This document provides an overview of national iodine deficiency disorders control program in India. It discusses that iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Over 350 million Indians are at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. The program aims to reduce prevalence below 10% through universal salt iodization, surveys to assess magnitude, and health education. Key activities include iodizing salt, monitoring salt and urine iodine levels, and information campaigns. The program has helped control goiter and improved iodine nutrition, though some areas still face deficiencies.
National iodine deficiency disorders control programme (niddcp)anjalatchi
Iodine deficiencies are very common, especially in Europe and Third World countries, where the soil and food supply have low iodine levels. Your body uses iodine to make thyroid hormones. That's why an iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, a condition in which the body can't make enough thyroid hormones
National iodine deficiency disorders control programme (niddcp)anjalatchi
Iodine deficiencies are very common, especially in Europe and Third World countries, where the soil and food supply have low iodine levels. Your body uses iodine to make thyroid hormones. That's why an iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, a condition in which the body can't make enough thyroid hormones
In order to prevent and control major NCDs including Diabetes, the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) was launched in 2010, with focus on strengthening of infrastructure, human resource development, health promotion, screening for early
The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses
its two Sub-Missions, the National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health
Mission (NUHM). The main programmatic
components include Health system strengthening
in rural and urban areas, ReproductiveMaternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health
(RMNCH+A) and Communicable and NonCommunicable Diseases. The NHM envisages
achievement of universal access to equitable,
affordable & quality healthcare services that are
accountable and responsive to people’s needs.
Integrated child development services (icds) 2021Noddy Prabhat
Integrated child development services
1. introduction of icds.
2. describe the objectives of icds.
3. explain beneficiary of icds.
4. enumerate of icds team.
5. discuss the role of the health department.
6. elaborate the services under icds.
7. focuses of major achievement of icds .
8. Conclusion.
9. Bibliography.
National leprosy eradication program CHNNehaNupur8
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by ‘Mycobacterium Leprae’ an acid fast , rod shaped bacillus.
The disease mainly affects the skin , the peripheral nerves , mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and also eyes.
Cardinal Features:-
° Hypopigmented patch
° Loss of cutaneous sensation
° Thickened Nerve
° Acid fast bacilli
Leprosy has been regarded by tbe community as a contagious , mutilating and incurable disease.
Leprosy is curable and treatment provided in the early stages averts disability.
Multidrug Therapy (MDT) treatment has been made available by WHO free of charge to all patients worldwide since 1995, and provides a simple yet highly effective cure for all typesof leprosy.
In order to prevent and control major NCDs including Diabetes, the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) was launched in 2010, with focus on strengthening of infrastructure, human resource development, health promotion, screening for early
The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses
its two Sub-Missions, the National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health
Mission (NUHM). The main programmatic
components include Health system strengthening
in rural and urban areas, ReproductiveMaternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health
(RMNCH+A) and Communicable and NonCommunicable Diseases. The NHM envisages
achievement of universal access to equitable,
affordable & quality healthcare services that are
accountable and responsive to people’s needs.
Integrated child development services (icds) 2021Noddy Prabhat
Integrated child development services
1. introduction of icds.
2. describe the objectives of icds.
3. explain beneficiary of icds.
4. enumerate of icds team.
5. discuss the role of the health department.
6. elaborate the services under icds.
7. focuses of major achievement of icds .
8. Conclusion.
9. Bibliography.
National leprosy eradication program CHNNehaNupur8
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by ‘Mycobacterium Leprae’ an acid fast , rod shaped bacillus.
The disease mainly affects the skin , the peripheral nerves , mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and also eyes.
Cardinal Features:-
° Hypopigmented patch
° Loss of cutaneous sensation
° Thickened Nerve
° Acid fast bacilli
Leprosy has been regarded by tbe community as a contagious , mutilating and incurable disease.
Leprosy is curable and treatment provided in the early stages averts disability.
