National income (expenditure method)
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The expenditure method is the most widely used approach for estimating GDP. GDP is calculated by summing expenditures on final goods and services, including: 1) Consumer spending (C) 2) Government spending (G) 3) Business investment (I) 4) Net exports (Exports - Imports) (NX) Using this formula: GDP = C + G + I + NX Several expenditures are excluded from this calculation, such as purchases of used goods, financial assets, and transfers. The document provides examples of calculating GDP using expenditure data.
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Concepts & methods of national income
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. It can be measured using the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The key concepts are GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, GDP at current and constant prices, GDP at factor cost and market price. Estimating national income poses challenges like non-monetized transactions and income from illegal activities not being captured fully.
4 national income
The document discusses various concepts related to national income such as GDP, NDP, NNP, per capita income. It provides estimates of these figures for India from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 at both current and constant prices. It also explains key terms like domestic territory, normal residents, stock and flow variables, closed and open economies, and methods of measuring national income such as the product, income and expenditure methods.
National income
National income is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a given period of time. It can be measured using various approaches such as the output, income, and expenditure approaches. The document discusses the key concepts of national income including GDP, GNP, NNP, personal income, and per capita income. It also covers the methods used to estimate national income and limitations in the measurement process.
National Income
GDP is the sum of final goods and services produced within a country in a year and can be measured at current or constant prices. GNP includes net income from abroad. NNP is GNP less depreciation. National income data are important for understanding an economy's aggregate production and expenditures, and difficulties in measurement include multiple counting and exclusion of non-market activities. National income is considered a measure of economic welfare as it rises with aggregate production of goods and services.
NATIONAL INCOME====by sumit mukherjee
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
National income concepts
1. The document defines several concepts related to national income:
2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It is calculated as the sum of consumption (C), gross investment (GI), government spending (G), and net exports (exports - imports).
3. Gross National Product (GNP) is GDP plus income earned from abroad (foreign assets), minus income earned domestically by foreign entities.
4. Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation on capital goods like buildings and equipment. NNP at market prices uses market valuations, while NNP at factor cost adjust
National income in India
The document discusses concepts and methods used to measure national income in India both before and after independence. It describes how national income is estimated using methods such as the product method, income method, and consumption method. It also outlines how different sectors including agriculture, industry, and services contribute to India's national income. Major trends of India's national income over the years and efforts of the government to improve collection of related statistical data are summarized.
VALUE ADDED METHOD
The document discusses the value added method of calculating gross domestic product (GDP). It defines value added method as measuring national income in terms of the value added by each producing enterprise. It provides the formula for calculating value added, gross value added, net value added, and national income. It also discusses concepts like primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The document cautions against double counting in national income calculation and provides steps and examples to clarify the application of value added method.
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Concepts & methods of national income
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. It can be measured using the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The key concepts are GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, GDP at current and constant prices, GDP at factor cost and market price. Estimating national income poses challenges like non-monetized transactions and income from illegal activities not being captured fully.
4 national income
The document discusses various concepts related to national income such as GDP, NDP, NNP, per capita income. It provides estimates of these figures for India from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 at both current and constant prices. It also explains key terms like domestic territory, normal residents, stock and flow variables, closed and open economies, and methods of measuring national income such as the product, income and expenditure methods.
National income
National income is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a given period of time. It can be measured using various approaches such as the output, income, and expenditure approaches. The document discusses the key concepts of national income including GDP, GNP, NNP, personal income, and per capita income. It also covers the methods used to estimate national income and limitations in the measurement process.
National Income
GDP is the sum of final goods and services produced within a country in a year and can be measured at current or constant prices. GNP includes net income from abroad. NNP is GNP less depreciation. National income data are important for understanding an economy's aggregate production and expenditures, and difficulties in measurement include multiple counting and exclusion of non-market activities. National income is considered a measure of economic welfare as it rises with aggregate production of goods and services.
