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![Are iodine levels falling?
Figure 1. (A) Median U.S. urinary iodine concentrations in
males and females, 1971-2002 (B) Median U.S. urinary
iodine concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant women
of child-bearing age (15- 44 years old), 1971-2002.
[Adapted from Hollowell et al, JCEM 1998; 83:3401-8 & Caldwell et al,
Thyroid 2005;15:692-9]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/preventionagainstmicronutrientmalnutrition-140523082513-phpapp02/85/Prevention-against-micronutrient-malnutrition-19-320.jpg)
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Prevention against micronutrient malnutrition
The document discusses the significance of preventing micronutrient malnutrition, focusing on iodine, folic acid, and vitamin D deficiencies, and their widespread health impacts, particularly in developing countries. It highlights the risks of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) affecting millions globally and outlines the critical role of adequate iodine intake for fetal and childhood brain development. Additionally, it emphasizes the success of public health interventions like folic acid fortification while acknowledging the need for comprehensive measures to ensure optimal dietary intake of essential nutrients.
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Prevention against micronutrient malnutrition
- 1. PREVENTION AGAINST MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION IODINE FOLICACID VITAMIN D 3RD SUMMER SCHOOL MANI, GREECE 2014 Professor Steven C. Boyages Westmead Hospital Sydney, Australia
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- 3. Nutrition Related Disorders MicronutritionMicronutrition UndernutritionPCMUndernutrition PCM Minerals and VitaminsMinerals and Vitamins Folic AcidFolic Acid Vitamin D deficiencyVitamin D deficiency Vitamin A deficiencyVitamin A deficiency Fe deficiencyFe deficiency Selenium deficiencySelenium deficiency Iodine deficiencyIodine deficiency MicronutritionMicronutrition Undernutrition PCMUndernutrition PCM Minerals and VitaminsMinerals and Vitamins Folic AcidFolic Acid Vitamin D deficiencyVitamin D deficiency Vitamin A deficiencyVitamin A deficiency Fe deficiencyFe deficiency Selenium deficiencySelenium deficiency Iodine deficiencyIodine deficiency MacronutritionMacronutrition ObesityObesity HyperlipidemiaHyperlipidemia Insulin ResistanceInsulin Resistance DiabetesDiabetes AlcoholAlcohol MacronutritionMacronutrition ObesityObesity HyperlipidemiaHyperlipidemia Insulin ResistanceInsulin Resistance DiabetesDiabetes AlcoholAlcohol
- 4. PAMM Iodine FolicAcid Vitamin D
- 5. Iodine Deficiency Disorders Thyroid Thyroid autonomy Nodular thyroid disease Goitre Thyroid Malignancy Brain Endemic cretinism Deafness Subclinical deafness intellectual disability ?Attention deficits ? Colour perception deficits Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) 1000 million people at risk for the1000 million people at risk for the development of IDDdevelopment of IDD
- 6. Iodine Deficiency Disorders Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) refers to all of the ill effects of iodine deficiency in a population that can be prevented by ensuring that the population has an adequate intake of iodine Iodine deficiency at critical stages during pregnancy and early childhood results in impaired development of the brain and consequently in impaired mental function.
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- 10. Adaptation to iodinedeficiency
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- 12. Early recognition ofgoitre with impaired mental ability "Hence while travelling in a certain region in the County Tyrol, under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Gurk, I was astonished at the very large number of madmen, fools and dolts; but when I considered the frigidity and the humidity of the air, and also perceived the crudity of the waters from the very frequent occurrence of goitre... all astonishment ceased entirely." EUSTACHIUS RUDIUS, A PHYSICIANFRO MUTRECHT (1 551 -1 6 1 1 )
- 13. Endemic Cretinism Occursin areas of severe iodine deficiency and almost universal endemic goitre Geographic clustering Two predominant clinical phenotypes
- 14. Endemic Cretinism: Clinical Phenotypes Neurological Euthyroid Goitrous Severe mental disability Deafness Neurological abnormalities More frequent Myxedematous Hypothyroid Thyroid atrophy Severe mental disability Deafness Neurological abnormalities Less frequent
- 15. Timing of insult TimingofTiming of insultinsult PrenatalPrenatal PostnatalPostnatal TargetTarget Fetal brainFetal brain Fetal thyroidFetal thyroid MaternalMaternal thyroidthyroid Child andChild and AdultAdult ThyroidThyroid OutcomeOutcome EndemicEndemic cretinismcretinism Impaired IQImpaired IQ EndemicEndemic GoitreGoitre ShortShort
- 16. Why are certainparts of brain predisposed? Timing of the insult and preferential sites for thyroid hormone action
- 17. Differential expression ofTH receptors
- 18. ARE IODINE LEVELS FALLING? Arewe at risk?