Multidrug Therapy (MDT) treatment has been made available by WHO free of charge to all patients worldwide since 1995, and provides a simple yet highly effective cure for all typesof leprosy.
Iodine Deficiency Disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. The adverse consequences of iodine deficiency lead to a wide spectrum of problems ranging from abortion and still birth to mental and physical retardation and deafness, which collectively known as Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs).
Prevention against micronutrient malnutritionHealthXn
Micronutrident disorders are common and a major cause of morbidity in all populations. In this presentation we discuss the importance of iodine, folic acid and vitamin D deficiency. Prevention is the solution
En esta diapositivas esta lo que son las relaciones lógico matemáticas par nivel inicial, que es lo que desarrollamos con ellas y ejemplo de ejercicios que podemos realizar con niños de educación inicial.
Iodine Deficiency Symptoms - 20 Iodine Rich Foods to avoid Iodine Deficiency Symptoms
http://iodinedeficiencysymptoms.org/
Since the introduction of iodized salt in the 90's, cases of iodine deficiency have went down considerably. However, findings reveal that thyroid problems are set to increase over the years because many people are opting for natural salts that doesn't contain iodine in their meals and diets. Before you dash off to your neighborhood health stores to buy some iodine supplements, do a simple self check to see whether you are deficient in iodine by taking the following steps:
1) Begin by feeling the front of your neck and check out whether is it swollen or feeling painful when you gently press it. One of the most common symptoms of people who are seriously deficient in iodine has an enlarged thyroid gland and it can be fairly obvious because it's protruding out. Also called a goiter, this kind of swelling happens frequently to population in Asian countries where the soil is already depleted of iodine and iodized salt is not common there.
2) Monitor for any difficulty in swallowing food for 1 week because there are some cases where the swollen goiter protrudes inwards instead of outwards. It presses against the esophagus, causing a slight obstruction when you try to swallow anything.
3) You should check out the sound of your breathing especially you are resting on the bed. The pressure on the windpipe caused by the swollen thyroid gland can result in noisier breathing patterns and even snoring at night. Sometimes you can feel that there's something in your throat that you want to cough out but you just can't.
4) People who are deficient in iodine often experiences muscle fatigue, depression, intolerance to cold and always feeling tired. There are some cases when some people also experience a thinning of skin around eyebrows.
5) The most accurate way is to probably just go for a thyroid scan by your doctor to determine whether the swelling is caused by the swollen thyroid gland or something else. If it really is a swollen gland, a biopsy test will further confirm your deficiency in iodine.
Iodine Deficiency Symptoms - 20 Iodine Rich Foods to avoid Iodine Deficiency Symptoms
http://iodinedeficiencysymptoms.org/
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The programme started in April, 1986 in a phased manner. To date, the annual production of iodated salt in our country is 65 lakh metric tones per annum. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is the nodal Ministry for implementation of National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP).
Iodine is an essential micronutrient required daily at
100-150 micrograms for normal human growth
and development. Deficiency of iodine can cause
physical and mental retardation, cretinism,
abortions, stillbirth, deaf mutism, squint & various
types of goiter.
As per the surveys conducted by the Directorate
General of Health Services, Indian Council of
Medical Research, Health Institutions and the
State Health Directorates, it has been found that
out of 414 districts surveyed in all the 29 States
and 7 UTs, 337 districts are endemic i.e where
the prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
(IDDs) is more than 5% (Annexure-I).
Learning Objectives:
By the end of the session students will be able
To define iodine deficiency
To define goitrogens
To identify sources of iodine
To list Epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency
To Name International Iodine Control Strategies
To name Iodine Control Program of Pakistan
Achieving Universal Salt Iodization: Lessons learned and Emerging IssuesMicronutrient Initiative
This presentation provides an overview of the progress in IDD Elimination through salt iodization by reviewing some lessons learned from key programmatic indicators and discusses emerging issues such as IDD prevalence in Europe, role of small salt producers, salt in processed foods and monitoring and data issues.