NATIONAL INCOME====by sumit mukherjee
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
National income concepts
1. The document defines several concepts related to national income:
2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It is calculated as the sum of consumption (C), gross investment (GI), government spending (G), and net exports (exports - imports).
3. Gross National Product (GNP) is GDP plus income earned from abroad (foreign assets), minus income earned domestically by foreign entities.
4. Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation on capital goods like buildings and equipment. NNP at market prices uses market valuations, while NNP at factor cost adjust
National income in India
The document discusses concepts and methods used to measure national income in India both before and after independence. It describes how national income is estimated using methods such as the product method, income method, and consumption method. It also outlines how different sectors including agriculture, industry, and services contribute to India's national income. Major trends of India's national income over the years and efforts of the government to improve collection of related statistical data are summarized.
VALUE ADDED METHOD
The document discusses the value added method of calculating gross domestic product (GDP). It defines value added method as measuring national income in terms of the value added by each producing enterprise. It provides the formula for calculating value added, gross value added, net value added, and national income. It also discusses concepts like primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The document cautions against double counting in national income calculation and provides steps and examples to clarify the application of value added method.
7. consumption function
The document discusses key concepts related to consumption functions, including:
1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
3) Effective demand, the combination of consumption and investment demand, must remain high to maintain employment levels. Investment demand depends on the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC).
Aggregate Demand
Aggregate demand is the total planned expenditure in an economy at a given price level. It is composed of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and net exports (X-M). Each component is influenced by various economic factors - consumption depends on disposable income and credit availability, investment depends on interest rates and profit levels, government spending depends on public opinion and the state of the economy, and net exports depend on domestic and foreign income and exchange rates. Changes in any component will cause the aggregate demand curve to shift right for an increase or left for a decrease on a graph with real output on the x-axis and price level on the y-axis.
Introduction to macroeconomics
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole, examining aggregates like total income, output, employment and prices. It emerged as a separate field of study due to Keynes' analysis of the Great Depression when existing theories failed to explain high unemployment. The circular flow model illustrates how income and spending circulate between producers and consumers in an economy.
Measurements of poverty
This document discusses various methods used to measure poverty, including absolute and relative poverty. It defines absolute poverty as the minimal requirements for food, clothing, shelter, etc., while relative poverty compares standard of living to the average in a society. Absolute measures discussed include poverty lines for food and non-food costs, as well as the national poverty line. The document also examines the human poverty index and criticisms of poverty lines. Relative poverty is measured using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient, which indicate inequality in household income distribution. Other indexes used by the World Bank to measure poverty are also listed.
Aggregate demand
1) Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy, including household spending, investment spending, government spending, exports and imports.
2) A rise in the price level causes aggregate demand to contract as real incomes fall, exports become less competitive, and interest rates may rise.
3) Shifts in aggregate demand, caused by factors like fiscal policy changes, monetary policy changes, or external economic events, impact the overall level of output in an economy.
NATIONAL INCOME PPT
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. It is important for economists to measure national income to analyze economic growth, living standards, and income inequality. There are several concepts for calculating national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), personal income, and per capita income. National income can be measured using the product, income, and expenditure methods, each with their own steps and considerations to account for issues like double counting. Calculating national income precisely poses challenges but the statistics are useful for economic planning, analysis, and international comparisons.
National income
National income is the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in one year. After independence, India established the National Income Committee to compile estimates. National income includes contributions from the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. It is measured using methods like expenditure, output, and income, which take factors like GDP, GNP, NDP, and NNP into account. National income plays a vital role in measuring a country's economic development.
National income
This document discusses concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), net domestic product (NDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national product (NNP). It describes how national income is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a year. National income can be measured using several methods, including the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The document also notes some challenges in accurately measuring national income.
Investment Multiplier
Investment multiplier is a concept developed by John Maynard Keynes to show the relationship between initial investment and the resulting increase in aggregate income. The multiplier (k) is calculated as the change in national income (ΔY) divided by the change in investment (ΔI). For example, if an additional investment of Rs. 4,000 crores leads to an additional income of Rs. 16,000 crores, then the multiplier is 4. The value of the multiplier depends directly on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), as a higher MPC means more of additional income will be spent on consumption, leading to a larger increase in total income.