- 19. Are iodine levelsfalling? Figure 1. (A) Median U.S. urinary iodine concentrations in males and females, 1971-2002 (B) Median U.S. urinary iodine concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant women of child-bearing age (15- 44 years old), 1971-2002. [Adapted from Hollowell et al, JCEM 1998; 83:3401-8 & Caldwell et al, Thyroid 2005;15:692-9]
- 20. Pregnancy increases riskof iodine deficiency
- 21. Iodine Deficiency inAustralia
- 22. Tasmania Urine Iodine Distribution MedianUIE 84mcg/l
- 23. Thyroid Size: Boysand Girls 24.6% 20.7%
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- 25. NINS study Overall,children in mainland Australia are borderline iodine deficient, with a national median UIE of 104 mcg/L. On a state basis, NSW and Victorian children are mildly iodine deficient, with median UIE levels of 89 mcg/L and 73.5 mcg/L, respectively. South Australian children are borderline iodine deficient, with a median UIE of 101 mcg/L. Both Queensland and Western Australian children are iodine sufficient, with median UIE levels of 136.5 mcg/L and 142.5 mcg/L, respectively. There was no significant association between UIE and thyroid volume.
- 26. Just eat sushi!Is that ok?
- 27. What is normalintake? Too little and Too much can be a problem
- 28. ENDEMIC GOITRE INCENTRAL CHINA CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE IODINE INTAKE Thyroid status was examined in children from two villages in China where the iodine concentrations in drinking water were 462.5 and 54 μg/1 Goitres were present in 65% (n = 120) and 15.4% (n=51), respectively. Children from the high-iodine village had a lower mean serum triiodothyronine and higher serum free thyroxine and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations than the children from the control village. 2 cases of overt hypothyroidism were detected in the high-iodine village.
- 29. TOPICAL IODINE-CONTAINING ANTISEPTICSAND NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN VERY-LOW-BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS: P. Smerdely, S. C. Boyages, et al. Lancet 1989 The thyroid function of very-low-birthweight (VLBW; below 1500 g) infants admitted to neonatal intensive-care units was studied at two hospitals; one routinely used topical iodinated antiseptic agents and the other used chlorhexidine-containing antiseptics. Serial Urinary iodine excretion rose dramatically in the 54 iodine-exposed infants and was up to fifty times greater than in the 29 non-exposed infants. Within 14 days, 25% (9 of 36) of the infants exposed to iodine had serum thyrotropin levels above 20 mIU/l, compared with none of the control group. The mean serum thyroxine level in these 9 infants (44·1 nmol/l) was significantly lower than that in exposed infants with normal thyrotropin levels (83·1 nmol/l) and in the non-exposed control group (83·0 nmol/l), thyroxine levels fell before serum thyrotropin rose.
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- 33. Sources of folateintake Folate sources Folate Folic acid (FA) Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE) Food (natural) + - 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate Food (fortified): ECGP + RTE cereals + + 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate or 0.6 μg FA from fortified food Supplements - + 1 DFE = 0.6 μg FA taken with food or 0.5 μg FA on empty stomach
- 34. Association of folatewith health outcomes • NTD’s and other birth defects • Cardiovascular disease • Cognition • Cancer • Acceleration of cancerous growth • Masking of vitamin B12 deficiency • Twinning • Immunity • Epigenetic changes Cause and effect has not been proven Potential adverse effects; basis is observational data Proven effectiveness of folic acid intervention
- 35. Monitoring of theimpact of folic acid fortification Changes in dietary intake Changes in blood levels Changes in NTD rates Folic acid fortification policy Changes in other health outcomes Benefits Risks anes
- 36. Changes in biomarkerlevels of folate status How much did folate blood levels change after the introduction of fortification? What are the challenges associated with assessing folate status through biochemical measurements?