Iodine is a micronutrient whose function in the human body is to make Thyroid hormones ,it is absorbed from Gut as iodide in the bloodstream through NIS symporter. There are many inhibitors in the diet which may prevent its uptake through NIS,due to which deficiency of iodine may occur in the body which leads to different thyroid disorders, In the bloodstream iodide is transported to Thyroid Gland where it is again taken by NIS symporter , after NIS takes iodine in the thyroid follicular cells, accumulation of Iodine takes place in the thyroid gland.The thyroid follicular cells secreate a Protein called Thyroglobulin in the Colloid many Thyroglobulin proteins are getting there then iodine atoms start a reaction with the Thyroglobulin proteins amino acid Tyrosine this reaction is called iodination coupling reaction , In this reaction Some tyrosine amino acids take one iodine atom in its ring some take 2 atoms in the ring which we called mono iodination and Di iodination reactions and the resulting molecules are called Monoiodothyronine ,diiodothyronine ..then after this there occurs coupling reaction in which One Monoiodothyronine adds up with Diiodothyronine and forms a new molecule called Triiodothyronine or T3 like wise two Diiodothyronine adds up with another Diiodothyronine to form a an another molecule called Tetraiodothyronine or Thyroxine or T4 ..The newly formed T3 and T4 are called thyroid hormones which are circulating in our blood.after coupling reactions the Thyroglobulin molecule is Cleaved by enzymes into T3 and T4 molecules which are secreated into the Bloodstream after the signal from Pituitary comes in the form of TSH. These Hormones after released in the blood are not fully free they are bound by another protein or serum proteins like TBG Thyroid binding globulin etc only Around 1 % is free of which T3 is more active. T3 and T4 are transported to all the cells which they require.After coming close to the cell membrane of cells T4 is converted into T3 by deiodinase enzymes ,so only T3 enters into the cell for signal transduction, although T4 is main circulating Hormone but inside cells only T3 is taken.. after coming inside the cell Thyroid hormone comes to its receptor in the Nucleus and binds to Thyroid hormone receptor (THR) after that Transcription of the Gene gets started and mRNA gets formed and that mRNA gets transported to Cytoplasm through nuclear pores. In Cytoplasm these mRNA gets translated into Proteins and which later on increases metabolism growth energy etc. Thyroid hormones are regulated from by negative feedback loop mechanism from Hypothalamus to Pituitary and Pituitary to Thyroid Gland In Hypothalamus a factor comes which is called Thyrotropin releasing factor which acts on anterior pituitary to release TSH Thyroid stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin) which acts on Thyroid Gland to Produce synthesise and secreate Thyroid hormones .If more T3 and T4 are present in blood TSH levels are low and ,if low vice versa.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme NIDDCP, 2017
1. National Iodine Deficiency
Disorders Control Program
- Dr Aravind Gandhi P
PG-MD Community Medicine
VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital
Moderator: Dr Geeta Pardeshi
2. Contents
• Introduction
• IDD Spectrum
• Scenario of IDDs
• Chronology and Evolution of IDD programme in India
• NIDDCP
• Activities & Indicators
• Budget and Organogram
• Achievements
• Limitations and Constraints
• Future
3. Introduction
What is Iodine?
• Discovered by French chemist Bernard Courtois
• Belongs to Halogen group
• Atomic number- 53, Mass number- 127, with other isotopes existing
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA):
0-59 months- 90 mcg
6-12 yrs- 120 mcg
>12 yrs- 150 mcg
Pregnant and Lactating women- 250 mcg
4. • Forms: Iodide and Iodate of Sodium and Potassium
• Sources: Seaweed (with max DV), Cod, sea fishes, Iodised salts
- Absorbed in duodenum and jejunum. Excreted by Kidneys
Metabolism:
Iodine trapping- Na-I sympoter,
Secretion of Thyroglobulin,
Oxidation of iodide,
Iodination of tyrosine to MIT and DIT.