National income power point a.meenaiah
The document defines several key terms used to measure national income:
1) Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced by a nation during a year plus net income from abroad.
2) Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation. It is also called national income at market prices.
3) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced domestically during a year.
Concepts of national income
The document defines various concepts of national income for India such as gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product, net national product, personal income, and disposable income. It provides India's current national income as 48,77,842 crores and GDP for 2012-13 as 1.824 trillion. The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributed 13.7%, 15.7%, and 70.6% respectively to GDP in fiscal year 2013. National income is influenced by these concepts and India's economy is growing faster due to faster growth in national income.
Long Run Average Cost Curve
The document discusses long-run average cost (LAC) curves. It explains that in the long-run, all factors of production are variable and the LAC curve guides entrepreneurs on optimal plant size and output levels. The LAC curve is derived from short-run cost curves and is U-shaped, representing minimum unit costs for different output levels. Economies of scale may exist as costs fall with increasing output up to a point, after which diseconomies of scale can set in as costs begin rising again. The break-even point is where total revenue equals total costs and no economic profit is made.
Measuring National Output and National Income
The document discusses key concepts related to measuring national output and national income. It defines GDP as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, which sums consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports, or the income approach, which sums compensation, profits, interest, and rents. The document also discusses related concepts like GNP, NNP, personal income, and disposable personal income.
Cost and revenue analysis
The document discusses concepts related to cost and revenue analysis. It defines costs as expenses incurred to produce output and categorizes them as economic or accounting costs. It also discusses the differences between fixed, variable, total, average, and marginal costs in the short and long run. The document also defines revenue as the money received from sales and discusses concepts like total, average, and marginal revenue. Finally, it discusses the relationship between costs, revenue, and profit and how businesses aim to maximize profit.
National Income
National income is defined as the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It is measured in monetary terms as it is not possible to add different goods measured in physical units. GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP are the key concepts used to measure national income using methods like product, income and expenditure. National income accounts help analyze economic growth, productivity and guide policymaking. Issues in estimating national income include exclusion of non-monetized and informal sectors in developing countries.
Peak load pricing
Peak load pricing is a strategy where high prices are charged during times of peak demand for goods and services. It is a form of intertemporal price discrimination based on efficiency, where a firm charges more for high usage at busy, high-demand times compared to low demand times. This strategy is commonly used for non-storable goods like electricity, transportation, and communication services that must be produced in real-time to meet fluctuating demand and have higher marginal costs during peak periods due to the limited capacity to increase production.
National income: concept, methods, Importance and challenges
In this presentation you are going to know about the concept of national income, circular flow of income under four sector economy its methods, Importance and the challenges faced by government in calculation of national income
Multiplier analysis
The document defines the investment multiplier as the ratio of change in national income due to a change in investment. It explains that an initial increase in investment can lead to an even greater increase in national income through subsequent rounds of spending. The multiplier effect is dependent on the marginal propensity to consume. The document also outlines the assumptions, workings, and limitations of the multiplier model.
Basic theory of IS-LM model
Through this slide I try hard to explain it in as simple as possible, so you guys easily understand what IL-SM curve is & its derivation graphically & mathematically, and I hope you guys no need to open you books after you go through with it.
Laws of returns to scale
1. Returns to scale refers to the change in total output resulting from a proportional change in all inputs.
2. There are three types of returns to scale: increasing, constant, and diminishing.
3. Increasing returns to scale occur when a 1% increase in all inputs leads to a more than 1% increase in output. Constant returns mean a proportional change in output, while diminishing returns mean output increases by less than the input increase.