- 37. Serum folate levelshave nearly tripled • Serum folate levels have increased much more than expected from FDA intake modeling and short-term FA supplementation trials – demonstrating the value of biomonitoring. • Post-fortification serum folate levels have stabilized after several years. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db06.htm http://www.cdc.gov/nutritionreport
- 38. Prevalence of lowRBC folate levels has decreased Red blood cell folate levels have also stabilized after fortification and the prevalence of low levels in women of childbearing age was ~5% compared to ~40% at pre-fortification. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db06.htm RBC folate <140 ng/mL
- 39. Folate dietary intakedata Strengths Challenges Non-invasive Self-reported data; flawed with multiple errors Relatively easy and inexpensive to conduct Various sources of intake need to be captured Easier to compare between countries Computation of data is complex (DFE) Requires two 24-h dietary recalls to calculate usual intakes
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- 42. Health benefits ofvitamin D Low 25(OH)D levels linked to Osteoporosis and osteopenia Cancer Diabetes Cardiovascular disease Autoimmune disease Multiple sclerosis Respiratory Illness Mental Health
- 43. Adequate vitamin Dstatus Vitamin D (nmol/L*) Conventional guidelines Newer recommendations+ Severe Deficiency <12.5 Moderate deficiency 12.5-25 Mild deficiency 25-50 <50 Insufficiency 50-75 Sufficiency >50 >75 *2.5 nmol/L = 1 ng/ml + Bischoff Ferrari, AJCN 2006
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- 45. 46974697 31131 25(OH)D assays 1July 2008 and 30 July 2010 31131 25(OH)D assays 1 July 2008 and 30 July 2010 Primary test, complete data available for gender, age, patient setting, date of test, postcode**, known breast cancer case, 25(OH)D ≤400 nmol/L Sample type 1083910839 1397913979 Diagnostic referral Outpatient Private outpatient Emergency Inpatient Private hospital patient Public hospital patient Private patient 2951629516 2481924819 Yes 680668061801218012 Female Male 6201620162516251 Summer Winter 6121612162456245 Autumn Spring 16151615 QC sample Research Miscellaneou s Unknown * *Matched to ARIA, SEIFA, Latitude, Longitude
- 46. Mean 25(OH)D bygender 37% reduction by June
- 47. Mean 25(OH)D bypatient setting
- 48. Mean 25(OH)D bygender and patient setting Supporting Women with Breast Cancer Today and Every Day
- 49. Mean 25(OH)D byage group
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- 52. Results Bilinski & BoyagesMJA 197 (2) · 16 July 2012
- 53. Requests per 100000for FBC, bone densitometry and vitamin D Bilinski & Boyages BMJ Open 2013;3: e002955
- 54. Frequency of repeated testing Bilinski& Boyages BMJ Open 2013;3: e002955
- 56. Vitamin D intake recommendations *Recommendationsbased on maintaining serum vitamin D > 75 nmol/L (30ng/ml) Recognition that individuals who are obese or on certain medications be give 2-3 times more vitamin D 40 IU = 1 µg Age NHMRC IOM US Endo Society* 0-1 200 400 1000 1-18 200 600 1000 19-49 200 600 1500-2000 50-69 400 600 1500-2000 70 and over 600 800 1500-2000
- 57. Health Implications Publichealth messages required to address high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency Australians are not adequately supplementing - suitable guidelines are required Implications regarding frequency and timing of testing
- 58. Percentage of householdswith access to iodised salt
- 59. Food Fortification Eradicationof iodine deficiency has always the highest priority. Optimal prevention of thyroid disease by modification of iodine intake in the population is achieved by keeping iodine intake in individuals within a relatively narrow interval around the recommended level. To run an optimal iodization program it is necessary to have information on dietary habits in the population, and on iodine contents of different food items. Iodine used for enrichment of food should be well distributed in different food items, e. g. by universal or nearly universal iodization of salt. Optimal methods may differ between European countries depending on dietary habits.
- 60. Risks of iodisationprogrammes Sudden increase in the prevalence of hyperthyroidism Jod Basedow phenomenon Development of hypothyroidism in those with pre-existing autoimmune thyroid disease Positive anti-TPO antibodies Change in the pattern of thyroid disease, rise in the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity
- 61. CONCLUSION Thyroid hormoneis essential for normal somatic and neurological development. Iodine deficiency leads to thyroid hormone deficiency at critical periods of brain development that leads to irreversible neurological damage. Prevention of iodine deficiency is essential
- 63. Acknowledgements Australia CJEastman JP Halpern John K Collins Li Mu China Indonesia The Netherlands Hemmo Drexhage USA, Atlanta GF Maberly Italy, Pisa Alessandro Antonelli
Editor's Notes
- #34 DFE = Dietary folate equivalents; adjusts for the nearly 50% lower bioavailability of food folate compared with that of folic acid 1 ug FA from fortified food or supplements equals 1.67 DFE
- #35 For NTD’s randomized controlled trials have proven the effectiveness of folic acid supplementation in reducing the risk to have an offspring affected with a neural tube defect. However, low folate levels have been associated with many other health outcomes including: cardiovascular disease, cognition and dementia, and various cancers. These associations are primarily based on ecologic or observational data. The cause and effect has not been proven for most of the associations. At the same time, excessive amounts of folate, and we currently don’t have a good definition of what “excessive” means, have been associated in some cases with adverse effects, such as masking of vitamin B12 deficiency, twinning, immunity, and possibly epigenetic changes.