T4 and T3 formed -T3 most potent.
5. • Contraindications or Medical advice required: While patient is on
Anti-Thyroid drugs, ACE inhibitors and K sparring diuretics.
• Adverse effects: Endemic goitre areas- Jod-basedow effect
• Goitrogens are substances (whether in drugs, chemicals, or foods)
that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones by interfering with
iodine uptake in the thyroid gland.
Sulfadimethoxine, propylthiouracil, potassium perchlorate, Lithium,
cassava, soya beans, sweet potatoes, bamboo shoots, turnips, cabbage
6. Importance of Iodine:
Iodine deficiency remains the single most largest preventable cause of
MR (first 1000 days)
By helping the production of Thyroxine hormone
Iodine sufficient brain Iodine deficient brain
7. • IQ level of 13 points difference between Iodine deficient and normal
children.
• 1 point increase in IQ associated with 0.11% increase in GDP
• The brain damage in IDD, only the tip of the iceberg will be visible.
8. Tip of the Iceberg?
Loss of Energy due
to Hypothyroidism
Loss of IQ Mild and Moderate
Brain Damage
Cretinism Goitre
Severe Brain Damage
9. Iodine deficiency disorders and Soil:
• Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) refer to all of the consequences of
iodine deficiency in a population that can be prevented by ensuring
that the population has an adequate intake of iodine
• IDDs – Disease of soil. Iodine present in top soil is constantly leached-
Iodine deficient crops- Iodine deficient food- IDD in humans and
animals
10. Spectrum of IDDs:
• Foetus: Abortions/stillbirths/congenital anomalies/increased
perinatal mortality/neurological cretinism- deaf mutism, mental
deficiency, spastic diplegia, squint/ dwarfism
• Neonates: neonatal Goitre/Hypothyroidism
• Child and Adolescents: Goitre/ juvenile hypothyroidism/impaired
mental function
• Adults: Goitre with its complications/ impaired mental
functions/hypothyroidism
11. Scenario of IDD
• 1.88 billion people are at risk of iodine deficiency and 241 million children
have an inadequate iodine intake (Andersson et al. 2012). Half lives in SEAR
and Africa
• 111 countries- adequate iodine nutrition (mUIC)
• 30 countries remain iodine-deficient, 9 are moderately deficient, 21 are
mildly deficient (2013)
• In India, estimated 350 million people are at risk of IDD as they consume
salt with inadequate iodine.
• 1962- Total Goitre Rate (TGR) was in the range of 5.5% to 85.35%.
• Current- 337 out of 400 districts surveyed have TGR of >5%
• NCT Delhi - all the 9 districts are endemic for Goitre
12. Global Scorecard of Iodine Nutrition 2014-2015
Based on median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) in school-age children
13. Chronology and Evolution of IDD programmes India
• Iodine manifestations have been known to mankind from ancient times.
• First documented in India in the Himalayan region by McCarrison in 1908
Phase 1: Research Leading to a programme (1956-83)
Khangra Valley study:
First of its kind in India
Provided evidence for iodine and goitre relationship
Major reason for formulation of NGCP
14. National Goitre Control Programme, 1962
Launched by GoI, under MoH&FP during 2nd five year plan
With 3 objectives focussing on
• surveys of goitre in endemic areas
• production and distribution of iodised salt in those areas,
• resurveys after 5 years to assess the impact
15. The programme did not achieved its intended
objectives because:
• Low priority
• Focussed only on endemic districts- Himalayan specific
• Public sector only production(Hindustan salt ltd)
• Problems in transport, distribution and supervision
• Poor monitoring of nominees for supply of salt at district level
• Poor enforcement of PFA, non-commitment of states towards surveys.
• IDD was seen as cosmetic. Administrative incompetence, lack of
intersectoral co-ordination, rampant vested and commercial interests.
1983- The central health council adopted USI as policy (hints)
1992- NIDDCP & National level Ban on non-iodised salt.