Unit-2-A-National-Income.pptx
National income can be measured using the product, income, and expenditure methods. Key concepts include GDP, GNP, NNP, personal income, disposable income, and per capita income. GDP is the total value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year. GNP includes net income from abroad. NNP deducts depreciation from GNP. Personal income subtracts certain items and adds transfers to national income. Disposable income deducts direct taxes from personal income.
Ni ppt
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced within an economy over a period of time without duplication. It is important for economists to measure national income to analyze economic growth, standard of living, and income inequality. National income can be measured using the product method, income method, or expenditure method. Each method involves estimating the total GDP, GNP, or NNP through summing the value of final goods/services, total income, or total expenditures respectively in an economy. There are challenges to accurately measuring national income such as avoiding double counting, accounting for transfer payments, and calculating depreciation. National income statistics are used for economic policy formulation, studying economic structure, and comparing economic welfare across countries.
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7. consumption function
The document discusses key concepts related to consumption functions, including:
1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
3) Effective demand, the combination of consumption and investment demand, must remain high to maintain employment levels. Investment demand depends on the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC).
Aggregate Demand
Aggregate demand is the total planned expenditure in an economy at a given price level. It is composed of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and net exports (X-M). Each component is influenced by various economic factors - consumption depends on disposable income and credit availability, investment depends on interest rates and profit levels, government spending depends on public opinion and the state of the economy, and net exports depend on domestic and foreign income and exchange rates. Changes in any component will cause the aggregate demand curve to shift right for an increase or left for a decrease on a graph with real output on the x-axis and price level on the y-axis.
Introduction to macroeconomics
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole, examining aggregates like total income, output, employment and prices. It emerged as a separate field of study due to Keynes' analysis of the Great Depression when existing theories failed to explain high unemployment. The circular flow model illustrates how income and spending circulate between producers and consumers in an economy.
Measurements of poverty
This document discusses various methods used to measure poverty, including absolute and relative poverty. It defines absolute poverty as the minimal requirements for food, clothing, shelter, etc., while relative poverty compares standard of living to the average in a society. Absolute measures discussed include poverty lines for food and non-food costs, as well as the national poverty line. The document also examines the human poverty index and criticisms of poverty lines. Relative poverty is measured using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient, which indicate inequality in household income distribution. Other indexes used by the World Bank to measure poverty are also listed.
Aggregate demand
1) Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy, including household spending, investment spending, government spending, exports and imports.
2) A rise in the price level causes aggregate demand to contract as real incomes fall, exports become less competitive, and interest rates may rise.
3) Shifts in aggregate demand, caused by factors like fiscal policy changes, monetary policy changes, or external economic events, impact the overall level of output in an economy.
NATIONAL INCOME PPT
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. It is important for economists to measure national income to analyze economic growth, living standards, and income inequality. There are several concepts for calculating national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), personal income, and per capita income. National income can be measured using the product, income, and expenditure methods, each with their own steps and considerations to account for issues like double counting. Calculating national income precisely poses challenges but the statistics are useful for economic planning, analysis, and international comparisons.
National income
National income is the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in one year. After independence, India established the National Income Committee to compile estimates. National income includes contributions from the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. It is measured using methods like expenditure, output, and income, which take factors like GDP, GNP, NDP, and NNP into account. National income plays a vital role in measuring a country's economic development.
National income
This document discusses concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), net domestic product (NDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national product (NNP). It describes how national income is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a year. National income can be measured using several methods, including the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The document also notes some challenges in accurately measuring national income.
Investment Multiplier
Investment multiplier is a concept developed by John Maynard Keynes to show the relationship between initial investment and the resulting increase in aggregate income. The multiplier (k) is calculated as the change in national income (ΔY) divided by the change in investment (ΔI). For example, if an additional investment of Rs. 4,000 crores leads to an additional income of Rs. 16,000 crores, then the multiplier is 4. The value of the multiplier depends directly on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), as a higher MPC means more of additional income will be spent on consumption, leading to a larger increase in total income.
National income power point a.meenaiah
The document defines several key terms used to measure national income:
1) Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced by a nation during a year plus net income from abroad.
2) Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation. It is also called national income at market prices.
3) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced domestically during a year.
Concepts of national income
The document defines various concepts of national income for India such as gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product, net national product, personal income, and disposable income. It provides India's current national income as 48,77,842 crores and GDP for 2012-13 as 1.824 trillion. The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributed 13.7%, 15.7%, and 70.6% respectively to GDP in fiscal year 2013. National income is influenced by these concepts and India's economy is growing faster due to faster growth in national income.
Long Run Average Cost Curve
The document discusses long-run average cost (LAC) curves. It explains that in the long-run, all factors of production are variable and the LAC curve guides entrepreneurs on optimal plant size and output levels. The LAC curve is derived from short-run cost curves and is U-shaped, representing minimum unit costs for different output levels. Economies of scale may exist as costs fall with increasing output up to a point, after which diseconomies of scale can set in as costs begin rising again. The break-even point is where total revenue equals total costs and no economic profit is made.
Measuring National Output and National Income
The document discusses key concepts related to measuring national output and national income. It defines GDP as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, which sums consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports, or the income approach, which sums compensation, profits, interest, and rents. The document also discusses related concepts like GNP, NNP, personal income, and disposable personal income.
Cost and revenue analysis
The document discusses concepts related to cost and revenue analysis. It defines costs as expenses incurred to produce output and categorizes them as economic or accounting costs. It also discusses the differences between fixed, variable, total, average, and marginal costs in the short and long run. The document also defines revenue as the money received from sales and discusses concepts like total, average, and marginal revenue. Finally, it discusses the relationship between costs, revenue, and profit and how businesses aim to maximize profit.
National Income
National income is defined as the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It is measured in monetary terms as it is not possible to add different goods measured in physical units. GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP are the key concepts used to measure national income using methods like product, income and expenditure. National income accounts help analyze economic growth, productivity and guide policymaking. Issues in estimating national income include exclusion of non-monetized and informal sectors in developing countries.
Peak load pricing
Peak load pricing is a strategy where high prices are charged during times of peak demand for goods and services. It is a form of intertemporal price discrimination based on efficiency, where a firm charges more for high usage at busy, high-demand times compared to low demand times. This strategy is commonly used for non-storable goods like electricity, transportation, and communication services that must be produced in real-time to meet fluctuating demand and have higher marginal costs during peak periods due to the limited capacity to increase production.
National income: concept, methods, Importance and challenges
In this presentation you are going to know about the concept of national income, circular flow of income under four sector economy its methods, Importance and the challenges faced by government in calculation of national income
Multiplier analysis
The document defines the investment multiplier as the ratio of change in national income due to a change in investment. It explains that an initial increase in investment can lead to an even greater increase in national income through subsequent rounds of spending. The multiplier effect is dependent on the marginal propensity to consume. The document also outlines the assumptions, workings, and limitations of the multiplier model.
Basic theory of IS-LM model
Through this slide I try hard to explain it in as simple as possible, so you guys easily understand what IL-SM curve is & its derivation graphically & mathematically, and I hope you guys no need to open you books after you go through with it.
Laws of returns to scale
1. Returns to scale refers to the change in total output resulting from a proportional change in all inputs.
2. There are three types of returns to scale: increasing, constant, and diminishing.
3. Increasing returns to scale occur when a 1% increase in all inputs leads to a more than 1% increase in output. Constant returns mean a proportional change in output, while diminishing returns mean output increases by less than the input increase.
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National income measures the total value of goods and services produced within an economy over a period of time without duplication. It is important for economists to measure national income to analyze economic growth, standard of living, and income inequality. National income can be measured using the product method, income method, or expenditure method. Each method involves estimating the total GDP, GNP, or NNP through summing the value of final goods/services, total income, or total expenditures respectively in an economy. There are challenges to accurately measuring national income such as avoiding double counting, accounting for transfer payments, and calculating depreciation. National income statistics are used for economic policy formulation, studying economic structure, and comparing economic welfare across countries.