- #36 You can therefore imagine how important careful monitoring of the impact of folic acid fortification becomes. Changes in blood levels and in dietary intake are monitored through NHANES, while there are other surveillance systems to monitor changes in NTD rates and other health outcomes.
- #38 Before implementing folate fortification, FDA intake modeling estimated that low consumers would increase their folate intake by 80-100 g per day. Short-term FA supplementation trials showed that serum folate levels increased by approximately 20-30% in response to a 100 g per day increase in FA intake. No information was available on the magnitude of changes in blood folate levels as a result of continuous daily exposure to FA from fortified food products. By applying the same laboratory method (BioRad RIA) – held to strict quality assurance requirements to ensure comparability of data over time – to post-fortification blood samples as was used pre-fortification, we showed that folate status has greatly improved in the entire U.S. population as well as in the target group of women of childbearing age. Moreover, serum folate levels increased much more than expected from short-term FA supplementation trials - they nearly tripled. This demonstrates the value of biomonitoring, as it reflects the net effect of a number of uncertainties surrounding public health decisions such as fortification (i.e., underreporting of foods consumed, increased consumer selection of folate-rich foods because of health claims, and increasing availability of the numbers and types of folate-fortified nonstandardized foods).
- #39 Short-term FA supplementation trials showed that RBC folate levels increased by approximately 10% in response to a 100 g per day increase in FA intake. RBC folate levels increased much more than expected from short-term FA supplementation trials – they nearly doubled, again demonstrating the value of biomonitoring.
- #42 As part of a more specific study we are conducting to understand the relationship between vitamin D status and factors associated with breast cancer prognosis we wanted to assess vitamin D status in the a large population of individuals in and examine the relationship between vitamin D and other environmental factors. Australian studies to date have been limited. Most have sample sizes or examine vitamin D status in individuals at high risk of deficiency.
- #44 Sunlight 1 MED = 20000 IU Hands, arms, neck (11%) for 20 minutes in summer early am = 1000 IU Salmon 160g fillet approx. 530 IU Fortified cheese slice 55 IU Regular milk 20 IU Margarine 12 IU Multivitamins ave.200 IU Caltrate with D 400 IU Specific D ave. 1000IU
- #46 Current recommendations generally focus on bone health in older people. Evidence suggests that vitamin D intakes above current recommendations may be associated with better health outcomes although the optimal level is not known. The most advantageous serum concentrations of 25(OH)D of 75nmol/L (30ng/mL) are based on factors such as reduction in fractures rates, maximum suppression of PTH and maximum calcium absorption as well as non skeletal outcomes. An intake of at least 1000 IU is suggested to bring at least 50% of the population up to 75nmol/L
- #47 Australian studies have included limited numbers of subjects.
- #48 Study Design Explain patient status Define setting Aria; SEIFA. latitude obtained from postcode
- #52 Based on visual inspection of vitamin D level by age we classified subjects into age groups: &lt;20; 20-39. 40-59, 60-79, ≥80
- #53 Inpatients always lower than ambulatory subjects except females in very remote Australia.
- #55 The annual benefit for 25OHD testing subsidised by the MBS increased from $1.02 million in 2000 to $96.7 million in 2010, an average increase of approximately 59% per year
- #56 This increase in 25OHD testing has risen above the general trend of other common pathology tests such as full blood count
- #57 The high frequency of testing in individuals suggest that better value could be derived. Subgroup analysis between 1 April 2006 and 31 October 2010 showed that although 49.5% of individuals had an average of two tests in that period, 14.5% had over four tests, and 8.2% had over five tests (with some individuals having up to 79 tests in that period).
- #59 Based on adequate sunlight exposure Developed for maintenance of calcium homeostasis and prevention of osteoporosis Call for new recommendations based on newly discovered actions