The document summarizes India's National Population Policy. It defines population policy and explains why India needs one given its rapid population growth. Key points include: India's population reached 1 billion in 2000 and may surpass China's by 2045; the population grew nearly 5 times from 238 million to 1 billion from the 20th century; stabilizing population is needed for sustainable development. The policy aims to reduce fertility rates, infant mortality, and achieve replacement-level birth rates by 2010. It outlines strategic themes, goals, and 150 interventions to address population issues through a multisectoral approach.
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
Family welfare programme IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
INTRODUCTION • Family planning means planning by individual or couples to have only the children they want, when they want them, this is responsible parenthood. • Family welfare includes not only planning of birth, but they welfare of wholes family by means of total family health care. The family welfare programme has high priority in India because its success depends upon the quality of life of all citizens.
3. HISTORY OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME • It was started in the year 1951. • In 1977, the government of India redesignated the NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME as the NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME also changed the name of the ministry of health and family planning to ministry of health and family welfare.
4. Cont… • It is a reflection of the government anxiety to promote family planning through the total welfare of the family. • It is aimed at achieving a higher end i.e. to improve the quality of life of the people.
5. Cont… • India is the first country in the world that implemented the family welfare programme at government level. • Health is a part of concurrent list but centers provides 100% assistance to states for this programme.
6. Cont… • Government has concentrated on this programme in various five year plans through higher priority was accorded to it after fourth five year plan. • Due to bad effect of emergency and faulty propaganda family planning suffered major setback, during 1977-1979.
7. Cont… • It was decided in national health policy in 1983, and then net reproduction rate should be one by the year 2000. • The 7th five year plan placed more emphasis on the use of spacing methods between the birth of two children
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
Family welfare programme IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
INTRODUCTION • Family planning means planning by individual or couples to have only the children they want, when they want them, this is responsible parenthood. • Family welfare includes not only planning of birth, but they welfare of wholes family by means of total family health care. The family welfare programme has high priority in India because its success depends upon the quality of life of all citizens.
3. HISTORY OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME • It was started in the year 1951. • In 1977, the government of India redesignated the NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME as the NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME also changed the name of the ministry of health and family planning to ministry of health and family welfare.
4. Cont… • It is a reflection of the government anxiety to promote family planning through the total welfare of the family. • It is aimed at achieving a higher end i.e. to improve the quality of life of the people.
5. Cont… • India is the first country in the world that implemented the family welfare programme at government level. • Health is a part of concurrent list but centers provides 100% assistance to states for this programme.
6. Cont… • Government has concentrated on this programme in various five year plans through higher priority was accorded to it after fourth five year plan. • Due to bad effect of emergency and faulty propaganda family planning suffered major setback, during 1977-1979.
7. Cont… • It was decided in national health policy in 1983, and then net reproduction rate should be one by the year 2000. • The 7th five year plan placed more emphasis on the use of spacing methods between the birth of two children
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION HEALTH EDUCATION VITAL STATISTICSNehaNupur8
Sanitation means hygiene. Keeping the environmental clean and adopting hygienic practice can prevent us from many disease that occur due to unhygienic practices and environment.
A clean environment, open defecation free areas, personal hygiene practices, proper solid and liquid waste management, safe drinking water determines the health of individual as well as the community.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION HEALTH EDUCATION VITAL STATISTICSNehaNupur8
Sanitation means hygiene. Keeping the environmental clean and adopting hygienic practice can prevent us from many disease that occur due to unhygienic practices and environment.
A clean environment, open defecation free areas, personal hygiene practices, proper solid and liquid waste management, safe drinking water determines the health of individual as well as the community.
National population policy and National policy on AYUSH and plans (NURSING M...dakshkarwal
This PowerPoint presentation aims to delve into two critical health policies shaping the landscape of healthcare in our country: the National Population Policy and the National Policy on Ayush. With a focus on population management and the promotion of traditional Indian systems of medicine, these policies play pivotal roles in addressing various healthcare challenges and shaping the future of public health in India.