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The document provides an overview of key concepts related to measuring national income, including:
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National income measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country over a period of time. It is important for economists to measure national income levels and growth rates to analyze a country's economic growth, average living standards, and income inequality. National income can be calculated using three methods: the product method, which measures final output; the income method, which sums incomes from factors of production; and the expenditure method, which sums consumption, investment, and net exports. There are challenges to accurately measuring national income, such as problems of double counting, transfer payments, and income generated by foreign firms. National income statistics are used for formulating economic policies, studying economic structure, making inter-sectoral and international comparisons, and as
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National income measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. It is important for economists to measure national income to analyze economic growth, changes in living standards, and income inequality. National income can be measured using the product method, income method, or expenditure method. Each method involves calculating GDP, GNP, NNP, and NDP to determine the total national income. There are challenges to accurately measuring national income, such as defining what is included, avoiding double counting, and calculating depreciation. National income statistics are used for economic policy formulation, analyzing economic structure, making comparisons over time and between countries, and as an indicator of economic welfare.
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The document discusses key concepts related to national income:
- Domestic income generated within a country is called domestic product or domestic income. Income generated abroad by residents is called factor income from abroad (FIFA). Income generated within the domestic territory by non-residents is called factor income to abroad (FITA).
- National income or national product is the combined income from the domestic territory and FIFA, minus FITA.
- There are three main methods to calculate national income: income method, expenditure method, and value added method.
- The income method measures national income based on payments received by factors of production. The expenditure method measures aggregate demand or total spending in the economy. The value added method
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in national accounting systems including GDP, GNP, GNI, the three methods for calculating national income (value added, income, and expenditure), and important identities relating consumption, savings, taxes, transfers, budget deficits, and trade surpluses. It also outlines some limitations of national income accounting such as the exclusion of non-market production, underground economic activities, and environmental factors.
Fundamental Concepts of Macroeconomics.pptx
This document defines key macroeconomic concepts and how to calculate them:
- GDP is the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a period. Real GDP adjusts for inflation.
- GNP includes income earned abroad by citizens, while GDP only includes domestic production. GNP is calculated by adjusting GDP for international income flows.
- NNP is GNP minus capital depreciation. NI is NNP minus indirect business taxes plus subsidies.
- There are three methods to calculate national income: income, expenditure, and value-added (product). The expenditure method sums consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.
National income
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced within an economy over a period of time. It is important for economists to measure national income to analyze economic growth, changes in living standards, and income inequality. There are several methods to calculate national income, including the product method, income method, and expenditure method. While measurement of national income provides useful information, it also poses challenges such as defining what constitutes a nation's production, avoiding double counting, and accurately calculating depreciation. National income statistics have various uses including formulating economic policies, studying economic structure, and making international comparisons.
Macroeconomics CH2
1) The document describes the circular flow model of the economy, which divides the economy into 4 sectors: individuals, businesses, government, and international trade.
2) It illustrates the circular flow of income between individuals and businesses, where individuals receive income from businesses for supplying labor, capital, and resources, and then spend that income on goods and services produced by businesses.
3) GDP can be measured using the production, income, or expenditure approaches, which should all equal the total value of final goods and services produced domestically in a given time period.
National income By Prof. Padmvati Patil
Concept and meaning of National income
Methods of measuring National income
Circular flow of income
GDP (Gross domestic Product)
This presentation discusses gross domestic product (GDP) and how it is calculated. GDP is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It can be determined using three approaches: expenditure, production, and income. The expenditure approach adds up consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. The production approach estimates the value added by each sector and sums them. The income approach adds up compensation of employees, rents, investment, and proprietors' income. Nominal GDP uses current prices while real GDP uses constant prices to adjust for inflation.