16. Phase 2: From Goitre to IDD (1983-2000)
Failure of NGCP to address IDDs
Shift from NGCP to NIDDCP
Phase 3: Flip-Flops in ban of non-iodised salt (2000-05)
1997- Ban on Non-iodised salt
2000- Ban lifted (Cost, Politics, Research lack, Personal choice)
Iodised salt introduced in PDS
17. Phase 4: (2005-present)
2005- Ban Reinstated
Revised Policy guidelines on NIDDCP, 2006
Consolidation of sustainable elimination of IDDs
2015- First National Iodine and Salt Intake survey
18. National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Program
• 100% centrally sponsored programme, launched in 1992.
• Currently under NHM, under MoH&FW.
• Last Revision of Guidelines- 2006
Goal:
Reduce the prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders below 10 percent
in the entire country by 2012 A.D.
(12th five year plan- 5%)
19. Objectives:
• Surveys to assess the magnitude of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders.
• Supply of iodinated salt in place of common salt.
• Resurvey after every 5 years to assess the extent of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders and the impact of iodinated salt.
• Laboratory monitoring of iodinated salt and urinary iodine excretion.
• Health education and Publicity.
21. 1. Iodisation
Salt
Salt- Central subject.
• 60% for industrial purposes. 25% for human consumption.
• Refined and Unrefined
USI- Universal Salt Iodisation- Policy
• Adequate iodisation of salt consumed by human and animals.
Rationale of USI:
• Disease of soil. Hence present in all times. Effects are irreversible. Prevention is
better than cure.
• USI has been recognised as the most cost-effective and viable solution to prevent
and control IDD.
• Universal Salt Iodization (USI) is key strategy for control of IDD.
22.
23. Standards:
• Standards for Salt Iodisation was originally prescribed under PFA act, Now its
been covered under FSSAI, 2006
• Packed in HDPE lined jute bags for 50 kg if wholesale, plastic pouches for 500
or 1000 g/pack in retail.
• Iodine Content: Not less than 30 ppm at production level
Not less than 15 ppm at household level
Moisture: Not more than 6% of the salt weight
Na Cl: Not less than 96% of the salt weight on dry basis
Anti-caking agent: Not more than 2% of salt weight
Punishment: 10 lakhs fine and/or 3 years imprisonment
Cost- 0.05$/person/year
24. Transport:
• The Salt Commissioners Office (SCO) is responsible for ensuring the
production of Iodised salts and its transport to the states. About 57
per cent of salt for human consumption moves by rail and the rest by
road.
• Railways shift the salt under priority B
• Salt transport for human consumption requires certificate by
SCO/authorised agents.
25. 2. Surveys:
• Population: 6-12 years old children.
• Sampling technique: Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS)
systematic random sampling is applied- equal ratio of boys and girls-
enrolled in schools as well as out-of school children according to the
% in the respective area.
• Sample size- 2700 (30 clusters*90 samples) for Goitre
• Data collected- Goitre rate, Salt iodisation level, adequacy and mUIE
(age, sex wise)
• Frequency- Once in 5 years ,district-wise
26. 3. Monitoring and Reporting:
Monitoring:
Lab Monitoring of NIDDCP- 3 level
• Primary- estimation of iodine in salt
• Secondary- Estimation of urinary iodine content (for bio-availability of
iodine)
• Tertiary- Neonatal monitoring for TSH
27. Collection, dispatch and analysis of salt:
• 50 samples/district/month- 25 rural house, 15 urban house, 7 rural
retailers, 3 urban retailers- labelled
• Quantity of sample- 100g if loosely avail, full if packed
• Brought to Distort level monitor lab- iodine analysed
• Quality control- 10% 0f samples will be sent to state level monitor lab
• Compiled report of Iodine analysis will be sent to central IDD cell in
DGHS, monthly
• Besides District IDD, Food inspectors under FSSAI collect two samples
for analysis, monthly
28. • At Community Level the salt samples is been tested for Iodine
Content by Health Functionaries (ANM’s), ASHA workers and other
field Health staff.