Topics contained:
1) INTRODUCTION
2) EVENTS IN NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
3) OBJECTIVES
4) STRATEGIC THEMES
5) LEGISLATIVE AND PUBLIC SUPPORT MEASURES AND MEASURES FOR THE CREATION OF NEW STRUCTURES TO SUPPORT POPULATION STABILIZATOIN MEASURES
NPP National population policyAfter independence the first objective of India...AKHILAPK2
After independence the first objective of Indian government was economic and social development. In economic and social development, government focus on to create the choices for the people to enhance the wellbeing of the population.
In 1952 India was first country in the world who launch the family planning program to decrease the birth rates.
A positive population policy which aims at reducing the birth rate and ultimately stabilising the growth rate of population.
In India, where the majority of people are illiterate, fatalist, and custom-ridden, and do not believe in family planning, only the government’s initiative can help in controlling population growth.
India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population.
The estimated total population in India amounted to approximately 1.42 billion people.
The current population of India is 1,433,840,754 as of Friday, November 24, 2023.
India the population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
India ranks number 1 in the list of countries by population.
Stabilizing population is an essential requirement for promoting sustainable development with more equitable distribution.India the population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
India ranks number 1 in the list of countries by population.
Stabilizing population is an essential requirement for promoting sustainable development with more equitable distribution.
India the population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
India ranks number 1 in the list of countries by population.
Stabilizing population is an essential requirement for promoting sustainable development with more equitable distribution.
Major Causes:
Early marriage
Poverty and illiteracy
Age old cultural norm
Illegal migration
Effects:
Unemployment
Depletion of Natural Resources
High Cost of Living
Degradation of Environment
Conflicts and Wars
Pressure on infrastructure
Fragmentation of land
Government of India has accepted the National population policy on 15th February 2000.
According to this policy, stabilization of population is very important to ensure continuous growth ,socioeconomic development and quality life.
Reproduction and child health has been given an important place in this policy.There are three types of objectives for National Population Policy (NPP) 2000:
1. The Immediate Objective:
Paying attention to the short supply of contraceptives and unfulfilled demands of health system and health workers.
Arranging service organizations and supplies needed to look after the basic reproductive and child health care.
2. The Medium-Term Objective:
The medium-term objective is to bring the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to replacement level by 2010 .
3. The Long-Term Objective:
Stabilizing the population by the year 2045,according to stable economic growth ,social development and environment safety.
Socio Demographic Targets: Paying attention to the reproductive and child health, health
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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National population policy
1. P R A K A S H K U M A R
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
2. WHAT IS POPULATION POLICY?
Measures formulated by a range of social institutions including Government
which may influence the size, distribution or composition of human
population (Driver,1972).
A deliberate effort by a national government to influence the demographic
variables like fertility, mortality and migration (Organski & Organski,1961)
A set of Coordinated laws aimed at reaching some demographic goal
(Biurgeois-Pichat,1974)
3. WHY THERE IS A NEED FOR POPULATION POLICY IN INDIA?
4. NEED FOR POPULATION POLICY IN INDIA
On 11th May, 2000, India had 1 billion (100 crores) people, i.e., 16 percent
of the world’s population on 2.4 percent of the globe’s land area.
If current trends continue, India may overtake China by 2045, to become
the most populous country in the world.
Global population : ↑ 3 folds during this century (from 2 to 6 billion)
Population of India : ↑ nearly 5 times (from 238 million to 1 billion), during
the same period.
Stabilizing population is an essential requirement for promoting sustainable
development with more equitable distribution .
6. FIGURE: GROWTH OF POPULATION OF INDIA
% Growth/10 years, India: Censes-2001
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
C E N S U S Y E A R S
%Growth/10yrs
7.
8.
9. CAUSES OF HIGH POPULATION GROWTH
A large size of population in the reproductive age group (estimated contribution
58 percent).
Higher fertility due to unmet needs of contraception (estimated contribution 20
percent).
High desire for fertility due to high infant mortality rate (estimated contribution
20 percent) .
Approximately 50 percent of the girls marry below the age of 18 years,
resulting in a typical reproductive pattern of “too early, too frequent, too many.”
Preference for male child.
More children are preferred by poor parents as more workforce.
10. DEMOGRAPHIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA BEFORE NPP-2000
Reduced Crude Birth Rate from 40.8 (1951) to 26.4 (1998,SRS);
Halved the Infant Mortality Rate from 146 per 1000 live births (1951) to 72 per
1000 live births (1998, SRS);
Quadrupled the Couple Protection Rate from 10.4 percent (1971) to 44 percent
(1999);
Reduced Crude Death Rate from 25 (1951) to 9.0 (1998, SRS);
Added 25 years to life-expectancy from 37 years to 62 years;
Achieved nearly universal awareness of the need for and methods of family
planning, and ;
Reduced Total Fertility Rate from 6.0 (1951) to 3.3 (1997, SRS)
11. OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY OF
INDIA- 2000
3 Objectives
4 New Structures
12 Strategic Themes
14 National Socio-demographic Goals (2010)
16 Promotional and Motivational Measures
150 Interventions
12. OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY-2000
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE :
to address the unmet needs for contraception,
health care infrastructure and health personnel and
to provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and
child health care.
MEDIUM TERM OBJECTIVE:
to bring the TFR to replacement level by 2010 through vigorous
implementation of inter-sectoral operational strategies.
LONG TERM OBJECTIVE:
achieve a stable population by 2045 at a level consistent with
requirement of sustainable economic growth, social development
and environmental protection.
13. NEW STRUCTURES
The NPP-2000, is to be largely managed at the Panchayat and Nagar Palika levels,
in coordination with concerned State/ UTs.
For comprehensive and multi-sectoral coordination of planning and implementation
between health and family welfare on the one hand, along with schemes from
various other departments (like education, nutrition, and women and child
development,etc) the following structure has been proposed:
1. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON POPULATION;
2. STATE/ UT COMMISSIONS ON POPULATION;
3. COORDINATION CELL IN THE PLANNING COMMISSION;
4. TECHNOLOGY MISSION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY WELFARE
14. NATIONAL SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC GOALS FOR 2010
1. Address the unmet needs for basic RCH services, supplies and infrastructure.
2. Make school education up to age 14 years free and compulsory, and reduce
drop outs rate from primary and secondary school levels to below 20 percent
for both boys and girls.
3. Reduce IMR to 30/1000 live births
4. Reduce maternal mortality ratio (MMR) to less than 100 per 1000 live births
5. Achieve universal immunization of children against all Vaccine Preventable
Disease (VPD).
6. Promote delayed marriage for girls, at age not less than 18,and preferable
after 20 years.
7. Achieve 80% institutional delivery and 100% by trained personnels
15. 8. Achieve universal access to information/ counseling services for fertility
regulation and contraceptive with wide basket of choices
9. Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths, marriage, and pregnancy.
10. Containment of AIDS, and greater integration between the management of
AIDS and STD.
11. Prevention and control of communicable diseases.
12. Integration of Indian system of medicine in provision of RCH services, and in
reaching out to households.
13. Promote small family norm to achieve replacement level of Total Fertility
Rate 2.1.
14. Bring about convergence in implementation of related social sector
programmes so that family welfare become people centered programme.
16. MAJOR STRATEGIC THEMES FOR THE NPP-2000
In order to achieve the above goals Population Commission has identified
12 strategic themes. These are given below:
1.Decentralized planning and programme implementation
2. Availability of services delivery at village levels
3. Empowering women for improved health and nutrition
4. Child survival and child health
5. Meeting the unmet needs for Family Welfare Services
6. Diverse health care providers
7. Collaboration with the commitments from private agencies and NGOs
17. 8. Greater emphasis for underserved population group
• Urban Slums
• Tribal communities, Hill Area populations and displaced and migrant
populations
• Adolescents
• Increased participation of men in planned parenthood
9. Involvement of Indian system of medicine in delivery of RCH services
10. Contraceptive technology and research in RCH
11. Providing health care and support for the older population
12. Information, Education and Communication .
18. PROMOTIONALAND MOTIVATIONAL MEASURES
FOR ADOPTION OF THE SMALL FAMILY NORM:
Panchayats and Zila Parishads will be rewarded and honoured for exemplary
performance in universalising small family norm, achieving reduction in IM & BR.
Balilka Samridhi Yojana (Department of Women and Child Development)
provide cash incentive of Rs.500 at the birth of the girl child of BR1 or 2.