National Income Accounting
This document is a submission for a Principles of Macroeconomics course. It discusses national income accounting and key macroeconomic concepts like GDP. It provides definitions and explanations of national income accounting, GDP, real GDP, nominal GDP, and the different approaches to calculating GDP, including the product, expenditure, and income approaches. Examples are given to illustrate how to calculate real GDP, nominal GDP, and GDP growth rate. The document also discusses the differences between GDP and GNP, as well as items that are not included in GDP calculations.
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3) Economics must make choices about what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce given scarce resources and unlimited wants. This is the central economic problem.
Career opportunities in commerce stream
This document outlines various career opportunities in commerce after completing 10+2 education such as accountant, chartered accountant, company secretary, cost accountant, and BBA/MBA degrees. It provides details on the course level, duration, eligibility requirements, admission process, average fees, starting salary, and typical job roles for each opportunity. Popular options include accountant programs that are 1 year and lead to roles with average starting salaries of Rs. 2 lacs. 4 year chartered accountancy courses result in salaries upwards of Rs. 6 lacs and independent practice.
Fucntions of central bank
The central bank of a country is responsible for controlling the money supply and formulation of monetary policy. It acts as a bank for both the government and commercial banks. Some key functions of central banks include having the sole right of currency issuance, providing loans to the government and acting as the lender of last resort for commercial banks. Central banks use various quantitative and qualitative methods to control the credit in the economy and influence monetary conditions. These include tools like adjusting the bank rate, open market operations, changing reserve requirements, and using moral suasion to guide commercial bank lending.
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Calculate national income by income and expenditure method
National income for India was calculated to be Rs. 2300 crore using both the income method and expenditure method. The income method adds compensation to employees (Rs. 1200 crore), operating surplus including rent, interest and profit (Rs. 950 crore), and mixed income (Rs. 130 crore) to calculate total income. The expenditure method considers private consumption (Rs. 1200 crore), government spending (Rs. 800 crore), gross domestic capital formation (Rs. 500 crore), and net exports (-Rs. 30 crore) to reach the total expenditure of Rs. 2300 crore.
Calculation of different aggregate
1. The document contains 10 word problems calculating various economic indicators such as GVA, NVA, GDP, GNP, NNP, and NDP.
2. It provides the key inputs and steps to calculate these indicators based on information provided such as sales, subsidies, depreciation, taxes, and intermediate consumption.
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Dk geol Q NO83
Kochi Silk Ltd issued a prospectus offering 40,000 shares at Rs. 10 each with a Rs. 8 premium, payable in installments. They received applications for 80,000 shares and allotted shares proportionately. Excess application money was used towards allotment sums. X failed to pay allotment and first call money so his 1,200 shares were forfeited. Y failed to pay the two calls so his 3,500 shares were also forfeited. Of the forfeited shares, 2,500 were reissued as fully paid up at Rs. 9 per share, including all of Y's shares.
D k goel q no117
1) Ganesh Ltd issued a prospectus for 20,000 shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 4 per share, payable in installments. Applications were received for 30,000 shares and pro-rata allotment of 24,000 shares was made.
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3) 1,700 forfeited shares from Y were reissued as fully paid up for Rs. 8 per share. The cash book, journal entries, and balance sheet were prepared to record the
Economics chapter 2
- The document provides an overview of the Indian economy between 1950-1990, focusing on the objectives and implementation of the five-year plans, agriculture reforms including land reforms and the Green Revolution, as well as policies around industrialization and trade.
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Kinds of shares
Equity shares represent partial ownership of a company where shareholders have voting rights and take on maximum financial risk for the company's performance. Equity shareholders may receive dividends if the company has surplus funds, but there is no guaranteed rate of return. Preference shares have a higher priority for fixed dividend payments before equity shareholders, and preference shareholders are paid out first if the company becomes insolvent. Preference shareholders do not have voting rights, while equity shareholders do. The main differences are that preference shares provide a guaranteed dividend rate while equity shares do not, and preference shareholders have seniority over equity shareholders in the event of insolvency.
Basic of accounts
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2. The company deposited Rs. 10,00,000 cash into their SBI bank account, debiting cash and crediting SBI.