• The Iodine content in salt samples at household level is tested with
the help of Salt Testing Kits (STK).
• The STK has colour indicator which helps to know the level of Iodine
content such as 15ppm, >15ppm and <15ppm
29. Salt Testing Kits
• Easy to measure
• Not too much technicality present
• Cheap
• Easy Portability- Hence access to difficult areas
Disadvantages:
-Inter-observer variations of specificity is as low as 40% in multi-
observer scenario
-Recent studies limit STKs as only qualitative but not quantitative
measure
30. Collection, dispatch and analysis of urine:
• 25 samples/district/month- sent to state monitor lab directly
• Collected from 6-12 years old- 15-20 ml tight screwed bottle,
despatched same day- labelled
• 3-5 ml of urine is collected casually from all individuals for spot UIE
• Monthly report sent to central IDD through state programme officer
Period frequency of Reports:
• 1.Monthly - Activities
• 2. Quarterly- Progress
31. 4. IEC activities:
October 21 World IDD day
TV/Radio broadcasts
10 minutes video clip on IDD
Pamphlets
Posters depicting manifestations of IDDs
STKs awareness programmes among General public
Art of song and drama are also employed in collaboration with
Doordarshan and All India Radio
33. Budget
Union:
• 2014-15: 40 cr but only 30.88 cr was spent.
• 2015-16: No separate budget
• 2016-17: Rs. 37.61 crore.
Delhi:
2015-16: 30 lakhs
34. Organogram:
Central-Nutrition & IDD cell (under DGHS)
Nodal officer- Adviser (nutrition) of DGHS
IDD cell under Deputy Asst DGHS+ Research Officer (IDD)+ team
State- Independent state IDD cells State Health Directorate.
State Programme officer
IDD monitoring Laboratories
District: Salt surveys
Front line workers- ANMs and ASHA
35. Salt Commissioner Office- Jaipur
• Salt Commissioner’s Organization is the Nodal Agency for monitoring
the production and quality of iodized salt at the production level &
ensuring its equitable distribution in the country.
• For maintenance of 26 quality control lab at production level+ 8
mobile labs. Uses Management Information System for real time data.
• The Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) division is headed by a Dy. Salt
Commissioner (NIDDCP)
36. Intersectoral co-ordination committee
Under MoH&FW:
1. Central steering committee- Chairman: Secretary, MOH&FW- FOR
OVERALL Review & new formulations of the programme
2. Programme implementation committee- Chairman: DGHS- asses
implementation, monitoring & evaluation of the programme
Adviser (nutrition) is the convenor of both committees
Under SCO:
• Committee of stakeholders- Chairman- Salt Commissioner
37. Various departments working
together for IDD
Ministry of Finance
1. Ministry of
Health &
Family Welfare
2. Salt
Commissioner
3. Ministry of
Railways
Ministry of Road
Transport and
Highways
Ministry of
Panchayat raj
Ministry of Law
and Justice
Ministry of
Information and
Broadcasting
Ministry of Human
Resources and
Development
Niti Ayogh
Ministry of Women
and Child
Development
39. • National Coalition established in 2006
• 2009 Secretariat of NCSII set up at ICCIDD, New Delhi
40. Achievements:
As on 1st week of December 2016,
706 salt iodisation plants including refineries in india.
Total iodisation capacity- 224.10 Lakh MT (2015-16)
Iodised salt produced- 64.76 Lakh MT, Refined- 44.64 unrefined- 20.12 (2 lakh tones
in 1983)
According to MoH&FW, there is no gap between supply and demand of iodised salt
Ministry of Health shows that 71% population in country have access to adequately
iodised salt (Coverage Evaluation Survey, 2009).
NIDDCP has been included in the 20 point program of the prime minister.