Maternity Benefit Scheme (Department of Rural Development) provide cash
incentive of Rs. 500 to mothers who have their first child after 19 years of age, for
BR 1 and 2 child only.
A Family Welfare linked Health Insurance plan – Rs. 5000 (for hospitalisation).
Couples below the poverty line will be rewarded for their active involvement in
Family Planning activities.
A personal accident insurance cover – sterilized spouse.
Creches and child care centers were opened in rural and urban slums.
A wider and affordable choice of contraceptives- at diverse delivery point
19. • Strengthen the facilities of safe abortion.
• Products and services – affordable through innovative social marketing schemes.
• Soft loans to local entrepreneurship & encouraged to run ambulance services.
• Ensures mobility of the ANMs.
• Increased vocational training schemes for girls, leading to self-employment
will be encouraged.
• Strict enforcement of the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1976.
• Strict enforcement of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Act, 1994.
• Reward for BPL couples for:
For marriage after the legal age of marriage
Register the marriage
First child after the mother reaches the age of 21
Accept the small family norm
Adopt a terminal method after the birth of 2nd child.
20. LEGISLATION:
The 42nd Constitutional amendment: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha seats are
frozen on the basis of 1971 census were valid up to 2001 that is further extended
till 2026.
79th Amendment Bill of 1992 disqualify a person for being a member of either
house of legislature of a state, if he/she has more than 2 children.
PUBLIC SUPPORT: Strong support of political, community, business,
professional, religious leaders, media, film stars, sports personalities, and opinion
makers has been sought for small family norms.
FUNDING: National Population Policy expressed that the programme, projects and
schemes promised on the goals and objectives of the policy 2000 will be adequately
funded.
21. OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES
Village self help groups to organize and provide basic services for RCH care ,
combined with the on going ICDS scheme.
Implement at village levels, a one-stop integrated and coordinated service delivery
package for basic health care, family planning and MCH care.
Where ever these village self help groups have not developed, community
midwives, practitioners of ISM, retired school teachers may be organized to perform
similar functions.
At village level, the Anganwadi centre may become the pivot of basic health care
activities, contraceptive counseling and supply, nutrition education and
supplementation and pre school activities.
Establishment of a maternity hut in every village with equipments, supplies and
medicines for safe delivery.
Trained birth attendants and traditional dais should be made familiar with
emergency and referral procedures.
Provide wider basket of choices in contraception through innovative social
marketing schemes to reach household levels.
22. Improve district, sub-district and panchayat level health management.
Strengthen Community Health Centres (CHC) and Primary Health Centres to
provide comprehensive essential and emergency obstetric and neo-natal care.
Strengthening skills of health personnels through various training activities.
Focus attention on men to promote the small family norm.
Sensitize train and equip rural and urban health centres and hospitals towards
providing geriatric health care
Ensure 100 percent routine immunisation for all vaccine preventable
diseases, in particular tetanus and measles.
Provide appropriate training and orientation in respect of the RCH
programme for the institutionally qualified ISMH medical practitioners
(already educated in midwifery, obstetrics and gynaecology over 5-1/2
years).
Emphasis on ‘marketing the population stabilization programme’ at the
‘state level’ through contracted ‘professional services’ for ‘information,
education & communication’ or IEC activities.
23. CONCLUSION
In the new millenium, nations are judged by the well-being of their peoples; by
levels of health, nutrition and education; by the civil and political liberties enjoyed
by their citizens; by the protection guaranteed to children and by provisions made
for the vulnerable and the disadvantaged.
The vast numbers of the people of India can be its greatest asset if they are
provided with the means to lead healthy and economically productive lives.
Population stabilisation is a multisectoral endeavour requiring constant and
effective dialogue among a diversity of stakeholders, and coordination at all levels
of the government and society.
Spread of literacy and education, increasing availability of affordable reproductive
and child health services, convergence of service delivery at village levels,
participation of women in the paid work force, together with a steady, equitable
improvement in family incomes, will facilitate early achievement of the socio-
demographic goals.
Success will be achieved if the Action Plan contained in the NPP 2000 is pursued
as a national movement.