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EKO cracks 12
This document contains 57 questions related to economics topics such as calculating GDP, circular flow of income, barter system, privatization, liberalization, economic reforms, budget, taxes, currency exchange rates, balance of payments, employment, and the role of government and central banks. The questions cover concepts like GDP calculation methods, gross national product, stagflation, foreign exchange crisis, drain of wealth, and definitions of terms like intermediate goods, current account deficit, and open market operations.
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Fudamentals of partnership
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This document discusses several topics related to poverty in India. It first explains that a calorie-based norm is not adequate for identifying the poor because it does not differentiate levels of poverty, uses inappropriate proxies for income, and fails to consider other important factors associated with poverty beyond calorie intake. It then defines the "Food for Work programme" and explains why employment generation programs are important for poverty alleviation in India by creating jobs, raising standards of living, reducing rural-urban migration, and imparting skills. Finally, it discusses how creating income-earning assets can address poverty by generating employment and income opportunities.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(TAMU毕业证书)美国德州农工大学毕业证PDF成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
International Sustainability Standards Board
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New standard for reporting sustainability on lines of tcfd
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...Falcon Invoice Discounting
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio Problem
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
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National income (expenditure method)
- 1. Commerce Zone By Navratan Sir Expenditure Method
- 2. National Income (Expenditure Method) The expenditure method is the most widely used approach for estimating GDP, which is a measure of the economy's output produced within a country's borders irrespective of who owns the means to production. The GDP under this method is calculated by summing up all of the expenditures made on final goods and services.
- 3. Formula Expenditure Method Expenditure refers to all the purchases made by residents, government, or business enterprises. The expenditure method takes the following elements into consideration: Purchase of consumer goods and services by residents and households (C) Government expenditure on goods and services (G) Business enterprises’ expenditure on capital goods and stocks (I) Net exports (exports-imports) (NX) Hence, according to the expenditure method: National Income = C + G + I + NX NX=Net Export or Export- Import
- 4. These should not be added While determining income using the expenditure approach, we need to exclude expenditure on second-hand goods, purchase of shares and bonds, expenditure of transfer payments (unemployment benefits, pension), and purchase of intermediate products.
- 5. Numerical Expenditure Method .2- Calculate GDP at MP by using Expenditure Method Formula: National Income = C + G + I + NX 800+450+125+(30) 1375+30=1405 Items Amount 1 Private final consumption expenditure 800 2 Government Final Consumption Expenditure 450 3 Gross Domestic Investment 125 4 Net Exports 30
- 6. Numerical-2 2 Items Amount 1 Private final consumption expenditure 1200 2 Government Exports – Imports Final Consumption Expenditure 2400 3 Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation 3500 4 6 Solution : Change in Stock Exports – Imports C+I+G+(X-M)=1+2+3+4+(6)= 1200+2400+3500+600+700=8400 600 700
- 7. Numerical-3 Private final consumption 1000 Govt final consumption exp 600 Net domestic capital formation 450 Change in stock 50 Depreciation 100 Exports 150 Imports 170 Net factor income from abroad -40 Indirect taxes 100 Subsidies Operating surplus 75 200 Sales 150 Using the formula C+I+G+(X-M) we get GDPmp 1000+(450+100)+600+(150-170)= 1000+550+600-20=2130 I=NDCF+Dep=GDCF=550 Now national income is =NNPfc GDPmp-Dep+NFIA-(NIT) 2130-100+(-40)-(100-75) 2130-100-40-25=1965
- 8. Numerical-4 Personal final consumption expenditure 1220 Govt final consumption expenditure 890 GDCF 770 Change In stock 300 Depreciation 200 Net exports 135 NFIA -100 NIT 120 Wages and salary 600 Using the formula C+I+G+(X-M) we get GDPmp 1220+770+300+890+(135)=3315 NNPfc=GDPmp-D+NFIA-NIT 3315-200+(-100)-120= =2895 Dep not adjusted as in GDCF already Change in stock also indicates investment