41. National Iodine and Salt Intake survey, 2015
• the household coverage with iodized salt was 92%, and 78% with
adequately iodized salt (≥15 ppm)
• the median UIC was 112.4 μg/L in the households with non-iodized
salt
• 123.4 μg/L in the households with poorly iodized salt
• 168.4 μg/L in those with adequately iodized salt.
42.
43. As on August 2015,
Total Salt Samplings
At production level
Samples analysed for iodine: 11494
Samples found standard: 10826 (94%)
At consumption level (STKs)
Samples analysed: 1820398
Samples found standard: 1355406 (74%)
Urine Samplings
Samples analysed: 3586
Samples found standard: 3467 (97%)
44. List of states with IDD cells and labs:
• 26 states and 6 union territories have 1 IDD cell each
• 27 states and 6 union territories have 1 IDD lab each
• Andhra and Pudhucherry have no IDD cell and Lab
• Delhi has both IDD cell and IDD lab
• A National reference Laboratory at NCDC, Delhi for training for IDD
monitoring in iodine content of salt and urine.
• 18 states provide Iodised salt via PDS (refined or unrefined or both)
• Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have subsidised the Iodised salt in PDS
45. Factors critical for the achievements reached
in IDD control program of India
• Generation of regular, representative, and reliable scientific data
• Stakeholder analysis and development of partnership
• Institutional continuity and mentorship for achievement of
sustainability
• Addressing value system of stakeholders
• Legislation for achieving public health goals
• Involvement of private sector in public health efforts
• Political commitment
46. Limitations and Problems:
• Non-Compliance with International Guidelines:
NIDDCP guidelines does not adhere to many standards of WHO/unicef
Revised Policy Guideline on NIDDCP, 2006 did not conform to standard
guidelines laid down by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD for monitoring of IDD
control programmes. The cut-off of TGR used to define a region as IDD
endemic is 5 per cent, whereas it is 10 per cent as per the revised
policy guidelines of NIDDCP.
47. Target population in district survey is only 6-12 years, leaving a major
group- pregnant women.
WHO guidelines include UIE of pregnant women as indicator and not
TGR, whereas NIDDCP its reverse
The current revised policy guidelines lack any epidemiological rationale
both in terms of sampling method and sample size.
The recommended sample size as per WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD guidelines
is 1200 school aged children and 300 pregnant women for IDD survey.
Sub-national level data
48. Testing kits, IEC and Left-out areas:
• The methodology used in Indian surveys, STKs, has low validity. Still the
data is valuable from a comparative point of view over the years.
• No monitoring of food industry, whether the products are made from
iodised salts.
• No information available regarding salt used in livestock industries
• Consumer awareness regarding salt iodization is also inadequate in
India. A study done in rural households in India, reported that only 62%
per cent households were aware of iodization and goitre relationship,
and only 35.4 per cent respondents knew that iodine deficiency causes
“less mental development and diminished intelligence
• No records of other IDD spectrum diseases, apart from Goitre
49. Zonal and Legal barriers:
• Salt iodization especially by small scale producers who contribute to
approximately 66 per cent of total iodized salt production. But the
quality is still questionable, in terms of levels of iodisation, packing
• Transport especially in roadways
• There is marked variation of iodised salt coverage between urban and
rural. Zonal variations also exists, south being worst (National Iodine
and Salt Intake survey)
• Poor implementation of FSSAi act. And the loopholes present in the
Act itself.
50. Budget and ministerial level issues:
The committees established has not been effective, resulting in poor
coordination and a lack of leadership for the USI programme
Budget: Inadequate and underspending of even the allotted amount in
the union Budget
50000 rs/district provided to conduct IDD survey is insufficient.
Inadequate tertiary monitoring of neonatal hypothyroidism- No
national data available.
53. Success or failure?
• Hence a mixed opinion arises out, regarding the success of the NIDDCP.
