrus fruits, coffee, pork, dairy - Classified as a form of migraine
products, nitrites, and many processed - The attacks come in cluster groups with
foods can trigger headache excruciating pain localized in the eye and orbit
o Oral contraceptives may inc frequency and radiating to the facial and temporal region
and severity of attacks in some women - Lasts up to 4weeks
- Teach the pt to avoid triggers that may lead to - Pain is accompanied with watering of the eye
headaches and nasal congestion; deep, boring, intense
- Pts may be sensitive to odours from cigarette or pain
cigar smoke, paint, gasoline, perfume, or - Attacks last from 15mins to 2hrs
aftershave lotion - Seen most frequently in men
- He or she may be able to limit pain by resting in - Swelling of temporal area
a darkened room - Tx of choice: Lithium (cannot be used for
- Behaviour therapy such as biofeedback, migraine)
exercise therapy and relaxation techniques
- Explore with the pt some techniques for stress Cranial arteritis- vasculitis
reduction and adequate rest
- Inflammation of the cranial arteries
- Lifestyle and diet mgt
- Characterized by a severe headache localized in
- Find out what triggers your headache
the region of the temporal arteries
- If menstruation and ovulation are triggers,
- 50 yrs and above
consult physician
- CxMx: fatigue, malaise, weight loss, fever,
- Alcohol may trigger migraines
inflammation
- Low food intake may lead to low blood glucose.
- If not treated, can lead to blindness or stroke
Eat small, frequent feedings to dec the risk. No
- Tx: corticosteroid drug to prevent the
fasting.
possibility of loss of vision due to vascular
- Stress mgt is essential
occlusion or rupture of the involved artery
- Medication: Propanolol (not for cluster)
o Analgesics for comfort
Mgt of acute attaks: Abrupt withdrawal of
medication may cause relapse
- Ergotamine titrates act on smooth muscle,
causing prolonged constriction of the cranial Tension headache- muscle tension headache
blood vessels
- Is characterized by steady, constant feeling of
- Cafergot (combination of ergotamine and
pressure that usually begins in the forehead, in
caffeine) can arrest or reduce the severity of
the temple, or at the back of the neck
the headache
- Often described as a “weight on top of the
- Propanolol (Inderal) control the dilation of the
head” ; tight band-like discomfort that is
blood vessels
unrelenting
- Methysergide (sansert) is an effective
- No aura unlike migraine
profilactic agent in preventing frequent and
- Mgt: symptomatic relief may be obtained by
severe migraine attacks
local heat, massage, analgesics, antidepressants
- Anti-emetics for symptomatic tx
and muscle relaxant
8. o Reassure pt that the headache is not - Intense rigidity of the entire body followed by
due to brain tumor jerky alterations of muscle relaxation and
contraction
SEIZURE- sudden, abnormal electrical discharges from - Simultaneous contraction of the diaphragm and
the brain that results in changes in sensation, behavior,
the chest muscles may produce epileptic cry
movements, perception or consciousness - Often the tongue is chewed and the pt is
- A part or all of the brain may be involved incontinent of urine and stool
- Pt. May be at risk of hypoxia, vomiting, and - Types:
pulmonary aspiration or persistent metabolic o Absence- more in children, change in
abnormalities LOC, blank stare, light movements that
usually last for 10seconds
Causes: o Myoclonic- involuntary jerking
movements which may be rhythmic
1. Idiopathic- genetic, developmental defects
o Clonic- relaxation and contraction:
2. Acquired- hypoxemia, vascular insufficiency,
arching of back, abducted elbow
fever, head injury, hypertension, CNS, infection,
o Tonic- stiffness and extension
metabolic and toxic condition, brain tumor,
o Tonic-clonic (Grand-mal seizure)-
drug withdrawal and allergy
relaxation-contraction cycle deep
International Classification of seizure: sleep
o Atonic
1. Partial seizure- begin in one part of the brain
a. Simple- consciousness remains intact Assessment findings:
- Only a finger or hand may shake or the mouth
- Aura, LOC, dyspnea, fixed and dilated pupil,
may jerk uncontrollably
incontinence
- The person may talk unintelligibly and may be
dizzy Mgt:
- May experience unusual or unpleasant sights,
sounds, odors, or tastes but without loss of - Nsg goal is to prevent injury to the pt which
consciousness include physical support but psychological
support as well
- Care for pt. During seizure:
o Provide privacy and protect pt from
b. Complex- consciousness is impaired-
curious onlookers
associated with amnesia
o Ease the pt to the floor, if possible,
- Either remains motionless or moves
support head with pillow
automatically but inappropriately for time and
- If an aura precedes the seizure, put padded
place
tongue depressor prior to seizure to prevent
- May experience excessive emotions, of fear,
tongue or cheek being bitten
anger, elation or irritability
- Do not attempt to pry open the jaws that are
- Does not remember the episode when it’s over
clenched in a spasm to insert anything
- Do not restrain
- If possible place the pt on one side with head
2. Generalized- two brain hemispheres; involve flexed forward. If suction is available, use it if
electrical discharges in the whole brain necessary to clear secretions.
- Leads to a loss of consciousness - Protect head with a pad to prevent injury
Grand mal seizure - Loosen constrictive clothing
9. - Push aside any furniture that may injure the pt - Also associated with brain tumors, abscesses,
during the seizure and congenital malformations
- If the pt is in bed remove pillows
- Oxygen: 6-10L/min, face mask Dx:
After the seizure: - CT scan
- Keep the pt on one side to prevent aspiration. - EEG
Make sure the airway is patent
- There is usually a period of confusion after a Mgt:
grand mal seizure
- Pharmacotherapy- controls rather than cure
- A short apneic period may occur during or
seizures
immediately after a generalized seizure
- Sudden withdrawal of anticonvulsant drugs may
- The pt on awakening should be reoriented to
cause seizure to occur with greater frequency
the environment
or can precipitate the development of status
- If the pt experiences severe excitement after a
epilepticus (hypoxia)
seizure, try to handle the situation with calm
persuasion and gentle restraint Side effects of drugs:
Patient education: - Idiosyncratic or allergy
- Acute toxicity
- Take meds at regular basis (Phenytoin)
- Chronic toxicity
- Avoid alcohol, this lowers seizure threshold
- Adequate rest Surgery- for pt whose epilepsy results from intracranial
- Well-balanced diet tumors, abscess, cysts, or vascular anomalies
- Avoid driving, operating machines, swimming
until seizure are well controlled
- Lead an active life
Epilepsies
- A chronic disorder or recurrent seizure
o An isolated, single seizure does not
constitute epilepsy
- Problem is thought to be the electrical
disturbance in the nerve cells in one section of
the brain
- May be associated with loss of consciousness,
excess movement or loss of muscle tone or
movement, and disturbance of behaviour,
mood, sensation, and perception
Causes:
- Often follow birth trauma, asphyxia,
neonatorum, head injuries, some infectious se,
toxicity, circulatory problems, fever, metabolic
and nutritional disorders, and drug and alcohol
intoxication