• It has achieved its goal of reducing TGR< 10% as envisaged in the revised
document of 2006
• The production, distribution of Iodised salt has reached the higher level,
with a massive 20% increase in household usage of adequately iodised
salt to 71% in 4 years(2009) and reached 78% in 2015
• The Shifting of Goal post of NIDDCP to TGR<5 % by 2017 under the 12th
year plan bear witness to its success, from the programme point.
54. Future…
Iodisation:
-Strengthen the supply chain of iodized salt- Transport
-Focus shift towards formulating and introducing Iodine rich foods in diet
Survey and Monitoring:
-Clarity and updated guidelines- Methodology must be made robust and in
consistent with WHO standards
-Quality Control and number of salt testing laboratories
-Track progress- Bringing a surveillance system and changing indicators
-Regular National level data must be achieved
-Special focus on vulnerable groups: pregnant women and new born children
55. • IEC activities:
-Reaching the unreached by strengthening IEC
• Administration and Law:
-Bureaucratic hurdles- In strengthening the NCSI
-Strengthen the regulatory framework- Legal loopholes plugged
-Sustain and strengthen partnerships- state level coalitions
External Reviews:
-Inviting Reviews from WHO/UNICEF
56. • Technology:
-Management Information system to be extended to surveys and monthly
reports
• Indicators at various levels must be ensured
• Sustain progress
Other techniques of Iodine supplementation:
Iodised oil- 1-2 ml/year
Iodised water- Irrigation-china- 1994
Iodised bread- Netherlands
Drops and tablets
Jeevan Bindi- 2015-Maharashtra- Tribal woman
57. Double Fortified salt- the next level in salt
fortification?? Iron- 800-1100 ppm
As of now, there is no declared government policy for universal double
fortification of salt.
But in 2011, PMO meeting and MoW&CD has issued mandatory guidelines
for DFS usage in Mid-day meals and ICDS
Chattishgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Rajastan
TNSC- Started DFS in 2004. Manufactures and supplies DFS 2500 tonnes per
annum to each Tamil Nadu and Karnataka for Noon meal scheme
RSFCC- Supplies DFS to 650 tonnes/month in fair price shops via private
bidding
Private players have been allowed under FSSAI to manufacture DFS
• Rs 25/kg (Tata plus)
58. References
• National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme http://www. http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-
components/national-disease-control-programmes-ndcps/iodine-deficiency-disorders.html
• National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme
mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/rtiNICRT-81756647.pdf
• http://www.saltcomindia.gov.in/
• http://iqplusin.org/index.php/about-idd/pink-booklet
• Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/iodine_deficiency/9789241595827/e
n/
• Sustainable Elimination of Iodine Deficiency
https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_44271.html
• Global prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/iodine_deficiency/54015_mdis_worki
ngpaper1/en/
• National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, India. http://www.jmap.in/national-
iodine-deficiency-disorders-control-program-india/
• http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/12thplan/pdf/12fyp_vol3.pdf
59. • The changing epidemiology of iodine deficiency
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473332
• Global Iodine Nutrition: Where Do We Stand in 2013?
http://www.ign.org/cm_data/2013_Pearce_Global_iodine_nutrition-
Where_do_we_stand_in_2013_Thyroid.pdf
• Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) control in India
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818611/
• Evolution of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program in India: A Journey of 5,000 Years
http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019557X;year=2013;volume=57;issue=3;spage=126;ep
age=132;aulast=Pandav
• National Iodine and Salt Intake survey, 2015
http://www.ign.org/cm_data/IDD_nov15_india.pdf
• Towards universal salt iodisation in India: achievements, challenges and future actions
http://ign.org/cm_data/2013_Rah_Towards_universal_salt_iodisation_in_India_MCH.pdf
• Right To Information DTGHS/R/2016/50022 & DOIPP/R/2016/50623
• http://wcd.nic.in/fnb/fnb/guidelines/icdsdtd22022012.pdf
• dghs.gov.in
• http://www.ign.org/newsletter/idd_nl_may11_india_rural.pdf